Perang Irak: Perbedaan antara revisi
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: VisualEditor Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: VisualEditor Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler |
||
(31 revisi perantara oleh satu pengguna lainnya tidak ditampilkan) | |||
Baris 21: | Baris 21: | ||
--------------------- |
--------------------- |
||
'''2003–2011 :'''{{br}} |
'''2003–2011 :'''{{br}} |
||
{{Flagdeco|Palestina}} [[Partai Baath|Loyalis partai Baath]]{{br}}{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda di Irak]]{{br}}{{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Tentara Mahdi |
{{Flagdeco|Palestina}} [[Partai Baath|Loyalis partai Baath]]{{br}}{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda di Irak]]{{br}}{{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Tentara Mahdi]] [[Syiah|(Syiah)]]{{br}}{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Sunni|Pemberontak Sunni]] |
||
------------------- |
------------------- |
||
{{Flagdeco|ISIS}} [[ISIS|Negara Islam Irak]] |
{{Flagdeco|ISIS}} [[ISIS|Negara Islam Irak]] |
||
Baris 27: | Baris 27: | ||
|combatant2='''2003 :'''{{br}}{{negaranama|Amerika Serikat}}{{br}}{{flag|Britania Raya}}{{br}}{{flag|Australia}}{{br}}{{flag|Polandia}}{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Kurdistan}} [[Suku Kurdi]] |
|combatant2='''2003 :'''{{br}}{{negaranama|Amerika Serikat}}{{br}}{{flag|Britania Raya}}{{br}}{{flag|Australia}}{{br}}{{flag|Polandia}}{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Kurdistan}} [[Suku Kurdi]] |
||
-------------------------------- |
-------------------------------- |
||
'''2003–2011 :'''{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Irak}} [[Republik Irak]]{{br}}{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}{{br}}{{Flag|Britania Raya}}{{br}}{{Flag|Kanada}}{{br}}{{Flag|Polandia}}{{br}}{{Flag|Australia}}{{br}}{{Flag|Selandia Baru}}{{br}}{{Flag|Georgia}}{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Kurdistan}} [[Kurdistan|Kurdistan Irak]]{{br}}{{Flag|NATO}} |
'''2003–2011 :'''{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Irak}} [[Republik Irak]]{{br}}{{Flag|Amerika Serikat}}{{br}}{{Flag|Britania Raya}}{{br}}{{Flag|Kanada}}{{br}}{{Flag|Polandia}}{{br}}{{Flag|Australia}}{{br}}{{Flag|Selandia Baru}}{{br}}{{Flag|Georgia}}{{br}}{{Flag|Korea Selatan}}{{br}}{{Flagdeco|Kurdistan}} [[Kurdistan|Kurdistan Irak]]{{br}}{{Flag|NATO}} |
||
|commander1={{Flagicon|Irak|1963}} [[Saddam Hussein]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Irak|1963}} [[Ali Hassan al-Majid]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Irak|1963}} [[Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri]] |
|commander1={{Flagicon|Irak|1963}} [[Saddam Hussein]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Irak|1963}} [[Ali Hassan al-Majid]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Irak|1963}} [[Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri]] |
||
---------------------- |
---------------------- |
||
{{Flagicon|ISIS}}{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]{{KIA}}{{br}}{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}} |
{{Flagicon|ISIS}}{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]]{{KIA}}{{br}}{{Flagicon|ISIS}} [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}{{br}}{{Flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]{{KIA}}{{br}}{{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Muqtada al-Sadr]]{{br}}{{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} [[Akram al-Kaabi]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Palestina}} [[Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri]] |
||
|commander2={{Flagicon|Irak}} [[Nouri al-Maliki]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Irak}} [[Abboud Qanbar]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Irak}} [[Hadi al-Amiri]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Irak}} [[Fadhil Barwari]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[Barack Obama]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[George W. Bush]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[Donald Rumsfeld]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[Tommy Franks]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Amerika Serikat}} [[David D. McKiernan]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Usa}} [[James Mattis]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Usa}} [[Martin Dempsey]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|UK}} [[Tony Blair]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|UK}} [[Gordon Brown]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|UK}} [[David Cameron]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|UK}} [[Brian Burridge]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|UK}} [[James Dutton (Perwira Marinir Kerajaan)|James Dutton]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|UK}} [[Andy Salmon]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[John Howard]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Kevin Rudd]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Julia Gillard]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Peter Cosgrove]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Steve Gilmore]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Polandia}} [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Polandia}} [[Lech Kaczyński]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Polandia}} [[Bronisław Komorowski]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Polandia}} [[Mieczysław Cieniuch]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Massoud Barzani]]{{br}}{{Flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Ahmed Chalabi]] |
|||
|commander2={{negara|Irak}} [[Nouri al-Maliki]]{{br}}{{negara|Amerika Serikat}} [[Barack Obama]]{{br}}{{negara|Amerika Serikat}} [[George W. Bush]]{{br}}{{negara|Amerika Serikat}} [[Tommy Franks]]{{br}}{{negara|Amerika Serikat}} [[George Casey]]{{br}}{{negara|Amerika Serikat}} Peter Wall |
|||
|strength1='''Irak'''{{br}} |
|strength1='''Irak''' (era Saddam){{br}}650.000 pasukan reguler{{br}} '''Pasukan Sunni'''{{br}}60.000 pasukan'''{{br}}[[Tentara Mahdi]]'''{{br}}25.000 pasukan<ref>http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15898064/site/newsweek/</ref>{{br}} '''[[ISIS|Negara Islam Irak]]'''{{br}}1.000+ pasukan{{br}}'''al Qaeda'''{{br}}1.300+ pasukan<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/16/AR2006111601509.html "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex"]. ''[[Washington Post]],'' Nov. 17, 2006.</ref> |
||
|strength2='''Koalisi'''{{br}} |
|strength2='''Koalisi'''{{br}}520.000 pasukan (2003){{br}}176.000 pasukan (2010){{br}}'''[[Kontraktor militer swasta|Kontraktor]]'''{{br}}~48.000{{br}}'''[[Peshmerga|Kurdi]]'''{{br}}70.000 pasukan{{br}}'''[[Tentara Irak]]'''{{br}}200.000+ pasukan{{br}}'''[[Polisi Irak]]'''{{br}}140.000 Polisi |
||
|casualties1='''Militer Irak tewas:{{br}}<small>(era Saddam)</small>'''{{br}} |
|casualties1='''Militer Irak tewas :{{br}}<small>(era Saddam)</small>'''{{br}}6.370–7.600 Tewas<ref>Carl Conetta, [http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html "The Wages of War; Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902070831/http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html |date=2009-09-02 }}. Project on Defense Alternatives Research Monograph #8, 20 October 2003.</ref><ref name=factbox>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L1366503.htm "FACTBOX-Military and civilian deaths in Iraq"]. ''Reuters,'' [[13 November]] [[2006]].</ref> '''Pasukan Irak terluka :'''{{br}} Tidak bisa dipastikan.<ref name=washtimes8711r>http://www.washtimes.com/world/20050726-121818-8711r.htm</ref><ref name=civilians08>[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/189877_civilians08.html "Civilian, insurgent deaths hard to tally"]. ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]],'' Sept. 8, 2004.</ref>{{br}}'''Pemberontak :'''{{br}}26,544+ Tewas |
||
|casualties2='''Pasukan Irak Baru tewas:{{br}}<small>(era setelah Saddam)</small>'''{{br}} |
|casualties2='''Pasukan Irak Baru tewas:{{br}}<small>(era setelah Saddam)</small>'''{{br}}17,000 Tewas<ref name=factbox /><ref>[http://icasualties.org/oif/IraqiDeaths.aspx "iCasualties: OIF Iraqi Deaths"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212210821/http://icasualties.org/oif/IraqiDeaths.aspx |date=2008-02-12 }}.</ref> |
||
'''Pasukan Irak Baru terluka''' |
'''Pasukan Irak Baru terluka :'''{{br}}tidak diketahui |
||
'''Koalisi tewas<small> (termasuk |
'''Koalisi tewas :'''<small>{{br}}4,821 Tewas (termasuk 4,421 Amerika Serikat, 200 Britania Raya, 139 lainnya, 647 kontraktor)</small><ref name=icasualties>[http://icasualties.org/oif/ Icasualties.org "Iraq Coalition Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625111034/http://icasualties.org/oif/ |date=2008-06-25 }}.</ref><ref>[http://today.reuters.com/News/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=N10275842 "In Iraq, contractor deaths near 650, legal fog thickens"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029173754/http://today.reuters.com/News/CrisesArticle.aspx?storyId=N10275842 |date=2006-10-29 }}. Bernd Debusmann, [[Reuters]], Oct. 10, 2006.</ref> |
||
⚫ | '''Koalisi Amerika terluka :'''{{br}}26,000 <small>(termasuk 22.032 Amerika Serikat, 891+ Britania Raya, 3.963+ kontaktor)</small>:<ref name=icasualties /><ref>Kneisler, Patricia, et. al., [http://icasualties.org/oif/woundedByWeek.aspx "U.S. Wounded By Week"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109185759/http://icasualties.org/oif/woundedByWeek.aspx |date=2007-01-09 }}. iCasualties (Lunaville), Benicia, CA.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Toll of British wounded in Iraq war reaches 800|publisher=Times Online|date=[[2006-01-18]]|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7374-1441320,00.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Civilian contractors in Iraq dying at faster rate as insurgency grows|publisher=McClatchy Washington Bureau|date=[[2005-11-01]]|url=http://www.realcities.com/mld/krwashington/13055180.htm}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm "Defence Internet|Fact Sheets|Operations in Iraq: British Casualties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114214203/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/OperationsFactsheets/OperationsInIraqBritishCasualties.htm |date=2006-11-14 }}. UK Ministry of Defense.</ref> |
||
'''Koalisi hilang atau tertangkap<small>(AS 2)</small>:''' 2 |
|||
⚫ | '''Koalisi Amerika terluka <small>(termasuk 22.032 |
||
|casualties3='''*Total tewas (seluruh Irak){{br}}[[Lancet surveys of mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq|Johns Hopkins]]''': {{br}}392.979 - 942.636<ref name="Second Lancet Study">{{PDFlink|[http://www.thelancet.com/webfiles/images/journals/lancet/s0140673606694919.pdf "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"]}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. ''[[The Lancet]],'' October 11, 2006</ref><ref name="Lancet supplement">{{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002-2006"]}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the second Lancet study.</ref> |
|casualties3='''*Total tewas (seluruh Irak){{br}}[[Lancet surveys of mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq|Johns Hopkins]]''': {{br}}392.979 - 942.636<ref name="Second Lancet Study">{{PDFlink|[http://www.thelancet.com/webfiles/images/journals/lancet/s0140673606694919.pdf "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"]}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. ''[[The Lancet]],'' October 11, 2006</ref><ref name="Lancet supplement">{{PDFlink|[http://web.mit.edu/CIS/pdf/Human_Cost_of_War.pdf "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002-2006"]}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the second Lancet study.</ref> |
Revisi terkini sejak 8 Februari 2024 02.19
Perang Irak | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bagian dari Perang Melawan Teror | |||||||
Searah jarum jam dari atas: Pasukan AS di tempat persembunyian Uday dan Qusay Hussein; pemberontak di Irak utara; penggulingan patung Saddam Hussein di Firdos Square | |||||||
| |||||||
Pihak terlibat | |||||||
2003 : 2003–2011 : Negara Islam Irak |
2003 : 2003–2011 : Republik Irak Amerika Serikat Britania Raya Kanada Polandia Australia Selandia Baru Georgia Korea Selatan Kurdistan Irak NATO | ||||||
Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
Saddam Hussein Abu Ayyub al-Masri † Abu Omar al-Baghdadi † Abu Musab al-Zarqawi † Muqtada al-Sadr Akram al-Kaabi Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri |
Nouri al-Maliki Abboud Qanbar Hadi al-Amiri Fadhil Barwari Barack Obama George W. Bush Donald Rumsfeld Tommy Franks David D. McKiernan James Mattis Martin Dempsey Tony Blair Gordon Brown David Cameron Brian Burridge James Dutton Andy Salmon John Howard Kevin Rudd Julia Gillard Peter Cosgrove Steve Gilmore Aleksander Kwaśniewski Lech Kaczyński Bronisław Komorowski Mieczysław Cieniuch Massoud Barzani Ahmed Chalabi | ||||||
Kekuatan | |||||||
Irak (era Saddam) 650.000 pasukan reguler Pasukan Sunni 60.000 pasukan Tentara Mahdi 25.000 pasukan[2] Negara Islam Irak 1.000+ pasukan al Qaeda 1.300+ pasukan[3] |
Koalisi 520.000 pasukan (2003) 176.000 pasukan (2010) Kontraktor ~48.000 Kurdi 70.000 pasukan Tentara Irak 200.000+ pasukan Polisi Irak 140.000 Polisi | ||||||
Korban | |||||||
Militer Irak tewas : (era Saddam) 6.370–7.600 Tewas[4][5] Pasukan Irak terluka : Tidak bisa dipastikan.[6][7] Pemberontak : 26,544+ Tewas |
Pasukan Irak Baru tewas: Pasukan Irak Baru terluka : Koalisi tewas : 26,000 (termasuk 22.032 Amerika Serikat, 891+ Britania Raya, 3.963+ kontaktor):[9][11][12][13][14] | ||||||
*Total tewas (seluruh Irak) Tewas karena perang atau kriminal (seluruh Irak) 43.850-48.693[18][19] | |||||||
*Total tewas (seluruh Irak) termasuk kematian karena kriminal, kerusakan infrastruktur, buruknya kesehatan, dll.[18] Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, perkiraan korban, dan penjelasan tentang variasi angka, lihat Korban konflik Irak sejak 2003 |
Perang Irak (tahun 2003–2011), yang dikenal juga dengan istilah Pendudukan Irak,[20][21] Perang Teluk III,[22] atau, oleh Amerika Serikat, Operasi Pembebasan Irak,[23] dimulai dengan invasi Irak pada tahun 2003. Okupasi yang kemudian dilakukan oleh pasukan koalisi pimpinan Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya mengakibatkan berlanjutnya peperangan antara para pemberontak dengan pasukan koalisi. Tentara Baru Irak lalu dibentuk untuk menggantikan tentara lama Irak setelah dibubarkan oleh koalisi, dan diharapkan tentara baru ini akan mengambil alih tugas-tugas koalisi setelah mereka pergi dari Irak.
Sebelum invansi dilaksanakan, pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya menuduh Irak sedang berusaha membuat senjata pemusnah massal yang mengancam kemanan nasional mereka, koalisi, dan sekutu regional. Pada tahun 2002, Dewan Keamanan PBB mengeluarkan Resolusi 1441 yang mewajibkan Irak untuk bekerjasama sepenuhnya dengan inspektur senjata PBB guna membuktikan bahwa Irak tidak berada dalam suatu usaha membuat senjata pemusnah massal. Hans Blix, pemimpin dari tim inspeksi senjata yang dikirim, mengatakan bahwa tidak ditemukan senjata pemusnah massal dan Irak telah bekerja sama dengan aktif, akan tetapi, di bawah ketentuan-ketentuan tertentu dan penundaan-penundaan.
Di antara peperangan yang terjadi antara para pasukan Irak, koalisi, dan tentara baru Irak, perang saudara antar kelompok mayoritas Syi'ah dan minoritas Sunni masih berlanjut sampai sekarang.[24] Sebab dan akibat terjadinya perang ini sampai kini masih kontroversial.[15][18][25]
Pada tanggal 15 Desember 2011, Perang Irak dinyatakan berakhir, ditandai dengan pernyataan penutupan misi militer pasukan Amerika Serikat di Irak oleh Menteri Pertahanan Amerika Serikat Leon Panetta.[26]
Sebelum invasi Irak yang memulainya perang Irak, Barack Obama mengkritik bahwa invasi Irak adalah: "perang bodoh; perang gegabah; perang yang tidak didasarkan pada alasan, tetapi pada nafsu; bukan pada prinsip, tapi pada politik."[27][28][29]
Invasi ini dilakukan dengan alasan yang jelas untuk menemukan senjata pemusnah massal dan membebaskan rakyat irak dari kekejian pemerintah Saddam husein
Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". MSNBC. 2006-07-03.
- ^ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15898064/site/newsweek/
- ^ "Violence in Iraq Called Increasingly Complex". Washington Post, Nov. 17, 2006.
- ^ Carl Conetta, "The Wages of War; Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict" Diarsipkan 2009-09-02 di Wayback Machine.. Project on Defense Alternatives Research Monograph #8, 20 October 2003.
- ^ a b "FACTBOX-Military and civilian deaths in Iraq". Reuters, 13 November 2006.
- ^ http://www.washtimes.com/world/20050726-121818-8711r.htm
- ^ "Civilian, insurgent deaths hard to tally". Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Sept. 8, 2004.
- ^ "iCasualties: OIF Iraqi Deaths" Diarsipkan 2008-02-12 di Wayback Machine..
- ^ a b Icasualties.org "Iraq Coalition Casualties" Diarsipkan 2008-06-25 di Wayback Machine..
- ^ "In Iraq, contractor deaths near 650, legal fog thickens" Diarsipkan 2006-10-29 di Wayback Machine.. Bernd Debusmann, Reuters, Oct. 10, 2006.
- ^ Kneisler, Patricia, et. al., "U.S. Wounded By Week" Diarsipkan 2007-01-09 di Wayback Machine.. iCasualties (Lunaville), Benicia, CA.
- ^ "Toll of British wounded in Iraq war reaches 800". Times Online. 2006-01-18.
- ^ "Civilian contractors in Iraq dying at faster rate as insurgency grows". McClatchy Washington Bureau. 2005-11-01.
- ^ "Defence Internet|Fact Sheets|Operations in Iraq: British Casualties" Diarsipkan 2006-11-14 di Wayback Machine.. UK Ministry of Defense.
- ^ a b "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"PDF. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. The Lancet, October 11, 2006
- ^ "The Human Cost of the War in Iraq: A Mortality Study, 2002-2006"PDF. By Gilbert Burnham, Shannon Doocy, Elizabeth Dzeng, Riyadh Lafta, and Les Roberts. A supplement to the second Lancet study.
- ^ "Iraqi death toll estimates go as high as 150,000". Taipei Times, Nov. 11, 2006.
- ^ a b c Iraq Body Count project. Civilian deaths due to insurgent/military action and increased criminal violence. As reported by English-language media. Compiled by various antiwar activists.
- ^ "Iraq Body Count: War dead figures". BBC. 2006-09-24.
- ^ "Saudi King Condemns U.S. Occupation of Iraq". New York Times. Maret 2007.
- ^ "Rescue Operations in the Second Gulf War". Air & Space Power Journal. 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-03-10. Diakses tanggal 2007-09-03.
- ^ "The 3rd Persian Gulf War". Diakses tanggal 2007.
- ^ "Operation Iraqi Freedom". Diakses tanggal 2007.
- ^ "CBS on civil war". CBS News. Sep 26 2006. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-05. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-09.
- ^ "Casualties in Iraq". Antiwar.com. Diakses tanggal 2006-10-12.
- ^ Artikel:"Perang Irak Berakhir Hari Ini" di Kompas.com
- ^ Greg Jaffe (3 Juni 2016). "'Tell me how this ends': Obama's struggle with the hard questions of war". Diakses tanggal 2 September 2020.
- ^ NPR (20 Januari 2009). "Transcript:Obama's Speech Against The Iraq War". Diakses tanggal 2 September 2020.
- ^ David Fitzgerald dan David Ryan. "Obama and Iraq: The 'Dumb' War". Diakses tanggal 2 September 2020.