Operasi Ezra dan Nehemia
| Eksodus Yahudi dari negara-negara Arab dan Muslim |
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| Komunitas |
| Latar belakang |
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Dari 1951 sampai 1952, Operasi Ezra dan Nehemia menerbangkan antara 120.000 dan 130.000 Yahudi Irak ke Israel[1][2] melewati Iran dan Siprus. Imigrasi masif Yahudi Irak adalah peristiwa paling klimatik dari eksodus Yahudi dari negara-negara Arab dan Muslim.
Operasi tersebut diambil dari nama Ezra dan Nehemia, yang memimpin bangsa Yahudi dari pengasingan di Babilonia untuk kembali ke Israel pada abad ke-5 SM, seperti yang tercatat dalam kitab-kitab Alkitab Ibrani yang menyebut nama-nama mereka.
Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Pasachoff & Littman 2005, hlm. 301
- ^ "Operations Ezra & Nechemia: The Aliyah of Iraqi Jews". Jewish Virtual Library. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Diakses tanggal June 27, 2008.
Sumber[sunting | sunting sumber]
- Bashkin, Orit (2012). New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8201-2.
- Ben-Porat, Mordechai (1998). To Baghdad and Back: The Miraculous 2,000 Year Homecoming of the Iraqi Jews. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 9789652291950.
- Black, Ian (1991). Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3286-4.
- Eriş, Mahir Ünsal; Yahudileri, Kürt (2006). Din, Dil, Tarih, (Kurdish Jews) (dalam bahasa Turkish). Ankara, TR: Kalan Publishing.
- Gat, Moshe (2013). The Jewish exodus from Iraq : 1948-1951. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714642239. OCLC 833072860.
- Hakohen, Devorah (2003). Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2990-0.
- Hillel, Shlomo (1987). Operation Babylon : The Story of the Rescue of the Jews of Iran. Diterjemahkan oleh Friedman, Ina. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385235976. OCLC 966124447.
- Hirst, David (2003). The gun and the olive branch: the roots of violence in the Middle East. Nation Books. ISBN 1-56025-483-1. Diakses tanggal 2010-04-05.
- Kirkbride, Alec (1976). From the Wings: Amman Memoirs, 1947-1951. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780714630618.
- Marqusee, Mike (2010). If I am not for myself : journey of an anti-Zionist Jew (edisi ke-2nd). Verso Books. ISBN 9781844674350. OCLC 467772291.
- Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther (2004). Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-76862-1.
- Pasachoff, Naomi E.; Littman, Robert J. (2005). ""Operation Magic Carpet" and "Operation Ezra and Nehemiah"". A Concise History of the Jewish People. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742543669. Diakses tanggal June 28, 2008.
- Rogan, Eugene L.; Shlaim, Avi (2001). The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79476-3.
- Shenhav, Yehouda (1999). "The Jews of Iraq, Zionist Ideology, and the Property of the Palestinian Refugees of 1948: An Anomaly of National Accounting". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 31 (4): 605–630. doi:10.1017/s0020743800057111. ISSN 1471-6380.
- Shiblak, Abbas (1986). The lure of Zion : the case of the Iraqi Jews. Al Saqi Books. ISBN 9780863560330. OCLC 16711193.
- Shiblak, Abbas (2005). Iraqi Jews: A history. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0-86356-504-5.
- Simon, Reeva; Laskier, Michael; Reguer, Sara (2003). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231507592. OCLC 614998544.
- Somekh, Sasson (2007). Baghdad, yesterday: The making of an Arab Jew. Ibis Editions. ISBN 9789659012589. OCLC 891546268.
- Szulc, Tad (1991). The Secret Alliance: The Extraordinary Story of the Rescue of the Jews Since World War II. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-24946-5.
- Tovy, Jacob (2014). Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Issue: The Formulation of a Policy, 1948–1956. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-81077-3.
- Tripp, Charles (2002). A History of Iraq (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-Revised). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521529006.
Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- To Baghdad and Back – Book review from Babylonian Jewry Heritage Center web site
- Iraqi Jews who left Baghdad in the 1960's and 1970's – Jews who chose to stay in Iraq during Operation Ezrah and Nehamiah
- [1][pranala nonaktif permanen] The Jews of Iraq By Naeim Giladi.
- The Forgotten Refugees: the causes of the post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries (focuses on Iraq)