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Baris 12: Baris 12:
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=23px}}<ref name="European Security After 9/11'">P. Shearman, M. Sussex, ''[http://books.google.ie/books/about/European_Security_After_9_11.html?id=T55xTVQq4IIC&redir_esc=y European Security After 9/11]''(Ashgate, 2004) - According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chalmers|first1=Malcolm|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|journal=Royal United Services Institute|date=May 2015|volume=Briefing Paper|issue=SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead|page=2|accessdate=15 May 2015|quote="While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a ‘middle power’."}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom|size=23px}}<ref name="European Security After 9/11'">P. Shearman, M. Sussex, ''[http://books.google.ie/books/about/European_Security_After_9_11.html?id=T55xTVQq4IIC&redir_esc=y European Security After 9/11]''(Ashgate, 2004) - According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chalmers|first1=Malcolm|title=A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR|journal=Royal United Services Institute|date=May 2015|volume=Briefing Paper|issue=SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead|page=2|accessdate=15 May 2015|quote="While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a ‘middle power’."}}</ref>
Banyak akademisi juga meyakini bahwa [[Jepang]] dan [[Jerman]] adalah penguasa besar karena ekonominya maju dan memiliki pengaruh global, walaupun kemampuan militer dan strategisnya terbatas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encarta - The Great Powers|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|access-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> Meski jarang ada akademisi yang mengakui India sebagai penguasa besar, ilmuwan politik seperti Malik Mohan dan [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] menganggap [[India]] sebagai penguasa besar.<ref name=Brzezinski>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RWVVAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Strategic+Vision:+America+%26+the+Crisis+of+Global+Power&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UuPbU4KKEcOSuASg-oC4Ag&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Strategic%20Vision%3A%20America%20%26%20the%20Crisis%20of%20Global%20Power&f=false Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power]'' by Dr. [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], pp 43–45. Published 2012.</ref><ref name=MohanMalik>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Mohan|title=China and India: Great Power Rivals|date=2011|publisher=FirstForumPress|location=United States|isbn=1935049410}}</ref> Jerman, Jepang, dan India juga terkadang dikelompokkan sebagai penguasa menengah.
Banyak akademisi juga meyakini bahwa [[Jepang]] dan [[Jerman]] adalah penguasa besar karena ekonominya maju dan memiliki pengaruh global, walaupun kemampuan militer dan strategisnya terbatas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Encarta - The Great Powers|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqEr8pe?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html|archivedate=2009-11-01|deadurl=yes|access-date=2015-10-21}}</ref> Meski jarang ada akademisi yang mengakui India sebagai penguasa besar, ilmuwan politik seperti Malik Mohan dan [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] menganggap [[India]] sebagai penguasa besar.<ref name=Brzezinski>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RWVVAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Strategic+Vision:+America+%26+the+Crisis+of+Global+Power&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UuPbU4KKEcOSuASg-oC4Ag&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Strategic%20Vision%3A%20America%20%26%20the%20Crisis%20of%20Global%20Power&f=false Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power]'' by Dr. [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], pp 43–45. Published 2012.</ref><ref name=MohanMalik>{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Mohan|title=China and India: Great Power Rivals|date=2011|publisher=FirstForumPress|location=United States|isbn=1935049410}}</ref> Jerman, Jepang, dan India juga terkadang dikelompokkan sebagai penguasa menengah.
* {{flagcountry|Brazil|size=23px}}<ref name="Wood"/><ref name="Heine">Heine J (2006) [http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy], ''ISN''</ref><ref name=Lechini>Gladys Lechini, ''Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas'', Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'</ref><ref>Daniel Flemes, ''Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum.'' Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Brazil|size=23px}}<ref name="Wood"/><ref name="Heine">Heine J (2006) [http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy], ''ISN''</ref><ref name=Lechini>Gladys Lechini, ''Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas'', Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'</ref><ref name="Daniel Flemes 2007">Daniel Flemes, ''Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum.'' Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Germany|size=23px}}<ref name="Otte-Greve">Otte M, Greve J (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rqoJL6yuSqwC A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989-1999], ''St. Martin's Press''</ref><ref name="Sperling">{{cite journal|journal=British Journal of Political Science|title=Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe|author=Sperling, James|year=2001|doi=10.1017/S0007123401000151|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=BAF3F6B6103D4CEF49834F52571F68B0.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=68015|volume=31|issue=2}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Germany|size=23px}}<ref name="Otte-Greve">Otte M, Greve J (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=rqoJL6yuSqwC A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989-1999], ''St. Martin's Press''</ref><ref name="Sperling">{{cite journal|journal=British Journal of Political Science|title=Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe|author=Sperling, James|year=2001|doi=10.1017/S0007123401000151|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=BAF3F6B6103D4CEF49834F52571F68B0.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=68015|volume=31|issue=2}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Japan|size=23px}}<ref name="Harris"/><ref>Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order, ''International Journal'', Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823-862.</ref><ref>Soeya Yoshihide, 'Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power, ''Japan Echo'', Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 36-41.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Japan|size=23px}}<ref name="Harris"/><ref>Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order, ''International Journal'', Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823-862.</ref><ref>Soeya Yoshihide, 'Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power, ''Japan Echo'', Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 36-41.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|India|size=23px}}<ref name="Harris"/><ref>Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', ''Asian Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.'</ref><ref>Robert W. Bradnock, ''India's Foreign Policy since 1971'' (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', ''Journal of Third World Studies'', Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."</ref><ref>Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', ''Asian Survey'', Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India’s democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)'</ref>
* {{flagcountry|India|size=23px}}<ref name="Harris"/><ref>Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', ''Asian Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.'</ref><ref>Robert W. Bradnock, ''India's Foreign Policy since 1971'' (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', ''Journal of Third World Studies'', Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."</ref><ref>Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', ''Asian Survey'', Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India’s democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)'</ref>
Sejumlah ilmuwan hubungan internasional mendukung klaim bahwa [[Italia]] dan [[Kanada]] berhak mendapatkan status penguasa besar karena terlibat dalam [[G7 (organisasi)|G7]].<ref>[http://cartographie.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/17_2_g8etchine_droite.jpg Russia and the Great Powers]</ref><ref>[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton198901/kcon1.htm The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert ]</ref> Dalam laporan HCSS tahun 2014, Italia terdaftar sebagai penguasa besar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hcss.nl/reports/why-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security/150/ |title=Why are Pivot states so Pivotal? |access-date=2015-10-21 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211162346/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/why-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security/150/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
Sejumlah ilmuwan hubungan internasional mendukung klaim bahwa [[Italia]] dan [[Kanada]] berhak mendapatkan status penguasa besar karena terlibat dalam [[G7 (organisasi)|G7]].<ref>[http://cartographie.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/17_2_g8etchine_droite.jpg Russia and the Great Powers]</ref><ref>[http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton198901/kcon1.htm The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert ]</ref> Dalam laporan HCSS tahun 2014, Italia terdaftar sebagai penguasa besar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hcss.nl/reports/why-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security/150/ |title=Why are Pivot states so Pivotal? |access-date=2015-10-21 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211162346/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/why-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security/150/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Canada|size=23px}}<ref name="Jordaan" /><ref name="Adriansyah"/><ref name="Behringer">Behringer RM (2005) [http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abStract/40/3/305 Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda], ''SAGE''</ref><ref name="Crosby">Crosby AD (1997) [http://www.jstor.org/pss/424829 A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD], ''JSTOR''</ref><ref name="Petersen">Petersen K (2003) [http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles4/Petersen_Canada-Iraq.htm Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power], ''Dissident Voice''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Canada|size=23px}}<ref name="Jordaan" /><ref name="Adriansyah"/><ref name="Behringer">Behringer RM (2005) [http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abStract/40/3/305 Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114151026/http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/3/305 |date=2007-11-14 }}, ''SAGE''</ref><ref name="Crosby">Crosby AD (1997) [http://www.jstor.org/pss/424829 A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD], ''JSTOR''</ref><ref name="Petersen">Petersen K (2003) [http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles4/Petersen_Canada-Iraq.htm Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power], ''Dissident Voice''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Italy|size=23px}}<ref>"[[Operation Alba]] may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, ''Italy and the European Union'' (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.</ref><ref>"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See ''Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook'', Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Italy|size=23px}}<ref>"[[Operation Alba]] may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, ''Italy and the European Union'' (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.</ref><ref>"Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See ''Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook'', Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.</ref>


Baris 25: Baris 25:
Berikut adalah daftar negara yang pernah dianggap sebagai penguasa menengah oleh sejumlah akademisi atau ilmuwan politik.
Berikut adalah daftar negara yang pernah dianggap sebagai penguasa menengah oleh sejumlah akademisi atau ilmuwan politik.
{{Div col |cols=3}}
{{Div col |cols=3}}
* {{flagcountry|Argentina|size=23px}}<ref name="Wurst">Wurst J (2006) [http://www.gsinstitute.org/docs/ClingendaelBrief_Final.pdf Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614193536/http://www.gsinstitute.org/docs/ClingendaelBrief_Final.pdf |date=2007-06-14 }}, ''GSI''</ref><ref name="Cooper">Cooper AF (1997) [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=033368186X Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War], ''palgrave''</ref><ref name="Wood">Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in ''Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension'', edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Argentina|size=23px}}<ref name="Wood">Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in ''Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension'', edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).</ref><ref name="Wurst">Wurst J (2006) [http://www.gsinstitute.org/docs/ClingendaelBrief_Final.pdf Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614193536/http://www.gsinstitute.org/docs/ClingendaelBrief_Final.pdf |date=2007-06-14 }}, ''GSI''</ref><ref name="Cooper">Cooper AF (1997) [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=033368186X Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306033144/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=033368186X |date=2012-03-06 }}, ''palgrave''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Australia|size=23px}}<ref name="Harris">Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. ''Far Eastern Economic Review'' Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'</ref><ref name="Jordaan">{{cite web | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/cpsa20/2003/cpsa20.v030.i01/0258934032000147282/production/0258934032000147282.fp.png_v03 | title=The concept of a middle power in international relations | accessdate=14 March 2015 | author=Jordaan, Edward}}</ref><ref name="Adriansyah">Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', ''Asia Times'' (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'</ref><ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{Cite book|last =Buzan|first =Barry|coauthors =|title=The United States and the Great Powers|publisher=Polity Press|year=2004|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages =71|isbn =0-7456-3375-7|url=}}</ref><ref name="Hazleton">Hazleton WA (2005) [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/1/2/0/p71207_index.html Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States], ''allacademic''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Australia|size=23px}}<ref name="Harris">Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. ''Far Eastern Economic Review'' Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'</ref><ref name="Jordaan">{{cite web | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/tandf/journals/content/cpsa20/2003/cpsa20.v030.i01/0258934032000147282/production/0258934032000147282.fp.png_v03 | title=The concept of a middle power in international relations | accessdate=14 March 2015 | author=Jordaan, Edward}}</ref><ref name="Adriansyah">Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', ''Asia Times'' (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'</ref><ref name="The United States and the Great Powers">{{Cite book|last =Buzan|first =Barry|coauthors =|title=The United States and the Great Powers|publisher=Polity Press|year=2004|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages =[https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesgrea0000buza/page/71 71]|isbn =0-7456-3375-7|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesgrea0000buza}}</ref><ref name="Hazleton">Hazleton WA (2005) [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/1/2/0/p71207_index.html Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610112407/http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/1/2/0/p71207_index.html |date=2020-06-10 }}, ''allacademic''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Austria|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon"/>
* {{flagcountry|Austria|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon"/>
* {{flagcountry|Belgium|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon" /><ref name="Inoguchi">Inoguchi K (2002) [http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212429/http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm |date=2013-01-16 }}</ref><ref name="Caplan">Caplan G (2006) [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article13601 From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?], ''SudanTribune''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Belgium|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon" /><ref name="Inoguchi">Inoguchi K (2002) [http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212429/http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm |date=2013-01-16 }}</ref><ref name="Caplan">Caplan G (2006) [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article13601 From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713135429/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article13601 |date=2020-07-13 }}, ''SudanTribune''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Brazil|size=23px}}<ref name="Wood"/><ref name="Heine"/><ref name=Lechini/><ref name="Daniel Flemes 2007"/>
* {{flagcountry|Brazil|size=23px}}<ref name="Wood"/><ref name="Heine">Heine J (2006) [http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy], ''ISN''</ref><ref name=Lechini>Gladys Lechini, ''Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas'', Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'</ref><ref>Daniel Flemes, ''Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum.'' Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Canada|size=23px}}<ref>http://www.nationalpost.com/scripts/story.html?id=f16af620-5ede-4f3b-b4cb-ef663c856953&k=15650</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Canada|size=23px}}<ref>http://www.nationalpost.com/scripts/story.html?id=f16af620-5ede-4f3b-b4cb-ef663c856953&k=15650</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Chile|size=23px}}<ref name="Inoguchi" /><ref name="Heine"/>
* {{flagcountry|Chile|size=23px}}<ref name="Heine"/><ref name="Inoguchi" />
* {{flagcountry|Colombia|size=23px}}<ref name="Inoguchi" /><ref name="Heine"/>
* {{flagcountry|Colombia|size=23px}}<ref name="Heine"/><ref name="Inoguchi" />
* {{flagcountry|Czech Republic|size=23px}} <ref name="Solomon" />
* {{flagcountry|Czech Republic|size=23px}} <ref name="Solomon" />
* {{flagcountry|Denmark|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer">Behringer RM (2005) [http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/3/305 Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda], ''SAGE''</ref><ref name="Solomon" /><ref name="Pratt">Pratt C (1990) [http://mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=930 Middle Power Internationalism], ''MQUP''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Denmark|size=23px}}<ref name="Behringer"/><ref name="Solomon" /><ref name="Pratt">Pratt C (1990) [http://mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=930 Middle Power Internationalism], ''MQUP''</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Egypt|size=23px}}<ref name="Wurst" /><ref name="Cooper et al"/><ref name="Ploughshares">Ploughshares Monitor (1997) [http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/mons97a.html Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011548/http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/mons97a.html |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref><ref name="Gilley">{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/opinion/the-rise-of-the-middle-powers.html?_r=0&module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=Opinion&action=keypress&region=FixedLeft&pgtype=article | title=The Rise of the Middle Powers | publisher=The New York Times Company | date=September 10, 2012 | accessdate=14 March 2015 | author=GILLEY, BRUCE | pages=1}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Egypt|size=23px}}<ref name="Wurst" /><ref name="Cooper et al"/><ref name="Ploughshares">Ploughshares Monitor (1997) [http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/mons97a.html Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011548/http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/mons97a.html |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref><ref name="Gilley">{{cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/opinion/the-rise-of-the-middle-powers.html?_r=0&module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=Opinion&action=keypress&region=FixedLeft&pgtype=article | title=The Rise of the Middle Powers | publisher=The New York Times Company | date=September 10, 2012 | accessdate=14 March 2015 | author=GILLEY, BRUCE | pages=1}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Finland|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon" />
* {{flagcountry|Finland|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon" />
Baris 41: Baris 41:
* {{flagcountry|Indonesia|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon">Solomon S (1997) [http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426220103/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |date=2015-04-26 }}, ''ISS''</ref><ref name="Ping">Jonathan H. Ping, ''Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific'' (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Indonesia|size=23px}}<ref name="Solomon">Solomon S (1997) [http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426220103/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html |date=2015-04-26 }}, ''ISS''</ref><ref name="Ping">Jonathan H. Ping, ''Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific'' (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Iraq|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Iraq|size=23px}}
* {{flagcountry|Iran|size=23px}}<ref name="Ehteshami">Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, ''Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System'' (London: Routledge, 1997).</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Samhat | first1 = Nayef H. | year = 2000 | title = Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_policy-studies-journal_2000_28_1/page/11| journal = Policy Studies Journal | volume = 28 | issue = 1| pages = 11–26 }}</ref><ref name="Ahouie">Ahouie M (2004) [http://web.mit.edu/ISG/iaqfall04ahouie.htm Iran Analysis Quarterly], ''MIT''</ref><ref name="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmfaff/363/36310.htm Iran]</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Iran|size=23px}}<ref name="Ehteshami">Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, ''Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System'' (London: Routledge, 1997).</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Samhat | first1 = Nayef H. | year = 2000 | title = Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_policy-studies-journal_2000_28_1/page/11| journal = Policy Studies Journal | volume = 28 | issue = 1| pages = 11–26 }}</ref><ref name="Ahouie">Ahouie M (2004) [http://web.mit.edu/ISG/iaqfall04ahouie.htm Iran Analysis Quarterly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517104622/http://web.mit.edu/ISG/iaqfall04ahouie.htm |date=2020-05-17 }}, ''MIT''</ref><ref name="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/cmfaff/363/36310.htm Iran]</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Israel|size=23px}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html |title=www.lrb.co.uk |access-date=2015-10-21 |archive-date=2009-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815015205/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd76/76actg.htm |title=www.acronym.org.uk |access-date=2015-10-21 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025443/http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd76/76actg.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Israel|size=23px}}<ref name="The United States and the Great Powers" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html |title=www.lrb.co.uk |access-date=2015-10-21 |archive-date=2009-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815015205/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/mear01_.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd76/76actg.htm |title=www.acronym.org.uk |access-date=2015-10-21 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025443/http://www.acronym.org.uk/dd/dd76/76actg.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Luxembourg|size=23px}}<ref>''Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension'', edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Luxembourg|size=23px}}<ref>''Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension'', edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).</ref>

Revisi terkini sejak 5 Februari 2023 01.05

Para pemimpin negara G-20 dan lainnya hadir di KTT G-20 Washington 2008. Sebagian besar G-20 adalah penguasa menengah, sisanya penguasa besar.

Dalam hubungan internasional, penguasa menengah adalah negara berdaulat yang tidak tergolong penguasa super atau penguasa besar, tetapi memiliki pengaruh yang besar atau cukup dan mendapat pengakuan internasional. Konsep "penguasa menengah" dapat ditelusuri hingga asal mula sistem negara Eropa. Pada akhir abad ke-16, pemikir politik Italia Giovanni Botero membagi dunia ke dalam tiga jenis negara – grandissime (imperium), mezano (penguasa menengah), dan piccioli (penguasa kecil). Menurut Botero, mezano atau penguasa menengah "...memiliki kekuatan dan kewenangan yang cukup untuk berdiri sendiri tanpa bantuan negara lain."[1]

Tumpang tindih[sunting | sunting sumber]

Tumpang tindih antara penguasa menengah dan penguasa besar menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada kesepakatan soal pengelompokkan ini.[2]

Negara-negara seperti Tiongkok, Prancis, Rusia, Britania Raya, dan Amerika Serikat umumnya dianggap penguasa besar karena memiliki pengaruh ekonomi, militer, dan straegi, memegang status pemilik senjata nuklir resmi, dan menduduki jabatan permanen di Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa.

Namun demikian, ada sumber-sumber yang menggolongkan Prancis, Rusia, dan Britania Raya sebagai penguasa menengah.

Banyak akademisi juga meyakini bahwa Jepang dan Jerman adalah penguasa besar karena ekonominya maju dan memiliki pengaruh global, walaupun kemampuan militer dan strategisnya terbatas.[7] Meski jarang ada akademisi yang mengakui India sebagai penguasa besar, ilmuwan politik seperti Malik Mohan dan Zbigniew Brzezinski menganggap India sebagai penguasa besar.[8][9] Jerman, Jepang, dan India juga terkadang dikelompokkan sebagai penguasa menengah.

Sejumlah ilmuwan hubungan internasional mendukung klaim bahwa Italia dan Kanada berhak mendapatkan status penguasa besar karena terlibat dalam G7.[22][23] Dalam laporan HCSS tahun 2014, Italia terdaftar sebagai penguasa besar.[24]

Daftar penguasa menengah[sunting | sunting sumber]

Layaknya penguasa besar, tidak ada kesepakatan mengenai pengelompokan penguasa menengah. Daftar manapun selalu diperdebatkan dan menjajarkan negara berukuran besar (e.g. Argentina) dengan negara berukuran kecil (e.g. Norwegia).[32] Tidak semua penguasa menengah memiliki status yang sama; beberapa di antaranya dianggap sebagai penguasa regional dan anggota G20 (e.g. Australia), sedangkan negara lainnya dapat dengan mudah digolongkan sebagai penguasa kecil (e.g. Uni Emirat Arab). Sejumlah penguasa menengah yang lebih besar juga memainkan peran penting di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan organisasi internasinoal lain seperti WTO.

Berikut adalah daftar negara yang pernah dianggap sebagai penguasa menengah oleh sejumlah akademisi atau ilmuwan politik.

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

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  3. ^ ="Europeand Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.
  4. ^ Neumann, Iver B. (2008). "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11: 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power. 
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