Peristiwa Toko Roti Esing: Perbedaan antara revisi
Hanamanteo (bicara | kontrib) + |
k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika |
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== Daftar pustaka == |
== Daftar pustaka == |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Bowman|first=Marilyn Laura|year=2016|title=James Legge and the Chinese Classics: A Brilliant Scot in the Turmoil of Colonial Hong Kong|place=Victoria|publisher=FriesenPress|isbn=9781460288849|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9QMRDQAAQBAJ}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Bowman|first=Marilyn Laura|year=2016|title=James Legge and the Chinese Classics: A Brilliant Scot in the Turmoil of Colonial Hong Kong|place=Victoria|publisher=FriesenPress|isbn=9781460288849|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9QMRDQAAQBAJ}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Cameron|first=Nigel|title=An Illustrated History of Hong Kong|place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00came|isbn=0195849973}} {{Registration required}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Cameron|first=Nigel|title=An Illustrated History of Hong Kong|place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1991|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00came|isbn=0195849973}} {{Registration required}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Carroll|first=John Mark|year=2007|title=A Concise History of Hong Kong|place=Plymouth|publisher=Rowman and Littlefield|isbn=978-0742534223|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D37ijXG-FykC}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Carroll|first=John Mark|year=2007|title=A Concise History of Hong Kong|place=Plymouth|publisher=Rowman and Littlefield|isbn=978-0742534223|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D37ijXG-FykC}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Cho|first=Lily|year=2017|chapter=Sweet and Sour: Historic Presence and Diasporic Agency|editor-last=Coloma|editor-first=Ronald Sintos|editor-last2=Pon|editor-first2=Gordon|title=Asian Canadian Studies Reader|place=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|pages=279–98|isbn=978-1442630284|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319944122}} {{Password-protected}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Cho|first=Lily|year=2017|chapter=Sweet and Sour: Historic Presence and Diasporic Agency|editor-last=Coloma|editor-first=Ronald Sintos|editor-last2=Pon|editor-first2=Gordon|title=Asian Canadian Studies Reader|place=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|pages=279–98|isbn=978-1442630284|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319944122}} {{Password-protected}} |
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*{{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Dunnigan|first=M.|year=2003|title=Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=32|issue=3|pages=340–41|url=http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/injepidemiology32_336_337_2003.pdf|doi=10.1093/ije/dyg160|pmid=12777415}} {{Open access}} |
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Dunnigan|first=M.|year=2003|title=Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=32|issue=3|pages=340–41|url=http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/injepidemiology32_336_337_2003.pdf|doi=10.1093/ije/dyg160|pmid=12777415}} {{Open access}} |
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*{{cite news|ref=harv|last=Engels|first=Friedrich|date=22 May 1857|title=Persia — China|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune|publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/06/05.htm}} |
* {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Engels|first=Friedrich|date=22 May 1857|title=Persia — China|newspaper=New York Herald Tribune|publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/06/05.htm}} {{Open access}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Fenton|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=Palmerston and The Times: Foreign Policy, the Press and Public Opinion in Mid-Victorian Britain|place=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781780760742|url=}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Fenton|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=Palmerston and The Times: Foreign Policy, the Press and Public Opinion in Mid-Victorian Britain|place=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=9781780760742|url=}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ingham|first=Michael|year=2007|title=Hong Kong: A Cultural History|place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195314977|url=}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Ingham|first=Michael|year=2007|title=Hong Kong: A Cultural History|place=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195314977|url=}} |
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*{{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Lowe|first=Kate|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Eugene|year=2015|title='Caution! The bread is poisoned': The Hong Kong mass poisoning of January 1857|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=43|number=2|pages=189–209|doi=10.1080/03086534.2014.974904|url=http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/14522/1/Caution%21%20Revised%20article%20for%20JICH%2C%20August%202014.pdf}} ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42630523.pdf open-access preprint]) |
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Lowe|first=Kate|last2=McLaughlin|first2=Eugene|year=2015|title='Caution! The bread is poisoned': The Hong Kong mass poisoning of January 1857|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=43|number=2|pages=189–209|doi=10.1080/03086534.2014.974904|url=http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/14522/1/Caution%21%20Revised%20article%20for%20JICH%2C%20August%202014.pdf}} ([https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42630523.pdf open-access preprint]) |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Morris|first=Jan|year=2007|orig-year=1988|title=Hong Kong: Epilogue to an Empire|place=London|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0141001296|edition=2nd}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Morris|first=Jan|year=2007|orig-year=1988|title=Hong Kong: Epilogue to an Empire|place=London|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0141001296|edition=2nd}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Munn|first=Christopher|year=2009|title=Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841–1880|place=Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789622099517|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rHUgBAAAQBAJ}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Munn|first=Christopher|year=2009|title=Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841–1880|place=Hong Kong|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=9789622099517|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rHUgBAAAQBAJ}} |
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*{{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Murray|first=J. Ivor|title=Note of the Result of an Analysis of a Portion of the Bread with which A-lum was accused of Poisoning the European Residents at Hong-Kong|journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal|year=1858|volume=4|issue=1|pages=13–16|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RCVPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13|pmid=29646651|pmc=5309086}} |
* {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Murray|first=J. Ivor|title=Note of the Result of an Analysis of a Portion of the Bread with which A-lum was accused of Poisoning the European Residents at Hong-Kong|journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal|year=1858|volume=4|issue=1|pages=13–16|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RCVPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA13|pmid=29646651|pmc=5309086}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Norton-Kyshe|first=James William|year=1898|title=The History of the Laws and Courts of Hongkong|volume=1|place=London|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|url=https://archive.org/details/historylawsandc00nortgoog}} {{Open access}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Norton-Kyshe|first=James William|year=1898|title=The History of the Laws and Courts of Hongkong|volume=1|place=London|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|url=https://archive.org/details/historylawsandc00nortgoog}} {{Open access}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pope-Hennessy|first=James|year=1969|title=Half-Crown Colony: A Hong Kong Notebook|place=London|publisher=Jonathan Cape}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Pope-Hennessy|first=James|year=1969|title=Half-Crown Colony: A Hong Kong Notebook|place=London|publisher=Jonathan Cape}} |
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*{{cite news|ref=harv|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/578666/racial-tensions-mixed-dash-arsenic-and-yeast|last=Schoonakker|first=Bonny|title=Racial tensions mixed with a dash of arsenic and yeast|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=15 January 2007|accessdate=12 July 2019}} |
* {{cite news|ref=harv|url=https://www.scmp.com/article/578666/racial-tensions-mixed-dash-arsenic-and-yeast|last=Schoonakker|first=Bonny|title=Racial tensions mixed with a dash of arsenic and yeast|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=15 January 2007|accessdate=12 July 2019}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=John A. |editor1-link=John Simpson (lexicographer) |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund S.C. |editor2-link=Edmund Weiner |encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|title= Home : Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://www.oed.com |edition=2nd |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |quote=|isbn=978-0-19-861186-8 |oclc=50959346}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=John A. |editor1-link=John Simpson (lexicographer) |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund S.C. |editor2-link=Edmund Weiner |encyclopedia=Oxford English Dictionary|title= Home : Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://www.oed.com |edition=2nd |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |quote=|isbn=978-0-19-861186-8 |oclc=50959346}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Tsai|first=Jung-fang|year=2015|orig-year=1999|chapter=From Antiforeignism to Popular Nationalism: Hong Kong between China and Britain, 1839–1911|editor-last=Chan|editor-first=Ming K.|title=Precarious Balance: Hong Kong Between China and Britain, 1842–1992|place=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781563243813|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PmfbCQAAQBAJ|pages=9–26}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Tsai|first=Jung-fang|year=2015|orig-year=1999|chapter=From Antiforeignism to Popular Nationalism: Hong Kong between China and Britain, 1839–1911|editor-last=Chan|editor-first=Ming K.|title=Precarious Balance: Hong Kong Between China and Britain, 1842–1992|place=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781563243813|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PmfbCQAAQBAJ|pages=9–26}} |
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*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Wong|first=J. Y.|year=1998|title=Deadly Dreams: Opium and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521552559|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJA6gvhGJdwC}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Wong|first=J. Y.|year=1998|title=Deadly Dreams: Opium and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521552559|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bJA6gvhGJdwC}} |
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Revisi per 10 Desember 2019 09.52
![]() Toko Roti Esing, dari The Illustrated London News (1857) | |
Tanggal | 15 Januari 1857 |
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Lokasi | Victoria, Hong Kong Britanuia |
Penyebab | Keracunan arsenik |
Korban | |
300–500 taken ill, predominantly Europeans | |
Tewas | 0 at the time of the event, 3 from long-term consequences |
Penangkapan | 57 orang Tionghoa |
Terdakwa | Cheong Ah-lum and 9 others |
Tuntutan | "Administering poison with intent to kill and murder" |
Putusan | Tidak bersalah |
Peristiwa Toko Roti Esing | |||||||||||
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Hanzi tradisional: | 裕盛辦館毒麵包案 | ||||||||||
Hanzi sederhana: | 裕盛办馆毒面包案 | ||||||||||
Makna harfiah: | Esing Bakery poisoned bread case | ||||||||||
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Peristiwa Toko Roti Esing[n 1] (Hanzi: 裕盛辦館毒麵包案), juga dikenal dengan skandal Ah Lum, adalah skandal kontaminasi makanan pada sejarah awal Hong Kong Britania. Pada 15 Januari 1857, dalam konteks Perang Candu Kedua, ratusan penduduk Eropa yang diracun menggunakan roti mengandung arsenik dengan kadar yang tidak mematikan yang diproduksi oleh toko yang dimiliki orang Tionghoa, Toko Roti Esing. Pemilik toko roti, Cheong Ah-lum,[n 2] dituduh berencana meracuni penduduk Eropa, tetapi dibebaskan dalam persidangan oleh juri. Meskipun demikian, Cheong berhasil digugat karena kerusakan dan diusir dari Hong Kong. Tanggung jawab sebenarnya atas peristiwa ini dan niatnya—entah tindakan terorisme individu, sabotase komersial, kejahatan perang yang dirancang oleh pemerintah Qing, atau murni tidak disengaja—semuanya tetap menjadi bahan perdebatan.
Di Inggris, peristiwa ini menjadi isu politik selama pemilihan umum di Britania Raya pada 1857. Isu ini membantu memobilisasi dukungan untuk perang serta perdana menteri petahana, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston. Sementara itu di negara asalnya sendiri, peristiwa ini menimbulkan kepanikan dan rasa tidak aman di antara para penjajah yang menyoroti kegentingan pemerintahan imperium di tanah jajahan itu. Peristiwa itu bersumbangsih dalam meningkatnya ketegangan antara penduduk Eropa dan Tionghoa di Hong Kong, serta antara masyarakat Eropa itu sendiri. Skala dan konsekuensi potensial dari peristiwa keracunan ini menjadikannya peristiwa yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah Imperium Britania, para penjajah percaya pada saat itu bahwa peristiwa itu berjasil memusnahkan komunitas mereka.
Latar belakang
Pada 1841, di tengah-tengah Perang Candu Pertama, Kaptem Charles Elliot berunding mengenai penyerahan Hong Kong oleh Dinasti Qing Tiongkok ke Imperium Britania dalam Konvensi Chuenpi.[1] Administrator awal koloni itu menaruh harapan yang tinggi bagi Hong Kong sebagai pintu gerbang bagi pengaruh Inggris di Tiongkok secara keseluruhan. Harapan tersebut juga akan menggabungkan pemerintahan Inggris yang baik dengan masuknya Tiongkok dari apa yang disebut pada saat itu sebagai "perajin yang cerdas dan siap diperbaiki", serta memfasilitasi perpindahan kuli ke Hindia Barat.[2] Namun, pemerintah kolonial segera menemukan kesulitan dalam memerintah penduduk Tionghoa yang berkembang pusat di Hong Kong,[3][4] dan juga dihadapkan dengan bajak laut yang endemik,[5] serta terus bermusuhan dengan pemerintahan Qing.[6][7] Pada 1856, Gubernur Hong Kong, John Bowring, disokong oleh Perdana Menteri Inggris, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, menuntut perbaikan dari pemerintah Qing atas penyitaan kapal milik orang Tionghoa Hong Kong, yang menyebabkan Perang Candu Kedua antara Inggris dan Tiongkok (1856–1860).[8]
Catatan
Catatan kaki
- ^ Carroll 2007, hlm. 12.
- ^ Munn 2009, hlm. 39, 38.
- ^ Carroll 2007, hlm. 48.
- ^ Tsai 2015, hlm. 12–3.
- ^ Carroll 2007, hlm. 19.
- ^ Munn 2009, hlm. 57.
- ^ Carroll 2007, hlm. 21.
- ^ Tsai 2015, hlm. 13.
Daftar pustaka
- Bowman, Marilyn Laura (2016). James Legge and the Chinese Classics: A Brilliant Scot in the Turmoil of Colonial Hong Kong. Victoria: FriesenPress. ISBN 9781460288849.
- Cameron, Nigel (1991). An Illustrated History of Hong Kong. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195849973. (perlu mendaftar)
- Carroll, John Mark (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742534223.
- Cho, Lily (2017). "Sweet and Sour: Historic Presence and Diasporic Agency". Dalam Coloma, Ronald Sintos; Pon, Gordon. Asian Canadian Studies Reader. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. hlm. 279–98. ISBN 978-1442630284. Templat:Password-protected
- Dunnigan, M. (2003). "Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease" (PDF). International Journal of Epidemiology. 32 (3): 340–41. doi:10.1093/ije/dyg160. PMID 12777415.
- Engels, Friedrich (22 May 1857). "Persia — China". New York Herald Tribune. Marxists Internet Archive.
- Fenton, Laurence (2012). Palmerston and The Times: Foreign Policy, the Press and Public Opinion in Mid-Victorian Britain. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781780760742.
- Ingham, Michael (2007). Hong Kong: A Cultural History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195314977.
- Lowe, Kate; McLaughlin, Eugene (2015). "'Caution! The bread is poisoned': The Hong Kong mass poisoning of January 1857" (PDF). The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 43 (2): 189–209. doi:10.1080/03086534.2014.974904. (open-access preprint)
- Morris, Jan (2007) [1988]. Hong Kong: Epilogue to an Empire (edisi ke-2nd). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0141001296.
- Munn, Christopher (2009). Anglo-China: Chinese People and British Rule in Hong Kong, 1841–1880 (edisi ke-2nd). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622099517.
- Murray, J. Ivor (1858). "Note of the Result of an Analysis of a Portion of the Bread with which A-lum was accused of Poisoning the European Residents at Hong-Kong". Edinburgh Medical Journal. 4 (1): 13–16. PMC 5309086
. PMID 29646651.
- Norton-Kyshe, James William (1898). The History of the Laws and Courts of Hongkong. 1. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
- Pope-Hennessy, James (1969). Half-Crown Colony: A Hong Kong Notebook. London: Jonathan Cape.
- Schoonakker, Bonny (15 January 2007). "Racial tensions mixed with a dash of arsenic and yeast". South China Morning Post. Diakses tanggal 12 July 2019.
- Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S.C., ed. (1989). "Home : Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford English Dictionary (edisi ke-2nd). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC 50959346.
- Tsai, Jung-fang (2015) [1999]. "From Antiforeignism to Popular Nationalism: Hong Kong between China and Britain, 1839–1911". Dalam Chan, Ming K. Precarious Balance: Hong Kong Between China and Britain, 1842–1992. Abingdon: Routledge. hlm. 9–26. ISBN 9781563243813.
- Wong, J. Y. (1998). Deadly Dreams: Opium and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521552559.