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Peristiwa Toko Roti Esing: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 10 Desember 2019 09.52

Peristiwa Toko Roti Esing
Sketsa Toko Roti Esing yang dilihat dari jalanan
Toko Roti Esing, dari The Illustrated London News (1857)
Tanggal15 Januari 1857 (1857-01-15)
LokasiVictoria, Hong Kong Britanuia
PenyebabKeracunan arsenik
Korban
300–500 taken ill, predominantly Europeans
Tewas0 at the time of the event, 3 from long-term consequences
Penangkapan57 orang Tionghoa
TerdakwaCheong Ah-lum and 9 others
Tuntutan"Administering poison with intent to kill and murder"
PutusanTidak bersalah
Peristiwa Toko Roti Esing
Hanzi tradisional: 裕盛辦館毒麵包案
Hanzi sederhana: 裕盛办馆毒面包案
Makna harfiah: Esing Bakery poisoned bread case

Peristiwa Toko Roti Esing[n 1] (Hanzi: 裕盛辦館毒麵包案), juga dikenal dengan skandal Ah Lum, adalah skandal kontaminasi makanan pada sejarah awal Hong Kong Britania. Pada 15 Januari 1857, dalam konteks Perang Candu Kedua, ratusan penduduk Eropa yang diracun menggunakan roti mengandung arsenik dengan kadar yang tidak mematikan yang diproduksi oleh toko yang dimiliki orang Tionghoa, Toko Roti Esing. Pemilik toko roti, Cheong Ah-lum,[n 2] dituduh berencana meracuni penduduk Eropa, tetapi dibebaskan dalam persidangan oleh juri. Meskipun demikian, Cheong berhasil digugat karena kerusakan dan diusir dari Hong Kong. Tanggung jawab sebenarnya atas peristiwa ini dan niatnya—entah tindakan terorisme individu, sabotase komersial, kejahatan perang yang dirancang oleh pemerintah Qing, atau murni tidak disengaja—semuanya tetap menjadi bahan perdebatan.

Di Inggris, peristiwa ini menjadi isu politik selama pemilihan umum di Britania Raya pada 1857. Isu ini membantu memobilisasi dukungan untuk perang serta perdana menteri petahana, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston. Sementara itu di negara asalnya sendiri, peristiwa ini menimbulkan kepanikan dan rasa tidak aman di antara para penjajah yang menyoroti kegentingan pemerintahan imperium di tanah jajahan itu. Peristiwa itu bersumbangsih dalam meningkatnya ketegangan antara penduduk Eropa dan Tionghoa di Hong Kong, serta antara masyarakat Eropa itu sendiri. Skala dan konsekuensi potensial dari peristiwa keracunan ini menjadikannya peristiwa yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah Imperium Britania, para penjajah percaya pada saat itu bahwa peristiwa itu berjasil memusnahkan komunitas mereka.

Latar belakang

Pada 1841, di tengah-tengah Perang Candu Pertama, Kaptem Charles Elliot berunding mengenai penyerahan Hong Kong oleh Dinasti Qing Tiongkok ke Imperium Britania dalam Konvensi Chuenpi.[1] Administrator awal koloni itu menaruh harapan yang tinggi bagi Hong Kong sebagai pintu gerbang bagi pengaruh Inggris di Tiongkok secara keseluruhan. Harapan tersebut juga akan menggabungkan pemerintahan Inggris yang baik dengan masuknya Tiongkok dari apa yang disebut pada saat itu sebagai "perajin yang cerdas dan siap diperbaiki", serta memfasilitasi perpindahan kuli ke Hindia Barat.[2] Namun, pemerintah kolonial segera menemukan kesulitan dalam memerintah penduduk Tionghoa yang berkembang pusat di Hong Kong,[3][4] dan juga dihadapkan dengan bajak laut yang endemik,[5] serta terus bermusuhan dengan pemerintahan Qing.[6][7] Pada 1856, Gubernur Hong Kong, John Bowring, disokong oleh Perdana Menteri Inggris, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, menuntut perbaikan dari pemerintah Qing atas penyitaan kapal milik orang Tionghoa Hong Kong, yang menyebabkan Perang Candu Kedua antara Inggris dan Tiongkok (1856–1860).[8]

Catatan

  1. ^ Juga dieja ESing, E-sing, atau E Sing.
  2. ^ Juga dieja A(-)lum, Allum, Ahlum, atau Ah Lum alih-alih Ah-lum, atau Cheung alih-alih Cheong.

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ Carroll 2007, hlm. 12.
  2. ^ Munn 2009, hlm. 39, 38.
  3. ^ Carroll 2007, hlm. 48.
  4. ^ Tsai 2015, hlm. 12–3.
  5. ^ Carroll 2007, hlm. 19.
  6. ^ Munn 2009, hlm. 57.
  7. ^ Carroll 2007, hlm. 21.
  8. ^ Tsai 2015, hlm. 13.

Daftar pustaka