Korea Utara dan senjata pemusnah massal: Perbedaan antara revisi

Senjata nuklir
	Sejarah senjata nuklir
	Perang nuklir
	Perlombaan nuklir
	Disain senjata / uji coba
	Ledakan nuklir
	Sistem pengiriman
	Espionase nuklir
	Proliferasi
Negara
	Negara dengan senjata nuklir; AS · Rusia · Britania Raya · Prancis; Tiongkok · India · Pakistan ; Israel · Korea Utara

Republik Rakyat Demokratik Korea
Republik Rakyat Demokratik Korea
Uji coba senjata nuklir pertama	9 Oktober 2006
Uji coba nuklir terakhir	3 September 2017
Uji coba hasil terbesar	50 kiloton TNT (210 TJ) berdasarkan Administrasi Meteorologi Korea – 250 kiloton TNT (1.000 TJ) Perkiraan revisi NORSAR berdasarkan getaran 6,1M;
Uji coba total	6
Arsenal strategis saat ini	20–30 senjata (perkiraan)
Jelajah rudal maksimum	13.000 km (8.100 mi) Hwasong-15
Pendukung NPT	Bukan anggota (keluar tahun 2003)

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Revisi terkini sejak 16 September 2023 11.40

Korea Utara memiliki program senjata nuklir militer^[6] dan hingga awal tahun 2019, diperkirakan memiliki arsenal sekitar 20–30 senjata nuklir dan bahan fisil yang memadai untuk tambahan 30-60 senjata nuklir.^[4] Korea Utara juga telah menimbun sejumlah besar senjata kimia dan biologi. Pada tahun 2003, Korea Utara menarik diri dari Perjanjian Nonproliferasi Senjata Nuklir (NPT).^[7] Sejak tahun 2006, negara ini telah melakukan serangkaian enam uji coba nuklir pada tingkat keahlian yang meningkat, menyebabkan negara ini dijatuhkan sanksi.^[8]

Sejarah[sunting | sunting sumber]

Korea Utara menunjukkan minat mengembangkan senjata nuklir sejak tahun 1950-an.^[9] Program nuklir dapat ditelusuri kembali ke sekitar tahun 1962, ketika Korea Utara berkomitmen untuk apa yang disebutnya "pembentengan total", yang merupakan awal dari Korea Utara yang sangat penuh kemiliteran saat ini.^[10] Pada tahun 1963, Korea Utara meminta bantuan Uni Soviet dalam mengembangkan senjata nuklir, tetapi ditolak. Uni Soviet setuju untuk membantu Korea Utara mengembangkan program energi nuklir damai, termasuk pelatihan para ilmuwan nuklir. Kemudian, Tiongkok, setelah uji coba nuklirnya, juga menolak permintaan Korea Utara untuk membantu mengembangkan senjata nuklir.^[11]

Para insinyur Soviet ikut serta dalam pembangunan Pusat Riset Ilmiah Nuklir Yongbyon^[12] dan mulai membangun sebuah reaktor riset IRT-2000 pada tahun 1963, yang mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1965 dan ditingkatkan menjadi 8 MW pada tahun 1974.^[13] Pada tahun 1979, Korea Utara mulai membangun sebuah reaktor riset kedua di Yongbyon, serta sebuah pabrik pengolahan bijih dan sebuah pabrik fabrikasi batang bahan bakar.^[14]

Program senjata nuklir Korea Utara dimulai pada tahun 1980-an. Berfokus pada penggunaan praktis energi nuklir dan penyelesaian sistem pengembangan senjata nuklir, Korea Utara mulai mengoperasikan fasilitas untuk fabrikasi dan konversi uranium, dan melakukan uji coba peledakan dengan daya ledak tinggi.^[10] Pada tahun 1985 Korea Utara meratifikasi NPT tetapi tidak memasukkan perjanjian perlindungan yang dipersyaratkan dengan IAEA sampai tahun 1992.^[15] Pada awal tahun 1993, saat memverifikasi deklarasi awal Korea Utara, IAEA menyimpulkan bahwa ada bukti kuat bahwa deklarasi ini tidak lengkap. Ketika Korea Utara menolak pemeriksaan khusus yang diminta, IAEA melaporkan ketidakpatuhannya kepada Dewan Keamanan PBB. Pada tahun 1993, Korea Utara mengumumkan penarikan diri dari NPT, tetapi menangguhkan penarikan itu sebelum diberlakukan.^[15]

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ Yield is always disputed, since North Korea does not announce the exact amount after its tests.
^ Maximum range is always disputed, since North Korea rarely tests its missiles at maximum range.

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ "North Korea: Tremor was sixth nuclear test, says Japan". BBC News. September 3, 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 3, 2017. Diakses tanggal September 3, 2017.
^ "North Korea nuclear test: what we know so far". The Guardian. September 3, 2017.
^ "The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment". NORSAR. September 12, 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-13. Diakses tanggal September 13, 2017.
^ ^a ^b Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance, Arms Control Association (updated June 2019)
^ "North Korea's Longest Missile Test Yet". November 28, 2017. Diakses tanggal June 11, 2018.
^ Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic People's Republic of Korea: A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (PDF) (Laporan). U.S. Department of Defense. 2012. hlm. 21–22. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal February 25, 2017.
^ "North Korea leaves nuclear pact". CNN.com. January 10, 2003. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 6, 2016.
^ North Korea: Overview, Nuclear Threat Initiative (last updated May 2019).
^ Jackson, Van (2018). On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War (edisi ke-1). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 23. doi:10.1017/9781108562225.002. ISBN 9781108562225.
^ ^a ^b John Pike. "Nuclear Weapons Program". globalsecurity.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 2, 2010.
^ Lee Jae-Bong. "U.S. Deployment of Nuclear Weapons in 1950s South Korea & North Korea's Nuclear Development: Toward Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (English version)". The Asia-Pacific Journal. Diakses tanggal April 4, 2012. December 15, 2008 (Korean) February 17, 2009 (English)
^ James Clay Moltz and Alexandre Y. Mansourov (eds.): The North Korean Nuclear Program. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-92369-7
^ "Research Reactor Details – IRT-DPRK". International Atomic Energy Agency. July 30, 1996. Diakses tanggal February 14, 2007. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal January 2, 2014. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Fact Sheet on DPRK Nuclear Safeguards". iaea.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 1, 2013.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

Federation of American Scientists guide to North Korean chemical weapons
Jonathan D. Pollack, "North Korea's Nuclear Weapon Development: Implications for Future Policy" Proliferation Papers, Paris, IFRI, Spring 2010
North Korea's missile arsenal– Key facts (based on South Korean defense ministry data); AFP, June 1, 2005
North Korea: Problems, Perceptions and Proposals– Oxford Research Group, April 2004
Second nuclear test conducted by North Korea on May 25, 2009
Nuclear Files.org Information on the North Korean nuclear program including links to source documents
Annotated bibliography for the North Korean nuclear weapons program from the Alsos Digital Library Diarsipkan 2006-10-26 di Wayback Machine.
The February 13 Action Plan and the Prospects for the North Korean Nuclear Issue – analysis by Narushige Michishita, IFRI Proliferation Papers n° 17, 2007
North Korean International Documentation Project Diarsipkan 2008-05-16 di Wayback Machine. Contains primary source documents related to the DPRK's efforts to obtain nuclear technology dating back to the mid-1960s
TIME Archives Diarsipkan 2013-08-23 di Wayback Machine. A Collection of stories regarding North Korea's Nuclear Program
Chung Min Lee, "The Evolution of the North Korean Nuclear Crisis: Implications for Iran", Proliferation Papers, Paris, IFRI, Winter 2009
Norris, Robert S. and Kristensen, Hans M., "North Korea's nuclear program, 2005", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May/June 2005
Normalizing Japan: Supporter, Nuisance, or Wielder of Power in the North Korean Nuclear Talks – An analysis of Japan's role in the Six-Party Talks by Linus Hagström.
North Korea: Economic Sanctions
Chronology of U.S. – North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy
North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy Congressional Research Service.
IISS North Korea's Ballistic Missile Programme^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
List of all sanctions against North Korea Diarsipkan 2020-12-24 di Wayback Machine.
Nuclear North Korea – Reuters (Updated September 3, 2017)

[4] Yield is always disputed, since North Korea does not announce the exact amount after its tests.

[7] Maximum range is always disputed, since North Korea rarely tests its missiles at maximum range.

[1] "North Korea: Tremor was sixth nuclear test, says Japan". BBC News. September 3, 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 3, 2017. Diakses tanggal September 3, 2017.

[Guardian-2] "North Korea nuclear test: what we know so far". The Guardian. September 3, 2017.

[norsar-20170912-3] "The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment". NORSAR. September 12, 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-13. Diakses tanggal September 13, 2017.

[ACAJune-5] Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance, Arms Control Association (updated June 2019)

[6] "North Korea's Longest Missile Test Yet". November 28, 2017. Diakses tanggal June 11, 2018.

[DOD-DPRK-2012-8] Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic People's Republic of Korea: A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (PDF) (Laporan). U.S. Department of Defense. 2012. hlm. 21–22. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal February 25, 2017.

[9] "North Korea leaves nuclear pact". CNN.com. January 10, 2003. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 6, 2016.

[10] North Korea: Overview, Nuclear Threat Initiative (last updated May 2019).

[11] Jackson, Van (2018). On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War (edisi ke-1). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 23. doi:10.1017/9781108562225.002. ISBN 9781108562225.

[globalsecurity-12] John Pike. "Nuclear Weapons Program". globalsecurity.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 2, 2010.

[jaebong-2009-13] Lee Jae-Bong. "U.S. Deployment of Nuclear Weapons in 1950s South Korea & North Korea's Nuclear Development: Toward Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (English version)". The Asia-Pacific Journal. Diakses tanggal April 4, 2012. December 15, 2008 (Korean) February 17, 2009 (English)

[ReferenceA-14] James Clay Moltz and Alexandre Y. Mansourov (eds.): The North Korean Nuclear Program. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0-415-92369-7

[15] "Research Reactor Details – IRT-DPRK". International Atomic Energy Agency. July 30, 1996. Diakses tanggal February 14, 2007. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}

[16] "Archived copy" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal January 2, 2014. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2013.

[IAEAfactsheet2003-17] "Fact Sheet on DPRK Nuclear Safeguards". iaea.org. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 1, 2013.

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@@ Baris 7: / Baris 7: @@
 |last_test=[[Uji coba nuklir Korea Utara 2017|3 September 2017]]<ref>{{cite news |date=September 3, 2017 |title=North Korea: Tremor was sixth nuclear test, says Japan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41139445 |work=BBC News |accessdate=September 3, 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903053639/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41139445 |archivedate=September 3, 2017  }}</ref><!--- No official codename of Sept. 2017 North Korean nuclear test is known -->
 |largest_yield=
-*{{convert|50|ktonTNT|TJ}} berdasarkan [[Administrasi Meteorologi Korea]]<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/03/north-korea-nuclear-test-what-we-know-so-far|title=North Korea nuclear test: what we know so far |work=The Guardian|date=September 3, 2017}}</ref> – {{convert|250|ktonTNT|TJ}} Perkiraan revisi [[NORSAR]] berdasarkan getaran 6,1M<ref name=norsar-20170912>{{cite web |url=https://www.norsar.no/press/latest-press-release/archive/the-nuclear-explosion-in-north-korea-on-3-september-2017-a-revised-magnitude-assessment-article1548-984.html |title=The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment |publisher=NORSAR |date=September 12, 2017 |accessdate=September 13, 2017}}</ref>{{efn|Yield is always disputed, since North Korea does not announce the exact amount after its tests.}}
+*{{convert|50|ktonTNT|TJ}} berdasarkan [[Administrasi Meteorologi Korea]]<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/03/north-korea-nuclear-test-what-we-know-so-far|title=North Korea nuclear test: what we know so far |work=The Guardian|date=September 3, 2017}}</ref> – {{convert|250|ktonTNT|TJ}} Perkiraan revisi [[NORSAR]] berdasarkan getaran 6,1M<ref name=norsar-20170912>{{cite web |url=https://www.norsar.no/press/latest-press-release/archive/the-nuclear-explosion-in-north-korea-on-3-september-2017-a-revised-magnitude-assessment-article1548-984.html |title=The nuclear explosion in North Korea on 3 September 2017: A revised magnitude assessment |publisher=NORSAR |date=September 12, 2017 |accessdate=September 13, 2017 |archive-date=2017-09-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170913180851/https://www.norsar.no/press/latest-press-release/archive/the-nuclear-explosion-in-north-korea-on-3-september-2017-a-revised-magnitude-assessment-article1548-984.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>{{efn|Yield is always disputed, since North Korea does not announce the exact amount after its tests.}}
 |total_tests=6
 |peak_stockpile=
@@ Baris 16: / Baris 16: @@
 |NPT_party=Bukan anggota (keluar tahun 2003)
 }}
+{{WMD}}
-[[Korea Utara]] memiliki [[program senjata nuklir]] [[Tentara Rakyat Korea|militer]]<ref name="DOD-DPRK-2012"/> dan, pada awal 2019, diperkirakan memiliki [[Daftar negara dengan senjata nuklir|arsenal]] sekitar 20–30 [[senjata nuklir]] dan [[bahan fisil]] yang memadai untuk tambahan 30-60 senjata nuklir.<ref name="ACAJune"/> Korea Utara juga telah menimbun sejumlah besar [[senjata kimia]] dan [[senjata biologi|biologi]]. Pada tahun 2003, Korea Utara menarik diri dari [[Perjanjian Nonproliferasi Nuklir|Perjanjian Nonproliferasi Senjata Nuklir]] (NPT).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/10/nkorea.treaty/ |title=North Korea leaves nuclear pact |date=January 10, 2003 |publisher=CNN.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206162210/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/10/nkorea.treaty/ |archivedate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> Sejak tahun 2006, negara ini telah melakukan [[Daftar uji coba senjata nuklir Korea Utara|serangkaian enam uji coba nuklir]] pada tingkat keahlian yang meningkat, menyebabkan negara ini [[Sanksi terhadap Korea Utara|dijatuhkan sanksi]].<ref>[https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/ North Korea: Overview], [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] (last updated May 2019).</ref>
+{{Senjata nuklir}}
+[[Korea Utara]] memiliki [[program senjata nuklir]] [[Tentara Rakyat Korea|militer]]<ref name=DOD-DPRK-2012>{{cite report|url=https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_Democratic_Peoples_Republic_of_Korea_2015.PDF |title=Military and Security Developments Involving the Democratic People's Republic of Korea: A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense |year=2012 |pages=21–22 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225131506/https://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/Military_and_Security_Developments_Involving_the_Democratic_Peoples_Republic_of_Korea_2015.PDF |archivedate=February 25, 2017}}</ref> dan hingga awal tahun 2019, diperkirakan memiliki [[Daftar negara dengan senjata nuklir|arsenal]] sekitar 20–30 [[senjata nuklir]] dan [[bahan fisil]] yang memadai untuk tambahan 30-60 senjata nuklir.<ref name="ACAJune"/> Korea Utara juga telah menimbun sejumlah besar [[senjata kimia]] dan [[senjata biologi|biologi]]. Pada tahun 2003, Korea Utara menarik diri dari [[Perjanjian Nonproliferasi Nuklir|Perjanjian Nonproliferasi Senjata Nuklir]] (NPT).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/10/nkorea.treaty/ |title=North Korea leaves nuclear pact |date=January 10, 2003 |publisher=CNN.com |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206162210/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/10/nkorea.treaty/ |archivedate=February 6, 2016}}</ref> Sejak tahun 2006, negara ini telah melakukan [[Daftar uji coba senjata nuklir Korea Utara|serangkaian enam uji coba nuklir]] pada tingkat keahlian yang meningkat, menyebabkan negara ini [[Sanksi terhadap Korea Utara|dijatuhkan sanksi]].<ref>[https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/ North Korea: Overview], [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] (last updated May 2019).</ref>
+== Sejarah ==
+{{Lihat juga|Garis waktu program nuklir Korea Utara}}
+Korea Utara menunjukkan minat mengembangkan senjata nuklir sejak tahun 1950-an.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781108562225/type/book|title=On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War|last=Jackson|first=Van|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108562225|edition=1|location=|pages=23|doi=10.1017/9781108562225.002}}</ref> Program nuklir dapat ditelusuri kembali ke sekitar tahun 1962, ketika Korea Utara berkomitmen untuk apa yang disebutnya "pembentengan total", yang merupakan awal dari Korea Utara yang sangat penuh kemiliteran saat ini.<ref name="globalsecurity">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/nuke.htm |title=Nuclear Weapons Program |author=John Pike |publisher=globalsecurity.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302143552/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/nuke.htm |archivedate=March 2, 2010}}</ref> Pada tahun 1963, Korea Utara meminta bantuan [[Uni Soviet]] dalam mengembangkan senjata nuklir, tetapi ditolak. Uni Soviet setuju untuk membantu Korea Utara mengembangkan program energi nuklir damai, termasuk pelatihan para ilmuwan nuklir. Kemudian, Tiongkok, setelah uji coba nuklirnya, juga menolak permintaan Korea Utara untuk membantu mengembangkan senjata nuklir.<ref name=jaebong-2009>{{cite journal |url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-Lee-Jae_Bong/3053 |title=U.S. Deployment of Nuclear Weapons in 1950s South Korea & North Korea's Nuclear Development: Toward Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula (English version) |author=Lee Jae-Bong |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |quote=December 15, 2008 (Korean) February 17, 2009 (English) |accessdate=April 4, 2012}}</ref>
+Para insinyur Soviet ikut serta dalam pembangunan [[Pusat Riset Ilmiah Nuklir Yongbyon]]<ref name="ReferenceA">James Clay Moltz and Alexandre Y. Mansourov (eds.): ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_North_Korean_Nuclear_Program.html?id=4nQnVvgnzsAC The North Korean Nuclear Program]''. Routledge, 2000. {{ISBN|0-415-92369-7}}</ref> dan mulai membangun sebuah [[reaktor riset]] IRT-2000 pada tahun 1963, yang mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1965 dan ditingkatkan menjadi 8 MW pada tahun 1974.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research Reactor Details – IRT-DPRK |url=http://www.iaea.org/cgi-bin/rrdb.page.pl/rrdeta.htm?country=KP&site=IRT-DPRK&facno=258 |date=July 30, 1996 |accessdate=February 14, 2007 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Pada tahun 1979, Korea Utara mulai membangun sebuah reaktor riset kedua di Yongbyon, serta sebuah pabrik pengolahan bijih dan sebuah pabrik fabrikasi [[bahan bakar nuklir|batang bahan bakar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.znf.uni-hamburg.de/MasterSchoeppner.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=September 1, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193525/http://www.znf.uni-hamburg.de/MasterSchoeppner.pdf |archivedate=January 2, 2014}}</ref>
+Program senjata nuklir Korea Utara dimulai pada tahun 1980-an. Berfokus pada penggunaan praktis [[daya nuklir di Korea Utara|energi nuklir]] dan penyelesaian sistem pengembangan senjata nuklir, Korea Utara mulai mengoperasikan fasilitas untuk fabrikasi dan konversi uranium, dan melakukan uji coba peledakan dengan [[bahan peledak|daya ledak tinggi]].<ref name="globalsecurity" /> Pada tahun 1985 Korea Utara meratifikasi NPT tetapi tidak memasukkan perjanjian perlindungan yang dipersyaratkan dengan [[Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional|IAEA]] sampai tahun 1992.<ref name="IAEAfactsheet2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/iaeadprk/fact_sheet_may2003.shtml |title=Fact Sheet on DPRK Nuclear Safeguards |work=iaea.org |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901231820/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/iaeadprk/fact_sheet_may2003.shtml |archivedate=September 1, 2013}}</ref> Pada awal tahun 1993, saat memverifikasi deklarasi awal Korea Utara, IAEA menyimpulkan bahwa ada bukti kuat bahwa deklarasi ini tidak lengkap. Ketika Korea Utara menolak pemeriksaan khusus yang diminta, IAEA melaporkan ketidakpatuhannya kepada [[Dewan Keamanan PBB]]. Pada tahun 1993, Korea Utara mengumumkan penarikan diri dari [[Perjanjian Nonproliferasi Nuklir|NPT]], tetapi menangguhkan penarikan itu sebelum diberlakukan.<ref name="IAEAfactsheet2003" />
 == Lihat pula ==
@@ Baris 45: / Baris 55: @@
 * [http://npsglobal.org/eng/index.php/analysis-mainmenu-29/articles-by-geo-profile/geo-profiles/147-articles/569-second-nuclear-test-conducted-by-north-korea-on-25-may-2009-martin-kalinowski.html Second nuclear test conducted by North Korea on May 25, 2009]
 * [http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/issues/proliferation/north-korea/ Nuclear Files.org] Information on the North Korean nuclear program including links to source documents
-* [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=warfare/North+Korean+Nuclear+Weapons+Program Annotated bibliography for the North Korean nuclear weapons program from the Alsos Digital Library]
+* [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=warfare/North+Korean+Nuclear+Weapons+Program Annotated bibliography for the North Korean nuclear weapons program from the Alsos Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026092702/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=warfare%2FNorth+Korean+Nuclear+Weapons+Program |date=2006-10-26 }}
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111210031841/http://ifri.org/downloads/Proliferation_Paper_Michishita.pdf The February 13 Action Plan and the Prospects for the North Korean Nuclear Issue]&nbsp;– analysis by Narushige Michishita, IFRI Proliferation Papers n° 17, 2007
-* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nkidp North Korean International Documentation Project] Contains primary source documents related to the DPRK's efforts to obtain nuclear technology dating back to the mid-1960s
+* [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nkidp North Korean International Documentation Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516222205/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nkidp |date=2008-05-16 }} Contains primary source documents related to the DPRK's efforts to obtain nuclear technology dating back to the mid-1960s
-* [http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_north_korean_nukes,00.shtml TIME Archives] A Collection of stories regarding North Korea's Nuclear Program
+* [http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_north_korean_nukes,00.shtml TIME Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823023812/http://www.time.com/time/archive/collections/0,21428,c_north_korean_nukes,00.shtml |date=2013-08-23 }} A Collection of stories regarding North Korea's Nuclear Program
 * Chung Min Lee, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111207163919/http://ifri.org/downloads/Prolif_Chung_Min_Lee_NK.pdf "The Evolution of the North Korean Nuclear Crisis: Implications for Iran"], ''Proliferation Papers'', Paris, IFRI, Winter 2009
 * Norris, Robert S. and Kristensen, Hans M., [http://bos.sagepub.com/content/61/3/64.full "North Korea's nuclear program, 2005"], ''[[Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]]'', May/June 2005
@@ Baris 55: / Baris 65: @@
 * [http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/dprkchron Chronology of U.S. – North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090804003613/http://opencrs.com/document/RL33590/ North Korea's Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy] Congressional Research Service.
-* [http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/north-korean-dossier/north-koreas-weapons-programmes-a-net-asses/north-koreas-ballistic-missile-programme/ IISS North Korea's Ballistic Missile Programme]
+* [http://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-dossiers/north-korean-dossier/north-koreas-weapons-programmes-a-net-asses/north-koreas-ballistic-missile-programme/ IISS North Korea's Ballistic Missile Programme]{{Pranala mati|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
-* [http://www.sanctionswiki.org/North_Korea List of all sanctions against North Korea]
+* [http://www.sanctionswiki.org/North_Korea List of all sanctions against North Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224130539/http://www.sanctionswiki.org/North_Korea |date=2020-12-24 }}
 * [http://fingfx.thomsonreuters.com/gfx/rngs/NORTHKOREA-MISSILES/010031V7472/index.html Nuclear North Korea] – Reuters (Updated September 3, 2017)

l b s Korea Utara dan senjata penghancur massal
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