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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Groupers
| name =
| image = Epinephelus malabaricus.jpg
| image = Epinephelus malabaricus.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Malabar grouper]], ''Epinephelus malabaricus''
| image_caption = ''Epinephelus malabaricus''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| ordo = [[Perciformes]]
| familia = [[Serranidae]]
| familia = [[Serranidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Epinephelus|Epinephelinae'''
| subfamilia = '''Epinephelinae'''
| subfamilia_authority = [[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1874<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue =2 | pages = 001–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
| subdivision = Lihat teks
''[[Acanthistius]]''<br />
''[[Alphestes]]''<br />
''[[Anyperidon]]''<br />
''[[Caprodon]]''<br />
''[[Cephalopholis]]''<br />
''[[Chromileptes]]''<br />
''[[Dermatolepis]]''<br />
''[[Epinephelus]]''<br />
''[[Gonioplectrus]]''<br />
''[[Gracila]]''<br />
''[[Hypoplectrodes]]''<br />
''[[Liopropoma]]''<br />
''[[Mycteroperca]]''<br />
''[[Niphon]]''<br />
''[[Paranthias]]''<br />
''[[Plectropomus]]''<br />
''[[Saloptia]]''<br />
''[[Triso]]''<br />
''[[Variola (Serranidae)|Variola]]''
}}
}}


'''Kerapu''' adalah nama ikan dari sejumlah [[:en:genus|genus]] dalam subkeluarga ''Epinephelinae'' dari [[:en:family (biology|keluarga]] ''[[Serranidae]]'' dari orde ''[[Perciformes]]''.
'''Kerapu''' adalah ikan anggota dari subfamili '''Epinephelinae''', famili [[Serranidae]] dalam ordo [[Perciformes]]. Tidak semua serranidae disebut kerapu, karena anggotanya juga termasuk beberapa jenis bass laut.

Di Indonesia ditemukan antara lain :

*[[Kerapu bebek]] atau kerapu tikus (''Chromileptes altivelis''),
*[[Kerapu harimau]] (''Epinephelus fuscoguttatus''),
*[[Kerapu kayu]] (''Epinephelus tauvina''),
*[[Kerapu sunuk]] atau kerapu merah (''Plectropomus leopardus'').

Tidak semua ''Serranidae'' adalah kerapu. Dalam keluarga ini juga termasuk ''[[:en:sea bass]]''. Nama "kerapu" biasanya diberi kepada ikan dari salah satu dari dua jenis besar ''[[Epinephelus]]'' dan ''[[Mycteroperca]]''. Di samping itu, species yang di klasifikasi dalam jenis kecil ''Anyperidon'', ''Cromileptes'', ''Dermatolepis'', ''Gracila'', ''Saloptia'' dan ''Triso'' juga diberi nama "kerapu". Ikan dari jenis ''Plectropomus'' disebut "[[kerapu sunuk]]". Semua jenis ini diklasifikasi dalam subkeluarga ''Epiphelinae''. However, some of the hamlets (genus ''Alphestes''), the hinds (genus ''Cephalopholis''), the [[lyretail]]s (genus ''Variola'') and some other small genera (''Gonioplectrus'', ''Niphon'', ''Paranthias'') are also in this subfamily, and occasional species in other serranid genera have common names involving the word "grouper". Nonetheless, the word "groupers" on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae.


== Nama ==
== Nama ==


Dalam bahasa Inggris, "kerapu" adalah ''grouper'', yang sendirinya berasal dari nama ''garoupa'', yang diperkirakan bahasa Portugis. Ada yang mengatakan bahwa nama Portugis ini berasal dari salah satu bahasa asli Amerika Selatan. Namun perlu dicatat bahwa nama ''garoupa'' sangat mirip dengan bahasa Indonesia "kerapu".
Dalam [[bahasa Inggris]], "kerapu" disebut '''''grouper''''' atau ''groper'', yang dipercaya berasal dari nama ''garoupa'', yang diperkirakan dari [[bahasa Portugis]]. Ada yang mengatakan bahwa nama Portugis ini berasal dari salah satu bahasa asli [[Amerika Selatan]].

In New Zealand and Australia, the name for several species of Grouper is referred to as Groper, as the ''Epinephelus lanceolatus'' [[Queensland Groper]]. In the Middle East, the fish is known as Hammour, and is widely eaten, especially in the [[Persian Gulf]] region.

Groupers are found a lot more in Florida than they are found anywhere else.

== Basic Description ==

Groupers are [[Teleostei|teleosts]], typically having a stout body and a large mouth. They are not built for long-distance fast swimming. They can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and weights up to 100&nbsp;kg are not uncommon, though obviously in such a large group species vary considerably. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off it. They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the [[pharynx]]. They habitually eat [[fish]], [[octopus]], [[crab]], and [[lobster]]. They lie in wait, rather than chasing in open water. According to the film-maker [[Graham Ferreira]], there is at least one record, from Mozambique, of a human being killed by one of these fish.

Their mouth and [[gill]]s form a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouth to dig into sand in order to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills. Their gill [[muscle]]s are so powerful that it is nearly impossible to pull them out of their cave if they feel attacked and extend them in order to lock themselves in.

There is some research indicating that roving coral groupers (''Plectropomus pessuliferus'') sometimes cooperate with [[moray eel|giant morays]] in hunting<ref>[http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431 Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea]</ref>.

== Reproduction ==

Most fish spawn between May and August. They are [[protogynous]] [[hermaphrodite]], i.e. the young are predominantly female but transform into males as they grow larger. They grow about a kilogram per year. Generally they are adolescent until they reach three kilograms, when they become female. At about 10 to 12&nbsp;kg they turn to male. Usually, males have a ''[[Harem (zoology)|harem]]'' of three to fifteen females in the broader region. In the rare case that no male exists close by, the largest female turns faster. Most males look much wilder and bigger than females, even if they happen to be smaller{{Fact|date=May 2008}} (compare [[cattle|bull]] to [[cow]], or [[rooster]] to [[hen]], or [[lion]] to [[lioness]]).

== Modern Use ==

Many groupers are important food fish, and some of them are now [[fish farming|farmed]]. Unlike most other fish species which are chilled or frozen, groupers are generally sold alive in markets. Any species are popular fish for [[fishing|sea-angling]]. Some species are small enough to be kept in [[aquarium|aquaria]], though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly.

==Ukuran==

Sebuah surat kabar sempat melaporkan bahwa seekor kerapu seberat 396,8 pon pernah tertangkap di laut dekat [[Pulau Sembilan]] di [[Selat Melaka]] Selasa 15 January 2008.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/1/17/nation/20035627&sec=nation Whopper of a grouper bought for RM10,000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. (Image at [http://thestar.com.my/archives/2008/1/17/nation/19gr.jpg])


== Daftar genus ==
Sebuah surat kabar dari [[Shenzhen]] ([[Cina]]) pernah melaporkan seekor kerapu dengan panjang 1,8 meter yang menelan seekor [[:en:Whitetip reef shark|hiu]] dengan panjang 1 meter di aquarium [[Fuzhou Sea World]]. <ref>[http://www.sznews.com/news/content/2006-03/30/content_70954.htm 海底"血案":巨型石斑鱼一口吞下白鳍鲨<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Di bawah ini meupakan daftar genus ikan dalam famili serranidae yang disebut dengan kerapu (Epinephelinae):<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=446–448 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name = CofF>{{Cof family | family = Epinephelinae | access-date = 8 June 2020}}</ref>


; Tribus Niphonini <small>([[David Starr Jordan|D.S. Jordan]], 1923)</small>
<gallery>
* ''[[Niphon (Serranidae)|Niphon]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828</small>
Image:blue-spotted.grouper.arp.jpg|Peacock grouper (''Cephalopholis argus'')
; Tribus Epinephelini <small>(Bleeker, 1874)</small><ref name = VDLEF/>
Image:Coral grouper.jpg|Coral grouper (''Cephalopholis miniata'')
* ''[[Aethaloperca]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1904</small>
Image:Malabar grouper melb aquarium.jpg|Malabar Grouper (''Epinephelus malabaricus''), [[Melbourne Aquarium]]
* ''[[Alphestes]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1801</small>
File:Cephalopholis argus at Kona.jpg|''Cephalopholis argus'' in Kona
* ''[[Anyperodon]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1859</small>
</gallery>
* ''[[Cephalopholis]]'' <small>Bloch & Schneider, 1801</small>
* ''[[Kerapu bebek|Chromileptes]]'' <small>[[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1839</small>
* ''[[Dermatolepis]]'' <small>[[Theodore Nicholas Gill|Gill]], 1861</small>
* ''[[Epinephelus]]'' <small>Bloch, 1793</small>
* ''[[Gonioplectrus]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
* ''[[Gracila]]'' <small>[[John Ernest Randall|Randall]], 1964</small>
* ''[[Hyporthodus]]'' <small>Gill, 1861</small>
* ''[[Mycteroperca]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
* ''[[Paranthias]]'' <small>[[Alphone Guichenot|Guichenot]], 1868</small>
* ''[[Plectropomus]]'' <small>[[Lorenz Oken|Pken]], 1817</small>
* ''[[Saloptia]]'' <small>[[J.L.B. Smith]], 1964</small>
* ''[[Triso]]'' <small>Randall, [[David G. Johnson|Johnson]] & [[G.R. Lowe|Lowe]], 1989</small>
* ''[[Variola (fish)|Variola]]'' <small>Swainson, 1839</small>
; Tribus Diploprionini <small>(Bleeker, 1874)</small><ref name = VDLEF/>
* ''[[Aulacocephalus]]'' <small>[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1843</small>
* ''[[Belonoperca]]'' <small>Fowler & [[Barton Appler Bean|B.A. Bean]], 1930</small>
* ''[[Diploprion]]'' <small>Cuvier, 1828</small><ref name = VDLEF/>
; Tribus Liopropomini <small>([[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1867)</small>
* ''[[Bathyanthias]]'' <small>Günther, 1880</small>
* ''[[Liopropoma]]'' <small>Gill, 1861</small>
* ''[[Rainfordia]]'' <small>[[Allan Riverstone McCulloch|McCulloch]], 1923</small>
; Tribus Grammistini <small>(Bleeker, 1857)</small>
* ''[[Aporops]]'' <small>[[Leonard Peter Schultz|Schultz]], 1943</small>
* ''[[Grammistes]]'' <small>Bloch & Schneider, 1801</small>
* ''[[Grammistops]]'' <small>Schultz 1953</small>
* ''[[Jeboehlkia]]'' <small>[[C. Richard Robins|Robins]], 1967</small>
* ''[[Pogonoperca]]'' <small>Günther 1859</small>
* ''[[Pseudogramma]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1875</small>
* ''[[Rypticus]]'' <small>Cuvier, 1829</small>
* ''[[Suttonia]]'' <small>J.L.B. Smith, 1953</small>


== Referensi ==
Species of grouper include:
{{Reflist}}
*[[Black grouper]] ''Mycteroperca bonaci''
*[[Comet grouper]] ''Epinephelus morrhua''
*[[Gag grouper]] ''Mycteroperca microlepis''
*[[Giant grouper]] ''Epinephelus lanceolatus''
*[[Goliath grouper]] ''Epinephelus itajara''
*[[Miniata grouper]] ''Cephalopholis miniata''
*[[Nassau grouper]] ''Epinephelus striatus''
*[[Saddletail grouper]] ''Epinephelus daemelii''
*[[Scamp grouper]] AKA [[Broomtail Grouper]] ''Mycteroperca phenax''
*[[Warsaw grouper]] ''Epinephelus nigritus''
*[[White grouper]] ''Epinephelus aeneus''
*[[Yellowfin grouper]] ''Myceroperca venenosa''


==Referensi==
== Rujukan ==
* [http://www.litbang.kkp.go.id/v2/?MainPage=news&id=420 Rujukan dari Balitbang Kelautan]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* The Grouper is depicted on the reverse side of the 100-[[Brazilian Real|Brazilian Reais]] banknote.
* In the [[Philippines]], the Grouper is commonly known as "Lapu-Lapu," named after the [[Lapu-Lapu|national hero]] who killed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in the [[Battle of Mactan]].
* In Aruba, the 500 [[Aruban Guilder]] Banknote, also features a Grouper in one of its faces
* In the original [[Drunken Master]] starring [[Jackie Chan]] , steamed grouper is one of the many dishes Chan's character requests during an attempted meal-theft.
*In ''Buck 50'', a song from [[Ghostface Killah]]'s album ''[[Supreme Clientele]]'' produced by [[RZA]] and featuring [[Method Man]], [[Cappadonna]], and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]], Ghost confesses to eating grouper in a room in [[Cancun]].


{{sumberdaya perikanan}}
==Catatan==
<references/>


{{Taxonbar|from=Q284420}}
==External links==
*[http://www.click2cook.com/recipe.asp?recipe=125 Grilled Hammour Recipe]
*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/fish/Cromileptes_altivelis/ images and movies of the humpback grouper ''(Chromileptes altivelis)'']


[[Category:Serranidae]]
[[Kategori:Serranidae]]
[[Kategori:Ikan]]
[[Category:Portuguese loanwords]]
[[Kategori:Ikan laut]]
[[Kategori:Ikan konsumsi]]
[[Kategori:Kerapu]]
[[Kategori:Perciformes]]
[[Kategori:Epinephelinae]]
[[Kategori:Ikan pancing]]


[[ca:nero]]
[[de:Zackenbarsche]]
[[en:Grouper]]
[[es:Epinephelinae]]
[[fr:Mérou]]
[[hr:Kirnja]]
[[he:דקר (דג)]]
[[id:Kerapu]]
[[it:Epinephelinae]]
[[nl:Tandbaarzen]]
[[ja:ハタ (魚類)]]
[[lt:Akmeniniai ešeriai]]
[[pl:Strzępielowate]]
[[pt:Garoupa]]
[[ru:Груперы]]
[[zh:石斑魚]]


{{disambig}}
{{ikan-stub}}

Revisi terkini sejak 10 Juli 2024 10.58

Kerapu
Epinephelus malabaricus
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Animalia
Filum:
Chordata
Kelas:
Actinopterygii
Ordo:
Perciformes
Famili:
Serranidae
Subfamili:
Epinephelinae

Genera

Lihat teks

Kerapu adalah ikan anggota dari subfamili Epinephelinae, famili Serranidae dalam ordo Perciformes. Tidak semua serranidae disebut kerapu, karena anggotanya juga termasuk beberapa jenis bass laut.

Nama

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Dalam bahasa Inggris, "kerapu" disebut grouper atau groper, yang dipercaya berasal dari nama garoupa, yang diperkirakan dari bahasa Portugis. Ada yang mengatakan bahwa nama Portugis ini berasal dari salah satu bahasa asli Amerika Selatan.

Daftar genus

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Di bawah ini meupakan daftar genus ikan dalam famili serranidae yang disebut dengan kerapu (Epinephelinae):[2][3]

Tribus Niphonini (D.S. Jordan, 1923)
Tribus Epinephelini (Bleeker, 1874)[1]
Tribus Diploprionini (Bleeker, 1874)[1]
Tribus Liopropomini (Poey, 1867)
Tribus Grammistini (Bleeker, 1857)

Referensi

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ a b c d Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer; Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 25543675. 
  2. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (edisi ke-5th). Wiley. hlm. 446–448. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-04-08. Diakses tanggal 2022-10-19. 
  3. ^ Templat:Cof family

Rujukan

[sunting | sunting sumber]


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