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Revisi per 24 Juli 2017 01.50

Taqiyyah (bahasa Arab: تقیة taqiyyah/taqīyah, artinya "takut")^[1]^[2] adalah sebuah istilah Islam yang merujuk kepada praktik dan kepercayaan penyangkalan atau pembantahan keagamaan dalam menghadapi penganiayaan.^[3]^[4]^[1]^[5] Istilah lainnya untuk istilah terserbut, kitmān (artinya "bertindak menutup-nutupi, menyangkal") memiliki pengartian yang lebih spesifik untuk penyangkalan dengan cara diam.^[6]^[7]

Prakter tersebut dilakukan dalam Syiah saat para penganutnya diijinkan untuk menyembunyikan agama mereka saat berada di bawah penganiayaan atau tekanan.^[3]^[8] Namun, praktek tersebut juga diperbolehkan dalam Islam Sunni dalam ketentuan tertent.^[9]^[10]

Taqiyyah awalnya dipraktekkan oleh beberapa Sahabat Nabi.^[11] Kemudian, praktek tersebut menjadi penting bagi Syiah karena pengalaman mereka sebagai minoritas keagamaan yang dianiaya.^[8]^[12] Menurut doktrin Syiah, taqiyyah diperbolehkan baik dalam keadaan berbahaya yang mengancam nyawa atau harta benda maupun tidak dalam keadaan bahaya.^[8] Taqiyyah juga disahkan secara politik, terutama Syiah Dua Belas Imam, dalam rangka mengutamakan persatuan kaum Muslim dan keselamatan para ulama Syiah.^[13]^[14]

Yarden Mariuma menyatakan: "Taqiyyah adalah sebuah istilah yudisial Islam yang mengalihkan pengartian terkait dimana seorang Muslim diperbolehkan, di bawah hukum Syariah, untuk berbohong. Sebuah konsep yang pengartiannya beragam di antara sekte-sekte, cendekiawan-cendekiawan, negara-negara, dan rezim-rezim politik Islam, selain menjadi salah satu istilah penting yang digunakan oleh para pakar polemik anti-Muslim saat ini."^[15]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b R. STROTHMANN, MOKTAR DJEBLI. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "TAKIYYA", vol. 10, p. 134. Quote: "TAKIYYA "prudence, fear" [...] denotes dispensing with the ordinances of religion in cases of constraint and when there is a possibility of harm.".
^ Stewart, Devin (8 January 2014). "Dissimulation in Sunni Islam and Morisco Taqiyya". Al-Qanṭara. 34 (2): 439–490. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2013.016.
^ ^a ^b John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Taqiyah". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). Precautionary denial of religious belief in the face of potential persecution. Stressed by Shii Muslims, who have been subject to periodic persecution by the Sunni majority.
^ Paul E. Walker (2009). "Taqīyah". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). Taqīyah is the precautionary dissimulation of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution.
^ Stewart, Devin. "Islam in Spain after the Reconquista". Teaching Materials. The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2015.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama EI2-syn
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Virani47
^ ^a ^b ^c Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. hlm. 183. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5. Religious dissimulation (Taqiyya) [...] while maintaining mental reservation is considered lawful in Shi'ism in situations where there is overwhelming danger of loss of life or property and where no danger to religioun would occur thereby. [...] Living as a minority among a frequently-hostile Sunni majority, the condition of most Shi'is until the rise of the Safavid dynasty, made such a doctrine important to Shi'is
^ Abdul-Raof, Hussein (2013). Schools of Qur'anic Exegesis: Genesis and Development. Routledge. hlm. 75. ISBN 9781135240967.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama STROT
^ "Takiyya". Encyclopedia of Islam. Edition II. Brill. 10: 134–5. 2000.
^ R. Strothmann-[Moktar Djebli]. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Taḳiyya", Vol. 10, p. 135. Quote: "Taḳiyya is above all of special significance for the Shī'a [...] The peculiar fate of the Shī'a, that of a suppressed minority with occasional open but not always unheroic rebellions, gave them even more than the Khāridjites occasions and examples for extreme taḳiyya and its very opposite"
^ Maréchal, Brigitte; Zemni, Sami, ed. (29 May 2013). The Dynamics of Sunni-Shia Relationships: Doctrine, Transnationalism, Intellectuals and the Media. Hurst Publishers. hlm. 76. ISBN 9781849042178.
^ Gerhard Böwering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (edisi ke-illustrated). Princeton University Press. hlm. 136. ISBN 9780691134840.
^ Mariuma, Yarden. "Taqiyya as Polemic, Law and Knowledge: Following an Islamic Legal Term through the Worlds of Islamic Scholars, Ethnographers, Polemicists and Military Men." The Muslim World 104.1-2 (2014): 89-108.

Bacaan tambahan

Bar-Asher, Me'ir Mikha'el (1999). Scripture and Exegesis in Early Imami Shiism. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-11495-5
Cook, Michael (2003). Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-Critical Study. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54572-2
Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42974-9
Goldziher, I., Das Prinzip der takijja im Islam, ZMLG 60 (1906), 213–226.[1]
Emadi, Hafizullah (1998). The end of taqiyya: reaffirming the religious identity of Ismailis in Shughnan, Badakhshan – political implications for Afghanistan. Middle Eastern Studies. 34(3): 103–120.
Emadi, Hafizullah (2000). Praxis of taqiyya: perseverance of Pashaye Ismaili enclave, Nangarhar, Afghanistan. Central Asian Survey. 19(2): 253–264.
Firro, Kais (1999). The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-11251-0
Gleave, Robert (2000). Inevitable Doubt. Two Theories of Shi'i Jurisprudence. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-11595-1
Kohlberg, Etan (July–September 1975). "Some Imāmī-Shīʿī Views on Taqiyya". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 95 (3): 395–402. JSTOR 599351.
Misri, Ahmad ibn Naqib al- (1997). The Reliance of the Traveler, translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Amana Publications.
Makarem, Sami (2004). Al-Taqiyya Fi Al-Islam (Dissimulation in Islam), Druze Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-904850-02-1 (in Arabic)

Pranala luar

"al-Taqiyya/Dissimulation" (Part I, Part II, Part III), A Shi'ite Encyclopedia

[EI2-1] R. STROTHMANN, MOKTAR DJEBLI. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "TAKIYYA", vol. 10, p. 134. Quote: "TAKIYYA "prudence, fear" [...] denotes dispensing with the ordinances of religion in cases of constraint and when there is a possibility of harm.".

[Stewart-2] Stewart, Devin (8 January 2014). "Dissimulation in Sunni Islam and Morisco Taqiyya". Al-Qanṭara. 34 (2): 439–490. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2013.016.

[ODI-3] John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Taqiyah". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). Precautionary denial of religious belief in the face of potential persecution. Stressed by Shii Muslims, who have been subject to periodic persecution by the Sunni majority.

[4] Paul E. Walker (2009). "Taqīyah". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ((Perlu berlangganan (help)). Taqīyah is the precautionary dissimulation of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution.

[StewartNYUEssay-5] Stewart, Devin. "Islam in Spain after the Reconquista". Teaching Materials. The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at New York University. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2015.

[EI2-syn-6] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama EI2-syn

[Virani47-7] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Virani47

[Momen183-8] Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. hlm. 183. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5. Religious dissimulation (Taqiyya) [...] while maintaining mental reservation is considered lawful in Shi'ism in situations where there is overwhelming danger of loss of life or property and where no danger to religioun would occur thereby. [...] Living as a minority among a frequently-hostile Sunni majority, the condition of most Shi'is until the rise of the Safavid dynasty, made such a doctrine important to Shi'is

[9] Abdul-Raof, Hussein (2013). Schools of Qur'anic Exegesis: Genesis and Development. Routledge. hlm. 75. ISBN 9781135240967.

[STROT-10] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama STROT

[11] "Takiyya". Encyclopedia of Islam. Edition II. Brill. 10: 134–5. 2000.

[12] R. Strothmann-[Moktar Djebli]. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Taḳiyya", Vol. 10, p. 135. Quote: "Taḳiyya is above all of special significance for the Shī'a [...] The peculiar fate of the Shī'a, that of a suppressed minority with occasional open but not always unheroic rebellions, gave them even more than the Khāridjites occasions and examples for extreme taḳiyya and its very opposite"

[13] Maréchal, Brigitte; Zemni, Sami, ed. (29 May 2013). The Dynamics of Sunni-Shia Relationships: Doctrine, Transnationalism, Intellectuals and the Media. Hurst Publishers. hlm. 76. ISBN 9781849042178.

[14] Gerhard Böwering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (edisi ke-illustrated). Princeton University Press. hlm. 136. ISBN 9780691134840.

[15] Mariuma, Yarden. "Taqiyya as Polemic, Law and Knowledge: Following an Islamic Legal Term through the Worlds of Islamic Scholars, Ethnographers, Polemicists and Military Men." The Muslim World 104.1-2 (2014): 89-108.

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@@ Baris 3: / Baris 3: @@
 '''''Taqiyyah''''' ({{lang-ar|تقیة}} ''{{transl|ar|DIN|taqiyyah}}/{{transl|ar|ALA|taqīyah}}'', artinya "takut")<ref name=EI2>R. STROTHMANN, MOKTAR DJEBLI. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "TAKIYYA", vol. 10, p. 134. Quote: "TAKIYYA "prudence, fear" [...] denotes dispensing with the ordinances of religion in cases of constraint and when there is a possibility of harm.".</ref><ref name="Stewart">{{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Devin |title=Dissimulation in Sunni Islam and Morisco ''Taqiyya'' |journal=Al-Qanṭara |date=8 January 2014 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=439–490 |doi=10.3989/alqantara.2013.016 |url=http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/viewFile/310/300}}</ref> adalah sebuah istilah [[Islam]] yang merujuk kepada praktik dan kepercayaan penyangkalan atau pembantahan keagamaan dalam menghadapi penganiayaan.<ref name=ODI>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Taqiyah |editor=John L. Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2338 |subscription=yes |quote=Precautionary denial of religious belief in the face of potential persecution. Stressed by Shii Muslims, who have been subject to periodic persecution by the Sunni majority.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Taqīyah |author=Paul E. Walker |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2009 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0784 |subscription=yes |quote=Taqīyah is the precautionary dissimulation of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution.}}</ref><ref name=EI2/><ref name=StewartNYUEssay>{{Cite web |title=Islam in Spain after the Reconquista |url=http://docslide.us/documents/islam-in-spain-afta-the-reconquista.html |first=Devin |last=Stewart |work=Teaching Materials |publisher=The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at [[New York University]] |accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> Istilah lainnya untuk istilah terserbut, ''kitmān'' (artinya "bertindak menutup-nutupi, menyangkal") memiliki pengartian yang lebih spesifik untuk penyangkalan dengan cara diam.<ref name=EI2-syn/><ref name="Virani47"/>
-Prakter tersebut dilakukan dalam Islam [[Syiah]] saat para penganutnya diijinkan untuk menyembunyikan agama mereka saat berada di bawah [[penganiayaan Islam Syiah|penganiayaan]] atau tekanan.<ref name=ODI/><ref name=Momen183/> Namun, praktek tersebut juga diperbolehkan dalam Islam [[Sunni]] dalam ketentuan tertent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abdul-Raof |first=Hussein |title=Schools of Qur'anic Exegesis: Genesis and Development |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=9781135240967 |page=75}}</ref><ref name=STROT/>
+Prakter tersebut dilakukan dalam [[Syiah]] saat para penganutnya diijinkan untuk menyembunyikan agama mereka saat berada di bawah [[penganiayaan Islam Syiah|penganiayaan]] atau tekanan.<ref name=ODI/><ref name=Momen183/> Namun, praktek tersebut juga diperbolehkan dalam Islam [[Sunni]] dalam ketentuan tertent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abdul-Raof |first=Hussein |title=Schools of Qur'anic Exegesis: Genesis and Development |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=9781135240967 |page=75}}</ref><ref name=STROT/>
 Taqiyyah awalnya dipraktekkan oleh beberapa [[Sahabat Nabi]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Takiyya |journal=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2000 |volume=10 |pages=134–5 |series=Edition II |publisher=Brill}}</ref> Kemudian, praktek tersebut menjadi penting bagi Syiah karena pengalaman mereka sebagai minoritas keagamaan yang dianiaya.<ref name=Momen183>{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |year=1985 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=183 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5 |quote=Religious dissimulation (Taqiyya) [...] while maintaining mental reservation is considered lawful in Shi'ism in situations where there is overwhelming danger of loss of life or property and where no danger to religioun would occur thereby. [...] Living as a minority among a frequently-hostile Sunni majority, the condition of most Shi'is until the rise of the Safavid dynasty, made such a doctrine important to Shi'is}}</ref><ref>R. Strothmann-[Moktar Djebli]. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Taḳiyya", Vol. 10, p. 135. Quote: "Taḳiyya is above all of special significance for the Shī'a [...] The peculiar fate of the Shī'a, that of a suppressed minority with occasional open but not always unheroic rebellions, gave them even more than the Khāridjites occasions and examples for extreme taḳiyya and its very opposite"</ref> Menurut doktrin Syiah, taqiyyah diperbolehkan baik dalam keadaan berbahaya yang mengancam nyawa atau harta benda maupun tidak dalam keadaan bahaya.<ref name=Momen183/> Taqiyyah juga disahkan secara politik, terutama [[Syiah Dua Belas Imam]], dalam rangka mengutamakan persatuan kaum Muslim dan keselamatan para ulama Syiah.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Maréchal|editor1-first=Brigitte|editor2-last=Zemni|editor2-first=Sami |title=The Dynamics of Sunni-Shia Relationships: Doctrine, Transnationalism, Intellectuals and the Media |date=29 May 2013 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=9781849042178 |page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Gerhard Böwering |author2=Patricia Crone |author3=Mahan Mirza |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691134840 |page=136 |edition=illustrated}}</ref>