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Revisi terkini sejak 19 Oktober 2023 06.16

Gambar tengkorak seorang Georgia oleh Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, yang digunakan sebagai arketipe karakteristik rasial ras Kaukasoid dalam bukunya tahun 1795 *De Generis Humani Varietate*

Istilah "ras Kaukasoid"^[1] pernah dipakai dulu untuk menunjuk fenotipe umum dari sebagian besar penghuni Eropa, Afrika Utara, Asia Barat, Pakistan dan India Utara.^[2] Keturunan mereka juga menetap di Australia, Amerika Utara, sebagian dari Amerika Selatan (Argentina, Brazil, Kolombia, Chili, Uruguay), Afrika Selatan dan Selandia Baru. Anggota "ras Kaukasoid" biasa disebut "berkulit putih", walau ini tidak selalu benar. Oleh beberapa pakar misalkan orang Ethiopia dan orang Somalia, yang tengkoraknya dilihat mirip tengkorak Kaukasoid, dianggap termasuk "ras" tersebut, meski mereka berambut keriting dan berkulit hitam, ciri yang dianggap menentukan "ras Negroid".

Pakar genetika asal Itali Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza telah membuktikan bahwa mengelompokkan manusia dalam jenis-jenis "ras" adalah suatu usaha yang sia-sia. Dengan demikian, dari segi biologi, istilah seperti "ras Kaukasoid" dan pada umumnya, "ras manusia", tidak dianggap lagi. Fenotipe seseorang ditentukan oleh hanya sejumlah kecil gen. Secara biologis, hanya ada satu ras manusia, yaitu Homo sapiens.

Lihat pula[sunting | sunting sumber]

Catatan kaki[sunting | sunting sumber]

^ For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or Mongoloid race, see footnote #4 of page 58–59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
^ The Races of Europe by Carlton Stevens Coon. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World - Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Leroi, Armand Marie (2005-03-14). "A Family Tree in Every Gene". The New York Times. hlm. A23.
Lewonin, R. C. (2005). "Confusions About Human Races". Race and Genomics, Social Sciences Research Council. Diakses tanggal 2006-12-28.
Painter, Nell Irvin (2003). "Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race. Why White People are Called Caucasian" (PDF). Yale University. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-10-20. Diakses tanggal 2006-10-09.
Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, Tang H (July 2002). "Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease". Genome Biol. 3 (7): comment2007.2001–12. doi:10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007. PMC 139378 . PMID 12184798. ^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}
Rosenberg NA; Pritchard JK; Weber JL; et al. (December 2002). "Genetic structure of human populations". Science. 298 (5602): 2381–5. Bibcode:2002Sci...298.2381R. doi:10.1126/science.1078311. PMID 12493913.
Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, Pritchard JK, Feldman MW (December 2005). "Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure". PLoS Genet. 1 (6): e70. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070. PMC 1310579 . PMID 16355252.
Templeton, Alan R. (September 1998). "Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective". American Anthropologist. 100 (3): 632–650. doi:10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632. JSTOR 682042.
Camberg, Kim (2005-12-13). "Long-term tensions behind Sydney riots". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-03.

Literatur[sunting | sunting sumber]

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, On the Natural Varieties of Mankind (1775) — the book that introduced the concept
Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-01489-4. — a history of the pseudoscience of race, skull measurements, and IQ inheritability
Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Menozzi, Paolo (1996). The history and geography of human genes. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02905-9. — a major reference of modern population genetics
Cavalli-Sforza, LL (2000). Genes, peoples and languages. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9486-X.
Augstein, HF (1999). "From the Land of the Bible to the Caucasus and Beyond". Dalam Harris, Bernard; Ernst, Waltraud. Race, science and medicine, 1700–1960. New York: Routledge. hlm. 58–79. ISBN 0-415-18152-6.
Baum, Bruce (2006). The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-9892-6.
Guthrie, Paul (1999). The Making of the Whiteman: From the Original Man to the Whiteman. Chicago, IL: Research Associates School Times. ISBN 0-948390-49-2.
Wolf, Eric R.; Cole, John N. (1999). The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21681-4.

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]

"Caucasian race". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

Artikel bertopik manusia ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or Mongoloid race, see footnote #4 of page 58–59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.

[2] The Races of Europe by Carlton Stevens Coon. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World - Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."

[1]

[2]

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
+[[Berkas:Blumenbach-Caucasian.jpg|thumb|upright|Gambar tengkorak seorang [[orang Georgia|Georgia]] oleh Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, yang digunakan sebagai arketipe karakteristik rasial ras Kaukasoid dalam bukunya tahun 1795 ''De Generis Humani Varietate'']]
-[[Berkas:Europaeid types.jpg|thumb|300px|''Meyers Blitz-Lexikon'' ([[Leipzig]], 1932) membagi tipe “Europäid” dalam : "''Nordic race''", "''Dinaric race''", "''Mediterranean race''", "''Alpine race''", "''East Baltic race''", "''Turkish people''" (atau "''Turanid race''""), "''Bedouins''" (atau "''Arabid race''"), dan "''Afghan''" (atau "''Iranid race''")]]
-[[Berkas:Skullcauc.gif|thumb|225px|Sebuah tengkorak yang dulu dikatakan khas "ras Kaukasoid"]]
-Istilah "'''ras Kaukasoid'''"<ref>For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or [[Mongoloid race]], see footnote #4 of page 58–59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.</ref> pernah dipakai dulu untuk menunjuk [[fenotipe]] umum dari sebagian besar penghuni [[Eropa]], [[Afrika Utara]], [[Timur Tengah]], [[Pakistan]] dan [[India|India Utara]].<ref>[http://www.theapricity.com/snpa/chapter-XI1.htm The Races of Europe] by [[Carleton S. Coon|Carlton Stevens Coon]]. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World - Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."</ref> Keturunan mereka juga menetap di [[Australia]], [[Amerika Utara]], sebagian dari [[Amerika Selatan]], [[Afrika Selatan]] dan [[Selandia Baru]]. Anggota "ras Kaukasoid" biasa disebut "berkulit putih", walau ini tidak selalu benar. Oleh beberapa pakar misalkan orang Ethiopia dan orang Somalia, yang tengkoraknya dilihat mirip tengkorak Kaukasoid, dianggap termasuk "ras" tersebut, meski mereka berambut keriting dan berkulit hitam, ciri yang dianggap menentukan "[[ras Negroid]]".
+Istilah "'''ras Kaukasoid"'''<ref>For a contrast with the "Mongolic" or [[Mongoloid race]], see footnote #4 of page 58–59 in Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.</ref> pernah dipakai dulu untuk menunjuk [[fenotipe]] umum dari sebagian besar penghuni [[Eropa]], [[Afrika Utara]], [[Asia Barat]], [[Pakistan]] dan [[India Utara]].<ref>[http://www.theapricity.com/snpa/chapter-XI1.htm The Races of Europe] by [[Carleton S. Coon|Carlton Stevens Coon]]. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World - Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."</ref> Keturunan mereka juga menetap di [[Australia]], [[Amerika Utara]], sebagian dari [[Amerika Selatan]] ([[Argentina]], [[Brasil|Brazil]], [[Kolombia]], [[Chili]], [[Uruguay]]), [[Afrika Selatan]] dan [[Selandia Baru]]. Anggota "ras Kaukasoid" biasa disebut "berkulit putih", walau ini tidak selalu benar. Oleh beberapa pakar misalkan orang Ethiopia dan orang Somalia, yang tengkoraknya dilihat mirip tengkorak Kaukasoid, dianggap termasuk "ras" tersebut, meski mereka berambut keriting dan berkulit hitam, ciri yang dianggap menentukan "[[ras Negroid]]".
-Pakar [[genetika]] asal Itali [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] telah membuktikan bahwa membagi [[manusia]] dalam "ras" adalah suatu usaha yang sia-sia. Dengan demikian, dari segi [[biologi]], istilah seperti "ras Kaukasoid" dan pada umumnya, "[[ras manusia]]", tidak dianggap lagi. [[Fenotipe]] seseorang ditentukan oleh hanya sejumlah kecil [[gen]]. Secara biologis, hanya ada satu ras manusia, yaitu ''[[Homo sapiens sapiens]]''.
+Pakar [[genetika]] asal Itali [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza]] telah membuktikan bahwa mengelompokkan [[manusia]] dalam jenis-jenis "ras" adalah suatu usaha yang sia-sia. Dengan demikian, dari segi [[biologi]], istilah seperti "ras Kaukasoid" dan pada umumnya, "[[ras manusia]]", tidak dianggap lagi. [[Fenotipe]] seseorang ditentukan oleh hanya sejumlah kecil [[gen]]. Secara biologis, hanya ada satu ras manusia, yaitu ''[[Homo sapiens]]''.
-== Catatan ==
-<references/>
 == Lihat pula ==
@@ Baris 12: / Baris 9: @@
 * [[Ras Mongoloid]]
 * [[Ras Negroid]]
+* [[Kulit putih]]
+* [[Orang kulit putih]]
+== Catatan kaki ==
+<references/>
+== Referensi ==
+{{Refbegin}}
+* {{Cite news|last=Leroi|first=Armand Marie|date=2005-03-14|title=A Family Tree in Every Gene|publisher=The New York Times|page=A23|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/14/opinion/14leroi.html}}
+* {{cite web |last=Lewonin |first=R. C. |year=2005 |url=http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Lewontin/ |title=Confusions About Human Races |publisher=Race and Genomics, Social Sciences Research Council |accessdate=2006-12-28 }}
+* {{Cite journal |last=Painter |first=Nell Irvin |authorlink=Nell Irvin Painter |title=Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race. Why White People are Called Caucasian |publisher=Yale University |year=2003 |accessdate=2006-10-09 |url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf |format=PDF |journal= |archive-date=2013-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020105628/http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Painter.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
+* {{Cite journal |author=Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, Tang H |title=Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=comment2007.2001–12 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12184798 |pmc=139378 |doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007 |url=http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/3/comment2007 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
+* {{Cite journal|author=Rosenberg NA|title=Genetic structure of human populations|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5602|pages=2381–5|date=December 2002|pmid=12493913|doi=10.1126/science.1078311|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5602/2381|bibcode=2002Sci...298.2381R|author-separator=,|author2=Pritchard JK|author3=Weber JL|display-authors=3|last4=Cann|first4=HM|last5=Kidd|first5=KK|last6=Zhivotovsky|first6=LA|last7=Feldman|first7=MW|authorlink2=Jonathan K. Pritchard}}
+* {{Cite journal|author=Rosenberg NA, Mahajan S, Ramachandran S, Zhao C, [[Jonathan K. Pritchard|Pritchard JK]], Feldman MW |title=Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure |journal=PLoS Genet. |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=e70 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16355252 |pmc=1310579 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010070 |url=}}
+* {{Cite journal|last=Templeton |first=Alan R. |date=September 1998 |title=Human races: A genetic and evolutionary perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-anthropologist_1998-09_100_3/page/632 |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=632–650 |doi=10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.632 |jstor=682042}}
+* {{Cite news|last=Camberg|first=Kim|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4525352.stm|title=Long-term tensions behind Sydney riots|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-12-13|accessdate=2007-03-03}}
+{{Refend}}
+== Literatur ==
+* Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, ''On the Natural Varieties of Mankind'' (1775) — the book that introduced the concept
+* {{Cite book|author=Gould, Stephen Jay|title=The mismeasure of man|url=https://archive.org/details/mismeasureofman00goul|publisher=Norton|location=New York|year=1981|pages=|isbn=0-393-01489-4|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}} — a history of the pseudoscience of race, skull measurements, and IQ inheritability
+* {{Cite book|author=Piazza, Alberto; Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.; Menozzi, Paolo|title=The history and geography of human genes|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J|year=1996|pages=|isbn=0-691-02905-9|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}} — a major reference of modern population genetics
+* {{Cite book|author=Cavalli-Sforza, LL|title=Genes, peoples and languages|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|year=2000|pages=|isbn=0-7139-9486-X|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
+* {{Cite book|author=Augstein, HF|chapter=From the Land of the Bible to the Caucasus and Beyond|editor=Harris, Bernard; Ernst, Waltraud|title=Race, science and medicine, 1700–1960|url=https://archive.org/details/racesciencemedic00harr|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/racesciencemedic00harr/page/58 58]–79|isbn=0-415-18152-6|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
+* {{Cite book|author=Baum, Bruce|title=The rise and fall of the Caucasian race: a political history of racial identity|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofcaucas0000baum|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|year=2006|pages=|isbn=0-8147-9892-6|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
+* {{Cite book|author=Guthrie, Paul|title=The Making of the Whiteman: From the Original Man to the Whiteman|publisher=Research Associates School Times|location=Chicago, IL|year=1999|pages=|isbn=0-948390-49-2|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
+* {{Cite book|author=Wolf, Eric R.; Cole, John N.|title=The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenfrontierec0000cole_v6a7|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|year=1999|pages=|isbn=0-520-21681-4|oclc=|doi=|accessdate=}}
+== Pranala luar ==
+* {{Cite Collier's|Caucasian race}}
 {{rasmanusia}}
+{{Sejarah definisi ras}}
-{{manusia-stub}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Kategori:Ras manusia|Kaukasoid]]
@@ Baris 20: / Baris 49: @@
 [[Kategori:Genetika populasi]]
-[[bg:Европеидна раса]]
+{{manusia-stub}}
-[[de:Kaukasische Rasse]]
-[[en:Caucasian race]]
-[[es:Caucasoide]]
-[[eu:Kaukasoar]]
-[[fi:Kaukasidinen rotu]]
-[[fr:Europoïde]]
-[[it:Caucasico]]
-[[ja:コーカソイド]]
-[[kk:Еуропалық нәсіл]]
-[[ko:코카서스 인종]]
-[[nl:Kaukasische ras]]
-[[no:Den kaukasoide rase]]
-[[pt:Raça caucasiana]]
-[[ru:Европеоидная раса]]
-[[simple:Caucasian]]
-[[tr:Kafkas ırkları]]
-[[tt:Европеоид раса]]
-[[uk:Європеоїдна раса]]
-[[zh:高加索人種]]
-[[zh-yue:高加索人]]
-[[zu:AbeLungu]]

l b s Konsep Sejarah Ras
Warna kulit	Ras kulit hitam Ras Kulit coklat Ras kulit merah Ras kulit kuning Ras kulit putih
Anthropologi	Ras Australoid Ras Capoid Ras Kaukasoid Ras Mongoloid Ras Negroid Ras Khoisan
Sub-types	Ras Alpen Ras Arabid Ras Armenoid Ras Atlantid Ras Caspian Ras Dinaric Ras Baltic Timur Ras Ethiopid Ras Hamitic Ras Dravidian Ras Irano-Afghan Ras Japhetic Ras Melayu Ras Mediterranean Ras Nordik Ras Northcaucasian Ras Pamirid Ras Semitic Ras Turanid
Multirasial	Miscegenation Ethnogenesis Category:Daftar rasial gabungan
Penulis	Louis Agassiz John Baker Erwin Baur John Beddoe Robert Bennett Bean François Bernier Renato Biasutti Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Franz Boas Paul Broca Alice Mossie Brues Halfdan Bryn Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Charles Caldwell Petrus Camper Samuel A. Cartwright Houston Stewart Chamberlain Sonia Mary Cole Carleton S. Coon Georges Cuvier Jan Czekanowski Charles Davenport Joseph Deniker Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Anténor Firmin Eugen Fischer John Fiske Francis Galton Stanley Marion Garn Reginald Ruggles Gates George Gliddon Arthur de Gobineau Madison Grant John Grattan Hans F. K. Günther Ernst Haeckel Frederick Ludwig Hoffman Earnest Hooton Julian Huxley Thomas Henry Huxley Calvin Ira Kephart Robert Knox Robert E. Kuttner Georges Vacher de Lapouge Fritz Lenz Carl Linnaeus Cesare Lombroso Bertil Lundman Felix von Luschan Dominick McCausland John Mitchell Ashley Montagu Lewis H. Morgan Samuel George Morton Josiah C. Nott Karl Pearson Oscar Peschel Isaac La Peyrère Charles Pickering Ludwig Hermann Plate Alfred Ploetz James Cowles Prichard Otto Reche Gustaf Retzius William Z. Ripley Alfred Rosenberg Benjamin Rush Henric Sanielevici Heinrich Schmidt Ilse Schwidetzky Charles Gabriel Seligman Giuseppe Sergi Samuel Stanhope Smith Herbert Spencer Morris Steggerda Lothrop Stoddard William Graham Sumner Thomas Griffith Taylor Paul Topinard John H. Van Evrie Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer Rudolf Virchow Voltaire Alexander Winchell Ludwig Woltmann
Karya/Tulisan	An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People in Different Climates (1744) The Outline of History of Mankind (1785) Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question (1849) An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1855) The Races of Europe (Ripley, 1899) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (1899) Race Life of the Aryan Peoples (1907) Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911) Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development (1916) The Passing of the Great Race (1916) The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy (1920) The Myth of the Twentieth Century (1930) Annihilation of Caste (1936) The Races of Europe (Coon, 1939) An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus (1943) The Race Question (1950)
Teori	Eugenics Great chain of being Monogenism Polygenism Pre-Adamite
Hubungan	Sejarah anthropometry Klasifikasi Ras Sejarah definisi ras di India Ras di Brazil Scientific rasisme Nazisme dan ras Kemurnian Rasial Kesaksian Pemutihan Rasial ''Blanqueamiento'' Ras Passing Steriotip Rasial Ras Martial Master ras Ras Aryan Négritude

Pengawasan otoritas
Perpustakaan nasional	Prancis (data) Amerika Serikat
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