Gerakan Khalistan
Gerakan Khalistan adalah gerakan separatis Sikh, yang berusaha untuk membentuk sebuah negara terpisah yang disebut Khalistān ("Tanah yang Murni") di wilayah Punjab di Asia Selatan yang akan menjadi tanah air bagi orang Sikh.[1] Definisi teritorial dari negara Khalistan yang diusulkan terdiri dari Punjab, India, bersama dengan Punjab, Pakistan dan termasuk daerah-daerah di Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu dan Kashmir, dan Rajasthan.[2][3][4]
Gerakan Khalistan dimulai sebagai suatu upaya spekulasi ekspatriat.[5] Pada tahun 1971, seruan eksplisit pertama untuk Khalistan dibuat dalam sebuah iklan yang diterbitkan di New York Times oleh ekspat Jagjit Singh Chohan.[6] Dengan dukungan keuangan dan politik dari disapora Sikh, gerakan ini berkembang di Negara Bagian Punjab, India yang memiliki penduduk mayoritas Sikh dan mencapai puncaknya pada akhir tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an, ketika gerakan separatis ini mengakibatkan kekerasan berskala besar di antara penduduk setempat, termasuk pembunuhan Perdana Menteri Indira Gandhi dan pengeboman pesawat Air India yang menewaskan 328 penumpang.[7] Berbagai kesatuan pro-Khalistan telah terlibat dalam gerakan separatis terhadap Pemerintah India sejak itu. Pada tahun 1990-an pemberontakan mereda,[8] dan gerakan ini gagal mencapai tujuannya karena beberapa alasan, termasuk tindakan keras polisi terhadap para separatis, perpecahan di antara orang Sikh, dan kehilangan dukungan dari populasi Sikh.[9] Kekerasan ekstrimis telah dimulai dengan sasaran para pengikut Nirankari dan diikuti oleh serangan terhadap aparat pemerintah dan penganut Hindu. Akhirnya para teroris Sikh juga menargetkan orang-orang Sikh lainnya yang memiliki pandangan berlawanan. Hal ini menyebabkan kehilangan dukungan publik lebih lanjut dan para militan akhirnya dikendalikan oleh lembaga penegak hukum pada tahun 1993.[10]
Pada awal tahun 2018, beberapa kelompok militan ditangkap oleh polisi di Punjab. Ketua Menteri Punjab Amarinder Singh mengaku ekstremisme terbaru didukung oleh ISI Pakistan dan "para simpatisan Khalistani" di Kanada, Italia, dan Britania Raya.[11] Ada beberapa dukungan dari para kelompok pinggiran[12][13] di luar negeri, terutama di Kanada tetapi Perdana Menteri Kanada Justin Trudeau telah menyatakan bahwa negaranya tidak akan mendukung kebangkitan gerakan separatis.[8][14][15][16][17]
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Kinnvall, Catarina (2007-01-24). Globalization and Religious Nationalism in India. books.google.com. ISBN 9781134135707. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-10.
- ^ Crenshaw, Martha (1995). Terrorism in Context. Pennsylvania State University. hlm. 364. ISBN 978-0-271-01015-1.
- ^ The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994 ISBN 1-86064-169-5 - Mehtab Ali Shah "Such is the political, psychological and religious attachment of the Sikhs to that city that a Khalistan without Lahore would be like a Germany without Berlin."
- ^ Amritsar to Lahore: A Journey Across the India-Pakistan Border - Stephen Alter ISBN 0-8122-1743-8 "Ever since the separatist movement gathered force in the 1980s, Pakistan has sided with the Sikhs, the territorial ambitions of Khalistan have at times included Chandigarh, sections of the Indian Punjab, including whole North India and some parts of western states of India."
- ^ Pruthi, Raj (2004). Sikhism and Indian Civilization. Discovery Publishing House. hlm. 169. ISBN 9788171418794. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 25 October 2018.
- ^ Van Dyke 2009, hlm. 976.
- ^ "Jagmeet Singh now rejects glorification of Air India bombing mastermind" (The 18-month long Air India inquiry, led by former Supreme Court justice John Major, pointed to Parmar as the chief terrorist behind the bombing. A separate inquiry, carried out by former Ontario NDP premier and Liberal MP Bob Rae, also fingered Parmar as the architect of the 1985 bombing that left 329 people dead 268 of them Canadians.). CBC News. 15 March 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-09-16. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2018.
- ^ a b "India gives Trudeau list of suspected Sikh separatists in Canada". Reuters, The Sikh insurgency petered out in the 1990s. He told state leaders his country would not support anyone trying to reignite the movement for an independent Sikh homeland called Khalistan. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-02-03. Diakses tanggal 22 May 2018.
- ^ "New brand of Sikh militancy: Suave, tech-savvy pro-Khalistan youth radicalised on social media". Hindustan Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2021-03-04. Diakses tanggal 27 April 2018.
- ^ "Why Osama resembles Bhindranwale". Rediff News. 9 June 2004. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-01-23. Diakses tanggal 6 November 2018.
- ^ Majumdar, Ushinor. "Sikh Extremists In Canada, The UK And Italy Are Working With ISI Or Independently". Outlook India, Is there a resurgence of Khalistani extremism, considering the number of recent incidents and killings? A. There has been no resurgence. Amarinder Singh Indian Punjab Chief Minister. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-07-20. Diakses tanggal 8 June 2018.
- ^ "Khalistanis in Canada try to stoke the embers of a dying fire". despite its name, has links to the fringe, militant radicalism of the Khalistan movement. 7 June 2017. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-10.
- ^ Richard J. Leitner,, Peter M. Leitner. Unheeded Warnings: The Lost Reports of the Congressional Task Force on Terrorism and Unconventional Warfare Volume 1: Islamic Terrorism and the West. hlm. 157. ISBN 9780615252445. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-10.
- ^ Mike Rana (2011-11-04). A Citizen's Manifesto: A Ray of Hope. hlm. 60. ISBN 9781465381835.
- ^ Lewis, James R. (2011-04-06). Violence and New Religious Movements. The movement petered out in 1990s and lost the "Mass Appeal". Oxford University Press, USA. hlm. 331. ISBN 9780199735631. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-01. Diakses tanggal 10 June 2018.
- ^ "'Thrusting Khalistan on the Sikhs?'". the radical Khalistani fringe wanted it do. Anyone who knows something about the Sikhs will tell you that 99% of them are proud of both their community and country. Hindustan Times. 9 March 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-09-30. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-10.
- ^ "Most Punjabis in Canada don't support Khalistan: Expert". An impression created by fringe groups in Canada — virtually a second Punjab for the Sikh community — that the country is a “bastion for Khalistanis” is incorrect, a Canadian expert, who. 8 April 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-10-10. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-10.
Bibliografi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Fair, C. Christine (2005), "Diaspora Involvement in Insurgencies: Insights from the Khalistan and Tamil Eelam Movements", Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 11: 125–156, doi:10.1080/13537110590927845, ((Perlu berlangganan (help))
- Van Dyke, Virginia (2009), "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions", Asian Survey, 49 (6): 975–997, doi:10.1525/as.2009.49.6.975, ((Perlu berlangganan (help))
Bacaan lebih lanjut[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood by K P S Gill
- The Ghost of Khalistan Diarsipkan 2018-12-04 di Wayback Machine. - Sikh Times
- The Punjab Mass Cremations Case: India Burning the Rule of Law (PDF). Ensaaf. January 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 July 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2010.
- Kaur, Jaskaran; Sukhman Dhami (October 2007). "Protecting the Killers: A Policy of Impunity in Punjab, India" (PDF). 19 (14). New York: Human Rights Watch. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi asli tanggal 2016-03-05. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-10.
- Lewis, Mie; Kaur, Jaskaran (5 October 2005). Punjab Police: Fabricating Terrorism Through Illegal Detention and Torture (PDF). Santa Clara: Ensaaf. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 July 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2010.
- Silva, Romesh; Marwaha, Jasmine; Klingner, Jeff (26 January 2009). Violent Deaths and Enforced Disappearances During the Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India: A Preliminary Quantitative Analysis (PDF). Palo Alto: Ensaaf and the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 17 July 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2010.
- Parvinder Singh (2009). "1984 Sikhs Kristallnacht" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 26 July 2011. Diakses tanggal 11 January 2010.
- Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues With Sikh Militants. University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1592-3.
- Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. A Sea of Orange: Writings on the Sikhs and India. Xlibris Corporation, ISBN 1-4010-2857-8[sumber terbitan sendiri?]
- Ram Narayan Kumar et al. Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab. South Asia Forum for Human Rights, 2003.
- Joyce Pettigrew. The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence. Zed Books Ltd., 1995.
- Anurag Singh. Giani Kirpal Singh's Eye-Witness Account of Operation Bluestar. 1999.
- Patwant Singh. The Sikhs. New York: Knopf, 2000.
- Harnik Deol. Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab. London: Routledge, 2000
- Satish Jacob and Mark Tully. Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. ISBN 0-224-02328-4.
- Ranbir Singh Sandhu. Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Ohio: SERF, 1999.
- Iqbal Singh. Punjab Under Siege: A Critical Analysis. New York: Allen, McMillan and Enderson, 1986.
- Paul Brass. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
- Julio Ribeiro. Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1999.
- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. "Sikh History" in 10 volumes (volumes 7,8,9). Waremme, Belgium: Sikh University Press, 2010-11.
- Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. "Akal Takht: Concept and Role". Waremme, Belgium: Sikh University Press, 2011.