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'''Gnostisisme''' ({{Lang-el|γνῶσις}} ''gnōsis'', [[pengetahuan]]) merujuk pada bermacam-macam gerakan keagamaan yang beraliran [[sinkretisme]] pada zaman dahulu kala. Gerakan ini mencampurkan berbagai ajaran agama, yang biasanya pada intinya mengajarkan bahwa manusia pada dasarnya adalah [[jiwa]] yang terperangkap di dalam alam semesta yang diciptakan oleh tuhan yang tidak sempurna. Secara umum dapat dikatakan Gnostisisme adalah [[agama]] [[dualistik]], yang dipengaruhi dan memengaruhi [[filosofi Yunani]], [[Yudaisme]], dan [[Kekristenan Kalsedonia|Kekristenan]]. |
'''Gnostisisme''' ({{Lang-el|γνῶσις}} ''gnōsis'', [[pengetahuan]]) merujuk pada bermacam-macam gerakan keagamaan yang beraliran [[sinkretisme]] pada zaman dahulu kala. Gerakan ini mencampurkan berbagai ajaran agama, yang biasanya pada intinya mengajarkan bahwa manusia pada dasarnya adalah [[jiwa]] yang terperangkap di dalam alam semesta yang diciptakan oleh tuhan yang tidak sempurna. Secara umum dapat dikatakan Gnostisisme adalah [[agama]] [[dualistik]], yang dipengaruhi dan memengaruhi [[filosofi Yunani]], [[Yudaisme]], dan [[Kekristenan Kalsedonia|Kekristenan]]. |
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Istilah ''gnōsis'' merujuk pada suatu pengetahuan [[esoteris]] yang telah dipaparkan. Dari sana manusia melalui unsur-unsur rohaninya diingatkan kembali akan asal-muasal mereka dari Tuhan yang superior. [[Yesus Kristus]] dipandang oleh sebagian sekte Gnostis sebagai perwujudan dari makhluk ilahi yang menjadi manusia untuk membawa ''gnōsis'' ke bumi<ref name="nhlintro">{{cite web | title = An Introduction to Gnosticism and The Nag Hammadi Library | publisher = The Gnostic Society Library | url = http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm | accessdate = 2009-12-02}}</ref> |
Istilah ''gnōsis'' merujuk pada suatu pengetahuan [[esoteris]] yang telah dipaparkan. Dari sana manusia melalui unsur-unsur rohaninya diingatkan kembali akan asal-muasal mereka dari Tuhan yang superior. [[Yesus Kristus]] dipandang oleh sebagian sekte Gnostis sebagai perwujudan dari makhluk ilahi yang menjadi manusia untuk membawa ''gnōsis'' ke bumi.<ref name="nhlintro">{{cite web | title = An Introduction to Gnosticism and The Nag Hammadi Library | publisher = The Gnostic Society Library | url = http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm | accessdate = 2009-12-02 | archive-date = 1998-12-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19981203064740/http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref> |
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Pada mulanya Gnostisisme dianggap sebagai cabang aliran sesat dari Kekristenan, namun sekte Gnostis telah ada sejak sebelum [[kelahiran Yesus]]<ref name="newadvent">{{cite web | title = Gnosticism | publisher = Catholic Encyclopedia |
Pada mulanya Gnostisisme dianggap sebagai cabang aliran sesat dari Kekristenan, namun sekte Gnostis telah ada sejak sebelum [[kelahiran Yesus]].<ref name="newadvent">{{cite web | title = Gnosticism | publisher = Catholic Encyclopedia | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm | accessdate = 2009-02-12 | archive-date = 2020-06-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200619082257/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm | dead-url = no }}</ref><ref>[[Bart D. Ehrman]] ''Lost Christianities''. Oxford University press, 2003, p.188-202</ref> Keberadaan kaum Gnostik sejak Abad Pertengahan semakin berkurang dikarenakan pengikutnya memeluk [[Islam]] atau akibat dari [[Perang Salib Albigensian]] ([[1209]]–[[1229]]). Gagasan Gnostis kembali muncul seiring dengan bertumbuhnya gerakan [[mistis]] [[esoteris]] pada akhir abad ke-19 dan abad ke-20 di [[Eropa]] dan [[Amerika Utara]]. |
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== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
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* {{cite book|last = Aland|first = Barbara|title = [[Festschrift]] für Hans Jonas|publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year = 1978|isbn = 3-525-58111-4 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Aland|first = Barbara|title = [[Festschrift]] für Hans Jonas|publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year = 1978|isbn = 3-525-58111-4 }} |
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* {{cite book|last= Burstein|first = Dan|title = Secrets of Mary Magdalene|publisher = CDS Books|year = 2006|isbn = 1-59315-205-1 }} |
* {{cite book|last= Burstein|first = Dan|title = Secrets of Mary Magdalene|url= https://archive.org/details/secretsofmarymag0000unse_z4d3|publisher = CDS Books|year = 2006|isbn = 1-59315-205-1 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Freke|first = Timothy|coauthors = Gandy, Peter|title = Jesus and the Lost Goddess : The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians|publisher = Three Rivers Press|year = 2002|isbn = 0-00-710071-X }} |
* {{cite book|last = Freke|first = Timothy|coauthors = Gandy, Peter|title = Jesus and the Lost Goddess : The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians|url = https://archive.org/details/jesuslostgoddess0000frek|publisher = Three Rivers Press|year = 2002|isbn = 0-00-710071-X }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Green|first = Henry|title = Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism|publisher = Scholars P.,U.S.|year = 1985|isbn = 0-89130-843-1 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Green|first = Henry|title = Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism|publisher = Scholars P.,U.S.|year = 1985|isbn = 0-89130-843-1 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Haardt|first = Robert|title = Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse|publisher = Otto-Müller-Verlag, Salzburg|year = 1967|id =|pages = 352 pages }}, translated as {{cite book|last = Haardt|first = Robert|title = Gnosis: Character and Testimony|url = https://archive.org/details/gnosischaractert0000haar|publisher = Brill, Leiden|year = 1971|id = }} |
* {{cite book|last = Haardt|first = Robert|title = Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse|publisher = Otto-Müller-Verlag, Salzburg|year = 1967|id =|pages = 352 pages }}, translated as {{cite book|last = Haardt|first = Robert|title = Gnosis: Character and Testimony|url = https://archive.org/details/gnosischaractert0000haar|publisher = Brill, Leiden|year = 1971|id = }} |
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* {{cite book|authorlink = Stephan A. Hoeller|last = Hoeller|first = Stephan A.|title = Gnosticism - New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing|publisher =|year = 2002|isbn = 0-8356-0816-6|pages = 257 pages }} |
* {{cite book|authorlink = Stephan A. Hoeller|last = Hoeller|first = Stephan A.|title = Gnosticism - New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing|url = https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewlig0000hoel|publisher =|year = 2002|isbn = 0-8356-0816-6|pages = [https://archive.org/details/gnosticismnewlig0000hoel/page/257 257] pages }} |
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* {{cite book|authorlink = Hans Jonas|last = Jonas|first = Hans|title = Gnosis und spätantiker Geist vol. 2:1-2, Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie|publisher =|year =|isbn = 3-525-53841-3 }} |
* {{cite book|authorlink = Hans Jonas|last = Jonas|first = Hans|title = Gnosis und spätantiker Geist vol. 2:1-2, Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie|publisher =|year =|isbn = 3-525-53841-3 }} |
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* {{cite book|authorlink = Charles William King|last = King|first = Charles William|title = The Gnostics and Their Remains|year = 1887|url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/ }} |
* {{cite book|authorlink = Charles William King|last = King|first = Charles William|title = The Gnostics and Their Remains|year = 1887|url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/|access-date = 2009-08-29|archive-date = 2023-04-10|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230410004851/https://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/|dead-url = no}} |
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* {{cite book|authorlink = Karen Leigh King|last = King|first = Karen L.|title = What is Gnosticism?|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 2003|isbn = 0-674-01071-X|pages = 343 pages }} |
* {{cite book|authorlink = Karen Leigh King|last = King|first = Karen L.|title = What is Gnosticism?|url = https://archive.org/details/whatisgnosticism0000king|publisher = Harvard University Press|year = 2003|isbn = 0-674-01071-X|pages = [https://archive.org/details/whatisgnosticism0000king/page/343 343] pages }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Klimkeit|first = Hans-Joachim|title = Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia|publisher = Harper, San Francisco|year = 1993|isbn = 0-06-064586-5 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Klimkeit|first = Hans-Joachim|title = Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia|publisher = Harper, San Francisco|year = 1993|isbn = 0-06-064586-5 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Layton|first = Bentley|editor = edited by [[L. Michael White]], O. Larry Yarbrough|chapter = Prolegomena to the study of ancient gnosticism|title = The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks|publisher = Fortress Press, Minneapolis|year = 1995|isbn = 0-8006-2585-4 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Layton|first = Bentley|editor = edited by [[L. Michael White]], O. Larry Yarbrough|chapter = Prolegomena to the study of ancient gnosticism|title = The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks|publisher = Fortress Press, Minneapolis|year = 1995|isbn = 0-8006-2585-4 }} |
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| Baris 50: | Baris 50: | ||
* {{cite book|last = Rudolph|first = Kurt|authorlink= Kurt Rudolph|title = Gnosis: The Nature & Structure of Gnosticism|url = https://archive.org/details/gnosisnaturehist00rudo|publisher = Harper & Row|year = 1987|isbn = 0-06-067018-5 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Rudolph|first = Kurt|authorlink= Kurt Rudolph|title = Gnosis: The Nature & Structure of Gnosticism|url = https://archive.org/details/gnosisnaturehist00rudo|publisher = Harper & Row|year = 1987|isbn = 0-06-067018-5 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = [[Benjamin Walker|Walker]]|first = [[Benjamin Walker|Benjamin]]|title = Gnosticism: Its History and Influence|publisher = Harper Collins|year = 1990|isbn = 1-85274-057-4 }} |
* {{cite book|last = [[Benjamin Walker|Walker]]|first = [[Benjamin Walker|Benjamin]]|title = Gnosticism: Its History and Influence|publisher = Harper Collins|year = 1990|isbn = 1-85274-057-4 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Williams|first = Michael|title = Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 1996|isbn = 0-691-01127-3 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Williams|first = Michael|title = Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category|url = https://archive.org/details/rethinkinggnosti0000will|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 1996|isbn = 0-691-01127-3 }} |
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=== Video === |
=== Video === |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/gnostic.htm Religious Tolerance] - A survey of Gnosticism |
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/gnostic.htm Religious Tolerance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204625/http://www.religioustolerance.org/gnostic.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} - A survey of Gnosticism |
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* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gnostics.html Early Christian Writings] - primary texts |
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gnostics.html Early Christian Writings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229071733/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/gnostics.html |date=2020-02-29 }} - primary texts |
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* [http://www.gnosis.org/library.html The Gnostic Society Library] - primary sources and commentaries. |
* [http://www.gnosis.org/library.html The Gnostic Society Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617130953/http://www.gnosis.org/library.html |date=2020-06-17 }} - primary sources and commentaries. |
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* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gnostic.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism] |
* [http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gnostic.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412075114/http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gnostic.htm |date=2009-04-12 }} |
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* [http://www.kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/intro.htm Introduction to Gnosticism] |
* [http://www.kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/intro.htm Introduction to Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426222739/http://www.kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/intro.htm |date=2008-04-26 }} |
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* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=280&letter=G&search=gnosticism Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism] |
* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=280&letter=G&search=gnosticism Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010851/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=280&letter=G&search=gnosticism |date=2011-09-27 }} |
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* [http://www.theandros.com/pregnostic.html Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John] |
* [http://www.theandros.com/pregnostic.html Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130181107/http://theandros.com/pregnostic.html |date=2010-11-30 }} |
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* [http://www9.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010234456/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html |date=2008-10-10 }} |
* [http://www9.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010234456/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/gospel/index.html |date=2008-10-10 }} |
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* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism] |
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619082257/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm |date=2020-06-19 }} |
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* [http://www.gnosiskultur.de Gnosis Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021071326/http://www.gnosiskultur.de/ |date=2016-10-21 }} |
* [http://www.gnosiskultur.de Gnosis Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021071326/http://www.gnosiskultur.de/ |date=2016-10-21 }} |
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* {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Gnosticism|Gnosticism}} |
* {{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Gnosticism|Gnosticism}} |
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Revisi per 6 Agustus 2023 19.51
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Gnostisisme (bahasa Yunani: γνῶσις gnōsis, pengetahuan) merujuk pada bermacam-macam gerakan keagamaan yang beraliran sinkretisme pada zaman dahulu kala. Gerakan ini mencampurkan berbagai ajaran agama, yang biasanya pada intinya mengajarkan bahwa manusia pada dasarnya adalah jiwa yang terperangkap di dalam alam semesta yang diciptakan oleh tuhan yang tidak sempurna. Secara umum dapat dikatakan Gnostisisme adalah agama dualistik, yang dipengaruhi dan memengaruhi filosofi Yunani, Yudaisme, dan Kekristenan.
Istilah gnōsis merujuk pada suatu pengetahuan esoteris yang telah dipaparkan. Dari sana manusia melalui unsur-unsur rohaninya diingatkan kembali akan asal-muasal mereka dari Tuhan yang superior. Yesus Kristus dipandang oleh sebagian sekte Gnostis sebagai perwujudan dari makhluk ilahi yang menjadi manusia untuk membawa gnōsis ke bumi.[1]
Pada mulanya Gnostisisme dianggap sebagai cabang aliran sesat dari Kekristenan, namun sekte Gnostis telah ada sejak sebelum kelahiran Yesus.[2][3] Keberadaan kaum Gnostik sejak Abad Pertengahan semakin berkurang dikarenakan pengikutnya memeluk Islam atau akibat dari Perang Salib Albigensian (1209–1229). Gagasan Gnostis kembali muncul seiring dengan bertumbuhnya gerakan mistis esoteris pada akhir abad ke-19 dan abad ke-20 di Eropa dan Amerika Utara.
Lihat pula
Catatan kaki
- ^ "An Introduction to Gnosticism and The Nag Hammadi Library". The Gnostic Society Library. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1998-12-03. Diakses tanggal 2009-12-02.
- ^ "Gnosticism". Catholic Encyclopedia. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-06-19. Diakses tanggal 2009-02-12.
- ^ Bart D. Ehrman Lost Christianities. Oxford University press, 2003, p.188-202
Referensi
Buku
Sumber primer
- Layton, Bentley (1987). The Gnostic Scriptures. SCM Press. hlm. 526 pages. ISBN 0-334-02022-0.
- Robinson, James (1978). The Nag Hammadi Library in English. hlm. 549 pages. ISBN 0-06-066934-9.
- Plotinus (1989). The Enneads. Harvard University Press. (in 7 volumes), vol. 1: ISBN 0-674-99484-1
- The Gnostic Bible, Ed. Willis Barnstone
Sumber sekunder
- Aland, Barbara (1978). Festschrift für Hans Jonas. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-58111-4.
- Burstein, Dan (2006). Secrets of Mary Magdalene. CDS Books. ISBN 1-59315-205-1.
- Freke, Timothy (2002). Jesus and the Lost Goddess : The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0-00-710071-X.
- Green, Henry (1985). Economic and Social Origins of Gnosticism. Scholars P.,U.S. ISBN 0-89130-843-1.
- Haardt, Robert (1967). Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse. Otto-Müller-Verlag, Salzburg. hlm. 352 pages., translated as Haardt, Robert (1971). Gnosis: Character and Testimony. Brill, Leiden.
- Hoeller, Stephan A. (2002). Gnosticism - New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing. hlm. 257 pages. ISBN 0-8356-0816-6.
- Jonas, Hans. Gnosis und spätantiker Geist vol. 2:1-2, Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie. ISBN 3-525-53841-3.
- King, Charles William (1887). The Gnostics and Their Remains. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-10. Diakses tanggal 2009-08-29.
- King, Karen L. (2003). What is Gnosticism?. Harvard University Press. hlm. 343 pages. ISBN 0-674-01071-X.
- Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1993). Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia. Harper, San Francisco. ISBN 0-06-064586-5.
- Layton, Bentley (1995). "Prolegomena to the study of ancient gnosticism". Dalam edited by L. Michael White, O. Larry Yarbrough. The Social World of the First Christians: Essays in Honor of Wayne A. Meeks. Fortress Press, Minneapolis. ISBN 0-8006-2585-4.
- Layton, Bentley (ed.) (1981). The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: Sethian Gnosticism. E.J. Brill.
- Markschies, Christoph (2000). Gnosis: An Introduction. T & T Clark. hlm. 145 pages. ISBN 0-567-08945-2.
- Mins, Denis (1994). Irenaeus. Geoffrey Chapman.
- Pagels, Elaine (1979). The Gnostic Gospels. hlm. 182 pages. ISBN 0-679-72453-2.
- Pagels, Elaine (1989). The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis. hlm. 128 pages. ISBN 1-55540-334-4.
- Petrement, Simone (1990), A Separate God: The Origins and Teachings of Gnosticsim, Harper and Row ISBN 0-06-066421-5
- Rudolph, Kurt (1987). Gnosis: The Nature & Structure of Gnosticism. Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-067018-5.
- Walker, Benjamin (1990). Gnosticism: Its History and Influence. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-85274-057-4.
- Williams, Michael (1996). Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01127-3.
Video
- The Naked Truth: Exposing the Deceptions About the Origins of Modern Religions (1995).
Pranala luar
- Religious Tolerance Diarsipkan 2016-03-03 di Wayback Machine. - A survey of Gnosticism
- Early Christian Writings Diarsipkan 2020-02-29 di Wayback Machine. - primary texts
- The Gnostic Society Library Diarsipkan 2020-06-17 di Wayback Machine. - primary sources and commentaries.
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism Diarsipkan 2009-04-12 di Wayback Machine.
- Introduction to Gnosticism Diarsipkan 2008-04-26 di Wayback Machine.
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism Diarsipkan 2011-09-27 di Wayback Machine.
- Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John Diarsipkan 2010-11-30 di Wayback Machine.
- Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics Diarsipkan 2008-10-10 di Wayback Machine.
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism Diarsipkan 2020-06-19 di Wayback Machine.
- Gnosis Germany Diarsipkan 2016-10-21 di Wayback Machine.
- Gnosticism di Curlie (dari DMOZ)
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