Sejarah anarkisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi terkini sejak 10 Maret 2024 19.06

Sejarah anarkisme adalah istilah yang ambigu, sama seperti anarkisme itu sendiri. Para ahli kesulitan untuk mendefinisikan apa yang dimaksud anarkisme dan sejarahnya. Ada berbagai pandangan tentang hal ini, mulai dari anarkisme menjadi gerakan yang jelas pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, sementara lainnya mengidentifikasikan sifat-sifat anarkis jauh sebelum peradaban pertama ada.

Komunitas prasejarah ada tanpa hierarki formal, sama seperti prinsip-prinsip anarkis. Jejak pertama pemikiran anarkis dapat ditemukan di Yunani dan Cina Kuno di mana banyak filsuf yang mempermasalahkan kebutuhan akan negara dan menyatakan hak moral individu yang memutuskan bagi mereka sendiri. Selama Abad Pertengahan, beberapa sekte agama mendukung pemikiran libertarian. dan pada Zaman Pencerahan, bangkitnya rasionalisme dan sains menandakan lahirnya gerakan anarkis modern.

Anarkisme modern adalah bagian penting dari gerakan pekerja pada akhir abad ke-19. Modernisme, industrialisasi, reaksi terhadap kapitalisme, dan migrasi massal membantu anarkisme berkembang dan menyebar ke seluruh dunia. Kecenderungan utama anarkisme sebagai gerakan sosial telah diwakili oleh anarko-kolektivisme, anarko-komunisme dan anarko-sindikalisme, dengan anarkisme individualis menjadi fenomena literatur utama. Dengan bertumbuhnya gerakan buruh, bentrokan antara anarkis dan komunis Marxis menjadi tidak terhindarkan. Kedua aliran ini terbelah di kongres kelima Internasional Pertama pada 1872. Peristiwa selanjutnya tidak membantu mengurangi kesenjangan. Anarkis berpartisipasi dengan antusias dalam Revolusi Rusia, tetapi begitu kelompok Bolshevik mengukuhkan kekuasaannya, kelompok anarkis ditekan dengan kejam terutama di Kronstadt dan Ukraina. Momen paling menonjol dari anarkisme adalah Perang Saudara Spanyol yang berakhir dengan kekalahan anarkis dan seukutunya. Anarkisme sebagai gerakan tampak mati setelah Perang Dunia II.

Namun, pada 1960-an mereka muncul kembali dalam berbagai bentuk, khususnya dalam gerakan antiglobalisasi. Bersama dengan tren anarkisme klasik, semakin banyak kelompok akar rumput yang mengadopsi cara organisasi yang anarkistik.

Lihat pula

Catatan

Referensi

Sumber

Sumber sekunder (buku, jurnal)

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Sumber tersier (ensiklopedia & kamus)

Fiala, Andrew (2017-10-03). "Anarchism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Diakses tanggal 14 January 2019.
Forman, Michael (13 April 2009). Immanuel Ness, ed. The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, 8 Volume Set: 1500 to the Present. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-8464-9.
Lehning, Arthur (2003). "Anarchism". Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal September 2006. Diakses tanggal 2018-12-23.
(Inggris) Entri Max Stirner di Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Miller, Martin A.; Woodcock, George; Dirlik, Arif; Rosemont, Franklin (14 September 2018). "Anarchism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 21 December 2018. The current version of Anarchism in Britanicca
Miller, David (1991). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-631-17944-3.
(Inggris) Entri William Godwin di Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Pranala luar

Sejarah Anarkisme. Perpustakaan Kate Sharpley.

Templat:Anarkisme bawah

@@ Baris 39: / Baris 39: @@
 * {{Cite book|authorlink=Paul Avrich|last = Avrich |first = Paul |title = The Russian Anarchists |publisher = [[AK Press]] |location = Stirling |year = 2006 |isbn = 978-1-904859-48-2 |ref =harv|title-link = The Russian Anarchists }}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Barclay|first=Harold B. |author-link=Harold Barclay|title=People without government: an anthropology of anarchy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qzaAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Kahn & Averill|isbn=978-1-871082-16-6}}
-* {{Cite book|last = Bak |first = Jǹos |title = Liberty and Socialism |publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers |location = Lanham |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-0-8476-7680-4 |ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book|last = Bak |first = Jǹos |title = Liberty and Socialism |url = https://archive.org/details/libertysocialism0000unse |publisher = [[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers |location = Lanham |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-0-8476-7680-4 |ref=harv}}
-* {{Cite book |last = Bakunin |first = Mikhail |authorlink = Mikhail Bakunin |origyear = 1873 |year = 1991 |title = Statism and Anarchy |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-521-36973-2 |ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book |last = Bakunin |first = Mikhail |authorlink = Mikhail Bakunin |origyear = 1873 |year = 1991 |title = Statism and Anarchy |url = https://archive.org/details/statismanarchy0000baku |publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn = 978-0-521-36973-2 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1= Bantman|first1= Constance |chapter=The Era of Propaganda by the Deed|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year=2019|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|first=Peter|last= Baofu|title=Beyond Ethics to PostEthics: A Preface to a New Theory of Morality and Immorality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228|date=1 February 2011|publisher=[[Information Age Publishing|IAP]]|isbn=978-1-61735-313-0}}
-* {{Cite book |last = Beevor |first = Antony |authorlink = Antony Beevor |year = 2006 |title = The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 |publisher = [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |location = London |isbn = 978-0-297-84832-5|ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book |last = Beevor |first = Antony |authorlink = Antony Beevor |year = 2006 |title = The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939 |url = https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp0000beev |publisher = [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]] |location = London |isbn = 978-0-297-84832-5|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite journal|last=Berry|first=David|journal =[[Contemporary European History]]|volume= 8|issue=1|year= 1999|pages=51–71|title='Fascism or Revolution!' Anarchism and Antifascism in France, 1933-39|ref=harv|jstor=20081690|doi=10.1017/S0960777399000132}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1= Berry|first1= David|chapter=Anarchism and 1968|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|year= 2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Billington|first=James H. |title=Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4PRx21WVqMC|year= 1999|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-4128-1401-0}}
-* {{Cite book |isbn = 978-1-57181-542-2 |title = Sartre Against Stalinism |first = Ian |last = Birchall |year = 2004 |publisher = [[Berghahn Books]]|ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book |isbn = 978-1-57181-542-2 |title = Sartre Against Stalinism |url = https://archive.org/details/sartreagainststa0000ianh |first = Ian |last = Birchall |year = 2004 |publisher = [[Berghahn Books]]|ref=harv}}
-* {{Cite book |last = Bolloten |first = Burnett |authorlink = Burnett Bolloten |title = The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution |publisher = [[University of North Carolina Press]] |year= 1984 |location =  |url =  |doi =  |id =  |isbn = 978-0-8078-1906-7|ref=harv }}
+* {{Cite book |last = Bolloten |first = Burnett |authorlink = Burnett Bolloten |title = The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution |publisher = [[University of North Carolina Press]] |year= 1984 |location =  |url =https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwarr0000boll_z8t8|doi =  |id =  |isbn = 978-0-8078-1906-7|ref=harv }}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Bookchin|first=Murray |authorlink=Murray Bookchin|title=Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F06arcQyYEgC|year=1995|publisher=AK Press|isbn=978-1-873176-83-2|chapter=2. Individualist Anarchism and Reaction|authormask=|trans-title=|chapter-format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|trans-chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=}}
-* {{Cite book |last = Carlson |first = Andrew |title = Anarchism in Germany |publisher = [[Scarecrow Press]] |location = Metuchen |year = 1972 |isbn = 978-0-8108-0484-5 |chapter = Philosophical Egoism: German Antecedents |ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book |last = Carlson |first = Andrew |title = Anarchism in Germany |url = https://archive.org/details/anarchismingerma0001carl |publisher = [[Scarecrow Press]] |location = Metuchen |year = 1972 |isbn = 978-0-8108-0484-5 |chapter = Philosophical Egoism: German Antecedents |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite journal | last=Conversi | first=Daniele | title=Anarchism, Modernism, and Nationalism: Futurism's French Connections, 1876–1915 | journal=[[The European Legacy]] | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=21 | issue=8 | date=2016-05-09 | issn=1084-8770 | doi=10.1080/10848770.2016.1180864 | pages=791–811 | ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Critchley|first=Simon |authorlink=Simon Critchley|title=Infinitely Demanding: Ethics of Commitment, Politics of Resistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UblvDwAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=[[Verso Books]]|isbn=978-1-78168-017-9}}
@@ Baris 56: / Baris 56: @@
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1= D'Agostino|first1= Anthony|chapter=Anarchism and Marxism in the Russian Revolution|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year = 2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=de Acosta|first1=Alejandro |editor=Randall Amster|others=Luis Fernandez, Abraham DeLeon|title=Contemporary Anarchist Studies: An Introductory Anthology of Anarchy in the Academy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7B1VewAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-47402-3|chapter=Two undecidable questions for thinking in which anything goes|authormask=|trans-title=|chapter-format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|trans-chapter=|chapterurl=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=}}
-* {{Cite book |last = Dirlik |first = Arif |author-link1= Arif Dirlik|title = Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution |publisher = [[University of California Press]] |location = Berkeley |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-0-520-07297-8 |ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book |last = Dirlik |first = Arif |author-link1= Arif Dirlik|title = Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution |url = https://archive.org/details/anarchisminchine0000dirl |publisher = [[University of California Press]] |location = Berkeley |year = 1991 |isbn = 978-0-520-07297-8 |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|last1= Dirlik|first1= Arif|author-link1= Arif Dirlik|chapter=Anarchism and the Question of Place: Thoughts from the Chinese experience|editor1=Steven Hirsch|editor2=Lucien van der Walt |title=Anarchism and Syndicalism in the Colonial and Postcolonial World, 1870–1940|chapter-url=https://books.google.com.cy/books/about/Anarchism_and_Syndicalism_in_the_Colonia.html?id=Pd95DwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|year=2010|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-9004188488|ref=harv}}
 * {{Cite book |last = Dodson |first = Edward |title = The Discovery of First Principles: Volume 2 |publisher = [[AuthorHouse]] |page = 312 |year = 2002 |isbn = 978-0-595-24912-1|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1= Dupuis-Déri|first1= Francis |author-link1= Francis Dupuis-Déri|chapter=From the Zapatistas to Seattle: The 'New Anarchists'|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Edwards|first=Stewart|title=Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGASAQAAIAAJ|year=1969|publisher=[[Anchor Books]]}}
-* {{Cite book |last = Engel |first = Barbara |title = Mothers and Daughters |publisher = [[Northwestern University Press]] |location = Evanston |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-8101-1740-2 |page = 140 |ref=harv}}
+* {{Cite book |last = Engel |first = Barbara |title = Mothers and Daughters |url = https://archive.org/details/mothersdaughters0000enge |publisher = [[Northwestern University Press]] |location = Evanston |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-8101-1740-2 |page = [https://archive.org/details/mothersdaughters0000enge/page/140 140] |ref=harv}}
 * {{cite journal |journal = [[Anarchist Studies]] |title = George Woodcock: The Ghost Writer of Anarchism|volume= 23 |issue= 1|first1 =Süreyyya |last1=Evren|year=2015|first2=Ruth |last2=Kinna|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite journal|first = Andrew|last=  Fiala| title =Political Skepticism and Anarchist Themes in the American Tradition| journal = European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy| volume=  V-2 |issue=  2| year = 2013|doi = 10.4000/ejpap.545|ref = harv}}
@@ Baris 68: / Baris 68: @@
 * {{cite book|title = Town government in Rhode Island |author-link=William E. Foster |last = Foster|first= William E. |url = https://archive.org/stream/towngovernmentin00fostrich/towngovernmentin00fostrich_djvu.txt |via = [[Internet Archive]] |year = 1886 |accessdate = 23 December 2008 |ref=harv}}
 * {{Cite book |last = Goldman |first = Emma |title = My Disillusionment in Russia |chapter = Preface |page = xx |publisher = [[Dover Publications]] |location = New York |year = 2003 |isbn = 978-0-486-43270-0 |ref=harv|title-link = My Disillusionment in Russia }}
-* {{cite book|ref=harv|author-link=David Goodway|last=Goodway|first=David|title=Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xX9BgAAQBAJ|year = 2006|publisher=[[PM Press]]|isbn=978-1-60486-221-8}}
+* {{cite book|ref=harv|author-link=David Goodway|last=Goodway|first=David|title=Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xX9BgAAQBAJ|year=2006|publisher=[[PM Press]]|isbn=978-1-60486-221-8}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Goodway|first=David |authorlink=David Goodway|title=For Anarchism (RLE Anarchy)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jvty1g6zKWMC&pg=PA25|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-03756-7}}
 * {{cite web | author-link1=David Graeber|first1=David|last1= Graeber|first2= Andrej|last2=Grubacic|title=ZNet - Anarchism, Or The Revolutionary Movement Of The Twenty-first Century | website=Znet| year=2004 | url=http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=41&ItemID=4796 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317082822/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=41&ItemID=4796 | archive-date=2008-03-17 | dead-url=yes | ref=harv| access-date=2019-01-31}}
 * {{cite book|last=Graham|first=Robert|chapter=Preface|title=Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism|publisher=[[Black Rose Books]]|location=Montréal|year=2005|isbn=978-1-55164-250-5|authorlink=Robert Graham (historian)|ref=harv|title-link=Anarchism: a Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas: from Anarchy to Anarchism}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last1= Graham|first1= Robert|author-link1= Robert Graham (historian)|chapter=Anarchism and the First International|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year =2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
-* {{cite web | last=Holborow | first=Marnie | title=Daring But Divided | website=Socialist Review | date=1993-01-01 | url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/268/daring-divided | ref=harv | access-date=2019-01-24}}
+* {{cite web | last=Holborow | first=Marnie | title=Daring But Divided | website=Socialist Review | date=1993-01-01 | url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/268/daring-divided | ref=harv | access-date=2019-01-24 | archive-date=2013-07-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729114710/http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=8205 | dead-url=yes }}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Joll|first=James|authorlink=James Joll|title=The anarchists|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hMEgAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Επίκουρος(Greek edition)|authormask=|trans-title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=|isbn=9780674036413}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|first1=Nathan J.|last1= Jun|first2=Shane|last2=Wahl|title=New Perspectives on Anarchism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5t0R0ckDMAC&pg=PA68|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7391-3241-8}}
@@ Baris 107: / Baris 107: @@
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sochen|first=June |title=The New Woman: Feminism in Greenwich Village, 1910-1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0UqAAAAYAAJ|year=1972|publisher=[[Quadrangle Books]]|isbn=978-0-8129-0257-0}}
 * {{Cite book |last = Thomas |first = Paul |title = Karl Marx and the Anarchists |url = https://archive.org/details/karlmarxanarchis00thom |publisher = [[Routledge]]/[[Kegan Paul]] |location = London |year = 1985 |isbn = 978-0-7102-0685-5 |page = [https://archive.org/details/karlmarxanarchis00thom/page/142 142] |ref=harv}}
-* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|title=The Spanish Civil War|year=2001|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-101161-5|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|title=The Spanish Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar0000thom_q0s4|year=2001|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-101161-5|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last= Turcato|first= Davide |chapter=Anarchist Communism|editor1-last=Levy|editor1-first=Carl |editor1-link=Carl Levy (political scientist)|editor2-last=Adams|editor2-first=Matthew S. |title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7BhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA340|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-75620-2}}
 * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=White|first=Stephen |authorlink=Stephen White (political scientist)|title=Communism and Its Collapse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwD66oWu20IC|year=2001|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=978-0-415-24423-7}}