Populisme sayap kanan: Perbedaan antara revisi
Add 1 book for Wikipedia:Pemastian (20240209)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) (GreenC bot |
Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
Baris 120: | Baris 120: | ||
{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
||
== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
||
* [[ |
* [[Populisme sayap kiri]] |
||
* [[ |
* [[Nasionalisme baru (abad ke-21)]] |
||
* [[ |
* [[Perlawanan terhadap imigrasi]] |
||
* [[ |
* [[Otoritarianisme sayap kanan]] |
||
== Catatan == |
== Catatan == |
Revisi per 28 Maret 2024 04.37
Populisme sayap kanan adalah ideologi politik yang menolak konsensus politik saat ini dan sering menggabungkan etnosentrisme, dan anti-elitisme. Ideologi ini dianggap populisme karena daya tariknya untuk "orang biasa" sebagai lawan elit.[1] Di Eropa, sayap kanan populisme adalah sebuah ungkapan yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan kelompok, politisi, dan partai-partai politik yang umumnya dikenal menentang imigrasi,[2] sebagian besar dari dunia Islam[3] dan dalam kebanyakan kasus, Euroskeptisme.[4] Populisme sayap kanan di dunia Barat pada umumnya, tetapi tidak secara eksklusif, terkait dengan ideologi-ideologi seperti Nasionalisme Baru,[5][6] antiglobalisasi,[7] nativisme,[8][9] proteksionisme,[10] dan perlawanan terhadap imigrasi.[11]
Selain pandangan sayap kanan tradisional seperti perlawanan terhadap peningkatan dukungan untuk negara kesejahteraan dan "lebih mewah, tapi juga lebih ketat, pengeluaran sosial domestik", skema ini juga dijelaskan di bawah populisme sayap kanan dan kadang-kadang disebut "chauvinisme kesejahteraan".[12][13][14]
Sejak 1990-an partai-partai beraliran populisme sayap kanan didirikan di badan-badan legislatif bermacam-macam demokrasi, termasuk Australia, Kanada, Prancis, Belgia, Denmark, Swedia, Estonia, Romania, Brasil, dan Chili dan mereka memasuki pemerintahan koalisi di Switss, Austria, Finlandia, Yunani, Slowakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Belanda, Selandia Baru, Italia,[15] dan Israel dan mayoritas pemerintah di India, Turki, Hungaria, dan Polandia. Meskipun gerakan sayap kanan ekstrem di Amerika Serikat telah dipelajari secara terpisah, di mana mereka biasanya disebut "kanan radikal", beberapa penulis memandang mereka sebagai sebuah bagian dalam fenomena sama.[16] Populisme sayap kanan di Amerika Serikat juga berhubungan dekat dengan paleokonservatisme.[17] Populisme sayap kanan berbeda dari konservatisme, tapi beberapa partai populisme sayap kanan berakar dari partai politik konservatif.[16] Partai populisme lainnya berhubungan dengan gerakan fasis yang ada kerika periode antarperang ketika fasisme Italia, Jerman, Hungaria, Spanyol, dan Jepang bangkit berkuasa.
Sejak awal 2010-an, gerakan populisme sayap kanan seperti Barisan Nasional di Prancis, Liga Utara di Italia, Partai untuk Kebebasan di Belanda, dan Partai Kemerdekaan BR mulali bertumbuh populer.[18][19] Di belahan besar karena bertumbuhnya perlawanan terhadap imigrasi dari Timur Tengah dan Afrika, kebangkitan euroskeptisme dan ketidakpuasan dengan kebijakan ekonomi Uni Eropa.[20] Pandangan Politik 2016 President Donald Trump telah diringkas oleh para cendekiawan sebagai populisme sayap kanan[21] dan nasionalis.[22][23]
Pengertian
Pengolompokan populisme sayap kanan menjadi satu keluarga politik telah terbukti sulit dan hal ini tidak diyakinkan apakah bermakna kategori yang ada atau hanya sekelompok kategor, karena pihak-pihak yang berbeda dalam ideologi, organisasi, dan kepemimpinan retorika. Juga, tidak seperti partai tradisional, mereka tidak termasuk organisasi internasional yang berpikiran sama dan mereka tidak menggunakan istilah yang sama untuk menggambarkan diri mereka.[15] Satu kesamaan adalah bahwa meskipun mereka lebih sayap kanan dari partai politik lainnya di sumbu kiri–kanan.[24]
Cendekiawan menggunakan istilah yang tidak konsisten, kadang-kadang mengacu pada populisme sayap kanan sebagai "sayap kanan"[16] atau istilah-istilah lain seperti Nasionalisme Baru.[25] Pippa Norris mencatat bahwa "karya referensi standar menggunakan alternatif tipologi dan beragam label mengkategorikan pihak sebagai kanan 'jauh' atau 'ekstrem', 'kanan baru', 'antiimigran' atau 'neofasisme', 'antipembentukan', 'populis nasional', 'protes', 'suku', 'otoriter', 'antipemerintah', 'antipartai', 'ultranasionalis', atau 'neoliberal', 'liberal', dan sebagainya".[15]
Partai politik populis sayap kanan
Partai-partai populis sayap kanan atau partai-partai dengan fraksi populis sayap kanan
Mewakili di badan legislatif nasional
Australia – Partai Liberal Australia (fraksi),[26] Satu Bangsa Pauline Hanson,[27]Partai Australia Katter[27]
Austria – Partai Kemerdekaan Austria,[28] Team Stronach[29]
Belarus – Partai Demokrat Liberal
Belgia – Vlaams Belang,[30] Partai Rakyat,[31]
Brasil – Partai Kristen Sosial
Bulgaria – Uni Patriot (Barisan Nasional untuk Keselamatan Bulgaria, IMRO – Gerakan Nasional Bulgaria,[32] Ataka[33])
Kanada - Partai Konservatif (fraksi)[34][35][36][37][38]
Kroasia – Aliansi Demokrat Kroasia dari Slavonia dan Baranja, Partai Konservatif Kroasia, Uni Demokrat Kroasia[39]
Siprus – ELAM,[39]
Ceko – Fajar - Koalisi Nasional,[40] Kebebasan dan Demokrasi Langsung
Denmark – Partai Rakyat Denmark[28][41][42]
Estonia – Partai Rakyat Konservatif Estonia[41][43]
Uni Eropa – Gerakan untuk sebuah Bangsa dan Kebebasan Eropa, Aliansi Eropa untuk Kebebasan, Aliansi untuk Demokrasi Langsung di Eropa, Aliansi Konservatif dan Reformis di Eropa (fraksi)
Finlandia – Partai Finn[28][41]
Perancis – Barisan Nasional,[28][42] Prancis Bangkit, Partai Republik (fraksi)
Georgia – Aliansi Patriot Georgia
Jerman – Alternatif untuk Jerman[28][41]
Yunani – Fajar Emas,[44] Yunani Merdeka[41][45]
Hong Kong - Gairah Kewarganegaraan[46]
Hungaria – Fidesz,[28] Jobbik[41][47]
India – Partai Bharatiya Janata,[48] Shiv Sena[49]
Italia – Lega Nord,[28][50] Saudara Italia, Kita dengan Salvini, Gerakan Lima Bintang (fraksi), Forza Italia (fraksi)[41][51]
Israel – Yisrael Beiteinu,[52] Rumah Yahudi, Likud (fraksi)[52]
Jepang – Partai Demokrat Liberal (fraksi)[53]
Kenya – Aliansi Nasional
Latvia – Aliansi Nasional[41][54]
Liechtenstein – Merdeka[55][56]
Lithuania – Urutan dan Keadilan[41][57]
Luksemburg – Partai Reformasi Demokrat Alternatif[58]
Mozambik – Perlawanan Nasional Mozambik
Belanda – Partai untuk Kebebasan[30]
Selandia Baru – Selandia Baru Pertama[48]
Norwegia – Partai Kemajuan[59]
Filipina – Partai Nacionalista
Polandia – Hukum dan Keadilan,[41] Kongres Kanan Baru[60]
Rusia – Partai Demokrat Liberal Rusia[59]
Serbia – Partai Radikal Serbia,[61][62][63] Partai Kemajuan Serbia,[64][65] Dveri
Slowakia – Partai Nasional Slowakia,[66] Kotleba – Partai Rakyat Slowakia Kita,[67][68] Kita Adalah Keluarga[69]
Swedia – Demokrat Swedia[28][41]
Swiss – Partai Rakyat Swiss[70]
Turki – Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan (fraksi),[71] Partai Gerakan Nasionalis[72]
Ukraina – Svoboda[73][74]
Britania Raya – Partai Serikat Buruh Demokratik[75]
Amerika Serikat – Partai Republik (fraksi)[76][77][78]
Tidak mewakili di badan legislatif nasional
Albania – Aliansi Merah dan Hitam,[79] Partai Barisan Nasional Albania
Australia – Partai Penembak, Nelayan, dan Petani, Partai Proteksionis Australia, Bangkit Australia, Aliansi Kebebasan Australia
Austria – Aliansi untuk Masa Depan Austria,[29] Partai Bebas Salzburg
Belgia – Libertair, Direct, Democratisch,[80][81] VLOTT
Bosnia dan Herzegovina – Partai Patriotik Bosnian-Herzegovinia
Brasil – Partai Pembaruan Buruh Brasil
Bulgaria – Bulgaria Tanpa Sensor[41]
Kanada – Partai Mawar Liar (Alberta), Aliansi Utara, Partai Kemajuan Nasional Kanada
Kroasia – Partai Hak Kroasia, Partai Hak Kroasia Dr. Ante Starčević
Ceko – Partai Buruh Keadilan Sosial,[82] Koalisi untuk Republik – Partai Republik Cekoslowakia
Denmark – Partai Kemajuan[83]
Finlandia – Barisan Biru dan Putih
Prancis – Gerakan untuk Prancis, Pè a Corsica, Alsace Dahulu
Jerman – Partai Nasional Demokrat Jerman,[84] Gerakan Warga Negara Pro-Chemnitz,[85][86] Gerakan Warga Negara Pro-Jerman,[87][88][89] Gerakan Warga Negara Pro-Köln,[90] Pro-NRW,[91] Persatuan Sosial Jerman, Partai Kebebasan Jerman[89][92]
Yunani – Penyatuan Ortodoks Populer[93][94]
Islandia – Barisan Nasional Islandia
Irlandia – Demokrasi Langsung Irlandia,[95][96][97][98] Identitas Irlandia, Partai Nasional (tak terdaftar)
Italia – Api triwarna, Die Freiheitlichen[59]
Jepang – Partai untuk Kokoro Jepang
Malta – Moviment Patrijotti Maltin
Montenegro – Partai Radikal Serb
Belanda – Forza! Nederland
Polandia – Kebebasan[60]
Portugal – Partai Renovator Nasional, Prohidup Portugal
Romania – Blok Identitas Nasional di Eropa (Partai Romania Raya, Partai Romania Bersatu, Noua Dreaptă), Partai Generasi Baru[99]
Serbia – Gerakan Harapan Hungaria, Partai Petani Rakyat
Slovenia – Partai Nasional Slovenia
Spanyol – Vox, Platform untuk Katalonia,[100]
Swiss – Partai Kebebasan Swiss, Geneva Citizens' Movement,[101][102] Ticino League[103]
Transnistria – Partai Demokrat Liberal Pridnestrovie
Ukraina – Kongres Nasionalis Ukraina
Britania Raya – Partai Kemerdekaan BR,[41][104] British National Party[105][106]
Amerika Serikat - Partai Konstitusi, Partai Kebebasan Amerika
Bekas partai populis sayap kanan atau partai dengan fraksi populis sayap kanan
Belgia – Barisan Nasional, Vlaams Blok
Kanada – Union Nationale (Quebec), Action démocratique du Québec,[107] Partai Reformasi Kanda,[108] Canadian Alliance,[109] Social Credit Party[110]
Siprus – Horizon Baru[111][112]
Ceko – Public Affairs[113]
Denmark – Partai Kemajuan[114]
Jerman – Persatuan Rakyat Jerman
Uni Eropa – Gerakan untuk Kebebasan dan Demokrasi Eropa[59]
Islandia – Partai Warga Negara[115]
Italia – Aliansi Nasional[116]
Belanda – Demokrat Tengah,[117] Pim Fortuyn List[30][117][118]
Spanyol – Kelompok Liberal Independen
Swedia – Demokrasi Baru[115]
Swiss – Partai Petani, Pedagang, dan Independen
Suriah – Gerakan Pembebasan Arab
Britania Raya – Demokrat Nasional
Lihat pula
- Populisme sayap kiri
- Nasionalisme baru (abad ke-21)
- Perlawanan terhadap imigrasi
- Otoritarianisme sayap kanan
Catatan
- ^ Betz and Immerfall, pp. 4–5
- ^ Sharpe, Matthew. "The metapolitical long game of the European New Right". The Conversation (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Traub, James. "The Geert Wilders Effect and the national election in the Netherlands". chicagotribune.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Buruma, Ian (2017-03-10). "How the Dutch Stopped Being Decent and Dull". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ "The New Nationalism". Online Library of Law & Liberty. 2016-12-08. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Taub, Amanda (2016-07-08). "A Central Conflict of 21st-Century Politics: Who Belongs?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ North, Bonnie. "The Rise of Right-Wing Nationalist Political Parties in Europe" (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ "Fear of Diversity Made People More Likely to Vote Trump". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-24. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ "The political lexicon of a billionaire populist". Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ "The End of Reaganism". POLITICO Magazine. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Greven, Thomas (May 2016). "The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States" (PDF). Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
- ^ Edsall, Thomas (16 December 2014). "The Rise of 'Welfare Chauvinism'". New York Times. Diakses tanggal 4 January 2015.
- ^ Rippon, Haydn (4 May 2012). "The European far right: actually right? Or left? Or something altogether different?". The Conversation. Diakses tanggal 4 January 2015.
- ^ Matlack, Carol (20 November 2013). "The Far-Left Economics of France's Far Right". Business Week. Diakses tanggal 4 January 2015.
- ^ a b c Norris 2005.
- ^ a b c Kaplan & Weinberg 1998.
- ^ "The Trump phenomenon and the European populist radical right". Washington Post. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ "The map which shows how Ukip support is growing in every constituency but two". The Independent (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2015-05-15. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Hunt, Alex (2014-11-21). "UKIP: The story of the UK Independence Party's rise". BBC News (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Lowe, Josh; Matthews, Owen; AM, Matt McAllester On 11/23/16 at 9:02 (2016-11-23). "Why Europe's populist revolt is spreading". Newsweek. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ "Trump's 6 populist positions". POLITICO. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Reinhard, Beth (2016-11-08). "Donald Trump Ends Election 2016 the Way He Started It". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ "How Donald Trump's nationalism won over white Americans". Newsweek (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2016-11-15. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Ware 1996.
- ^ "From 'Brexit' To Trump, Nationalist Movements Gain Momentum Around World". NPR.org. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24.
- ^ Mondon, Aurelien (2016). The Mainstreaming of the Extreme Right in France and Australia. Routledge.
- ^ a b "The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?". The Conversation. 28 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hans-Jürgen Bieling (2015). "Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'". Dalam Johannes Jäger; Elisabeth Springler. Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives. Routledge. hlm. 110. ISBN 978-1-317-65298-4.
- ^ a b Eric Micklin (2015). "The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential". Dalam Claudia Hefftler; Christine Neuhold; Olivier Rosenberg; et al. The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 389. ISBN 978-1-137-28913-1.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ a b c Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 193. ISBN 978-1-137-31484-0.
- ^ Pauwels, Teun (2013). Belgium: Decline of National Populism?. Exposing the Demagogues: Right-wing and National Populist Parties in Europe. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, CES. hlm. 85.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 104.
- ^ Smilova, Ruzha; Smilov, Daniel; Ganev, Georgi (2012). Democracy and the Media in Bulgaria: Who Represents the People?. Understanding Media Policies: A European Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 48–49.
- ^ "How Kellie Leitch touched off a culture war - Macleans.ca". macleans.ca. 23 September 2016. Diakses tanggal 21 December 2016.
- ^ "Groundswell of right-wing populism will test our Canadian resolve, readers say".
- ^ "The popular comeback of populist politics".
- ^ "Kellie Leitch latches on to Trump victory".
- ^ "The Conservative Party Of Canada Is Ripe For A Populist Takeover - Kellie Leitch stands out in a crowd of conventional conservatives". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-22. Diakses tanggal 2017-07-10.
- ^ a b "After Loss in Austria, a Look at Europe's Right-wing Parties". Haaretz. May 24, 2016.
- ^ "Czech elections: An angry electorate", The Economist, 25 October 2013
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Pausch, Robert (4 Februari 2015). "Populismus oder Extremismus? – Radikale Parteien in Europa". Diakses tanggal 28 April 2017 – via Die Zeit.
- ^ a b Daniele Caramani; Yves Mény (2005). Challenges to Consensual Politics: Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region. Peter Lang. hlm. 151. ISBN 978-90-5201-250-6.
- ^ "Contentious politics in the Baltics: the 'new' wave of right-wing populism in Estonia". openDemocracy. 28 April 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2019-03-02. Diakses tanggal 2017-07-10.
- ^ Antonis Galanopoulos: Greek right-wing populist parties and Euroscepticism(PDF), p.2 "Golden Dawn is also Eurosceptical and it is opposing Greece's participation in the European Union and the Eurozone"
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaStefanova2014
- ^ Buckley, Chris; Wong, Alan (26 Oktober 2014). "Pro-Democracy Movement's Vote in Hong Kong Abruptly Called Off". New York Times.
- ^ Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (The New Politics of Resentment). Palgrave MacMillan. hlm. 4. ISBN 0-312-08390-4.
the majority of radical right-wing populist parties are radical in their rejection of the established socio-cultural and socio-political system
- ^ a b Wodak, Ruth (2013). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. hlm. 23.
- ^ Prakash, Gyan (2010). Mumbai Fables. Princeton University Press. hlm. 9.
- ^ Carlo Ruzza; Stefano Fella (2009). Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial Politics, Populism and 'post-fascism'. Routledge. hlm. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-134-28634-8.
- ^ Liang, Kristina (2016). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Routledge. hlm. 187.
- ^ a b "Right-wing Populism Wins in Britain and Israel". Haaretz. 3 July 2016.
- ^ Ganesan (2015). Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. hlm. 67.
- ^ Auers; Kasekamp, Comparing Radical-Right Populism in Estonia and Latvia, hlm. 235–236
- ^ "Liechtenstein Populist Party Gains Ground in Parliamentary Elections". Deutsche Welle. 5 Februari 2017. Diakses tanggal February 5, 2017.
- ^ Stefanini, Sara (5 February 2017). "Liechtenstein's Populists Gain Ground". Politico. Diakses tanggal 5 February 2017.
- ^ Balcere, Ilze (2011), Comparing Populist Political Parties in the Baltic States and Western Europe (PDF), European Consortium for Political Research, hlm. 5–6[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- ^ Verlag, Bielefeld (2014). "Doing Identity in Luxembourg". Transaction Publishers: 55.
- ^ a b c d Wolfram Nordsieck (2013). "Parties and Elections in Europe: Norway". www.parties-and-elections.eu. Parties and Elections in Europe.
- ^ a b "Rechtspopulistische und rechtsextreme Parteien in Europa". Federal Agency for Civic Education. December 2016.
- ^ "Wolfram Nordsieck, Parties and Elections in Europe". Diakses tanggal 11 Desember 2013.
- ^ Wodak, Ruth; Mral, Brigitte (2013). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. hlm. 19.
- ^ "Populism in the Balkans. The Case of Serbia" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2017-02-02. Diakses tanggal 24 January 2017.
- ^ "After Austria election, a look at Europe right wing parties". Diakses tanggal 24 May 2016.
- ^ "Serbian political outline". Diakses tanggal April 28, 2017.
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and elections". Parties-and-elections.de. Diakses tanggal 10 January 2011.
- ^ Alica Rétiová. "A Hero Is Coming! The master narrative of Marián Kotleba in the Slovak regional election of 2013". Ubniversitas Masaryk. Diakses tanggal April 28, 2017.
- ^ "A right-wing extremist or people's protector? Media coverage of extreme right leader Marian Kotleba in 2013 regional elections in Slovakia | Kluknavská | Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics". Intersections.tk.mta.hu. Diakses tanggal 2016-12-09.
- ^ "Slowakei: Rechte wollen Fico verhindern". Der Standard (dalam bahasa German). Diakses tanggal 28 April 2017.
- ^ Mazzoleni, Oskar (2007), "The Swiss People's Party and the Foreign and Security Policy Since the 1990s", Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right, Ashgate, hlm. 223
- ^ Gunes, Cengiz (2013). "The Kurdish Question in Turkey". Routledge: 270.
- ^ Abadan-Unat, Nermin (2011). Turks in Europe: From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen. New York: Berghahn Books. hlm. 19. ISBN 9781845454258.
...the fascist Nationalist Movement Party...
- ^ Kuzio, Taras (November–December 2010), "Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context" (PDF), Problems of Post-Communism, M.E. Sharpe, 57 (6): 6, 15, doi:10.2753/ppc1075-8216570601, diakses tanggal 16 October 2012,
Anti-Semitism only permeates Ukraine’s far-right parties, such as Svoboda… Ukraine’s economic nationalists are to be found in the extreme right (Svoboda) and centrist parties that propagate economic nationalism and economic protectionism.
- ^ Ivaldi, Gilles (2011), "The Populist Radical Right in European Elections 1979-2009", The Extreme Right in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, hlm. 20
- ^ Ingle, Stephen (2008). The British Party System: An Introduction. Routledge. hlm. 156.
- ^ Panitch, Leo (2015). The Politics of the Right. NYU Press. hlm. ix.
- ^ Cassidy, John (29 February 2016). "Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party". The New Yorker.
- ^ Gould, J.J. (2 Juli 2016). "Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?". The Atlantic.
- ^ "Der Rückfall ins Nationale". Deutsche Welle. 2011.
- ^ Cas Mudde; Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser (2012). Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat Or Corrective for Democracy?. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 27. ISBN 978-1-107-02385-7. Diakses tanggal 30 July 2013.
- ^ "European Election Database (EED)". uib.no. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-04-27. Diakses tanggal 28 April 2017.
- ^ "Rechtspopulistische Parteien in Tschechien. - Vile Netzwerk". vile-netzwerk.de. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-29. Diakses tanggal 28 April 2017.
- ^ Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Western Europe. Routledge. p. 49
- ^ Christina Schori Liang (2013). "'Nationalism Ensures Peaces': the Foreign and Security Policy of the German Populist Radical Right After Reunification". Dalam Christina Schori Liang. Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. hlm. 139. ISBN 978-1-4094-9825-4.
- ^ Lokaler Aktionsplan für Demokratie, Toleranz und für ein weltoffenes Chemnitz (LAP). Diarsipkan 2012-12-08 di Wayback Machine. (PDF; 275 kB) Fortschreibung 2012. Stand: November 2011, veröffentlicht auf chemnitz.de
- ^ Swen Uhlig: NPD plant Aufmarsch in Chemnitz, freiepresse.de, 16. Februar 2010.
- ^ "Pro Köln unterliegt vor Gericht", FOCUS, 10 July 2009, diakses tanggal 19 Oct 2011
- ^ "Pro Deutschland protestiert vor Norwegen-Botschaft", Berliner Morgenpost, 25 July 2011, diakses tanggal 19 Oct 2011
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaWELT
- ^ Alexander Häusler (Hrsg.): Rechtspopulismus als „Bürgerbewegung“. Kampagnen gegen Islam und Moscheebau und kommunale Gegenstrategien. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15919-5.
- ^ Kristian Frigelj: Rechtspopulisten planen Anti-Minarett-Kampagne. In: Die Welt, 14. Dezember 2009.
- ^ "Obdachlose Rechtspopulisten", Süddeutsche Zeitung, diakses tanggal 30 Aug 2011
- ^ Gemenis, Kostas (2008) " Fajar Emas (fraksi moderat)The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece", Mediterranean Politics 13: 95–101 and Gemenis, Kostas and Dinas, Elias (2009) "Confrontation still? Examining parties' policy positions in Greece[pranala nonaktif permanen]", Comparative European Politics.
- ^ Art, David (2011), Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 188
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaConnolly
- ^ Rita O'Reilly (24 October 2013). A Matter of Trust - RTÉ Prime Time (Investigative Documentary into the Freeman movement in Ireland, National Television). Dublin, Ireland: Radio Teilifís Éireann.
- ^ "Radio: A thin turnout on air, but Pat Kenny may yet win the populist vote". The Irish Times. 5 October 2013. Diakses tanggal 6 October 2013.
- ^ Mark Moloney (May 2013). "Ben Gilroy and Direct Democracy Ireland: Look behind them". An Phoblacht, Vol 36, Issue 4. hlm. 27.
- ^ Berend, Iván T. (2010), Europe Since 1980, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 134
- ^ Anglada: "Being populist and identitarian is being honestly democratic" Diarsipkan 2011-10-03 di Wayback Machine. Minuto Digital (Spanish)
- ^ "Les populistes brillent aux élections genevoises" (dalam bahasa French). Swissinfo. 11 October 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-09-26. Diakses tanggal 2009-10-11.
- ^ "Cross-Border Issues Cloud Geneva Election Result". Swissinfo. November 11, 2013. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2016.
- ^ "Nationales Forschungsprogramm 40+". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-01-30. Diakses tanggal 2017-07-10.
- ^ Filippo Tronconi (2015). "Introduction". Dalam Filippo Tronconi. Beppe Grillo's Five Star Movement: Organisation, Communication and Ideology. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. hlm. 5. ISBN 978-1-4724-3663-4.
- ^ Golder, M. (2003). "Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 36 (4): 432. doi:10.1177/0010414003251176.
- ^ Evans, Jocelyn A.J. (April 2005). "The dynamics of social change in radical right-wing populist party support". Comparative European Politics. Palgrave Macmillan. 3 (1): 76–101. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110050.
- ^ Theodore R. Marmor; Richard Freeman; Kieke G. H. Okma (2009). Comparative Studies and the Politics of Modern Medical Care. Yale University Press. hlm. 81. ISBN 978-0-300-15595-2.
- ^ Amir Abedi (2004). Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis. Routledge. hlm. 39. ISBN 978-1-134-36369-8.
- ^ Carol Gould; Pasquale Paquino (2001). Cultural Identity and the Nation-state. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. 39. ISBN 978-0-8476-9677-2.
- ^ Ian Budge; David Robertson; Derek Hearl (1987). Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 90. ISBN 978-0-521-30648-5.
- ^ Nathalie Tocci (2007). Greece, Turkey and Cyprus. European Politics. Oxford University Press. hlm. 125.
- ^ Stefan Engert (2010). EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus. Routledge. hlm. 146.
- ^ Klausmann, Alexandra (21 May 2010). "Tschechien: Jugend vereint gegen Linksparteien". Wiener Zeitung (dalam bahasa Jerman). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-06-06. Diakses tanggal 2017-07-10.
- ^ Paul Hainsworth (2008). The Extreme Right in Europe. Routledge. hlm. 49. ISBN 978-1-134-15432-6.
- ^ a b Christina Bergqvist, ed. (1999). Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries. Nordic Council of Ministers. hlm. 320. ISBN 978-82-00-12799-4.
- ^ De Lange, Sarah L. (2008), Radical Right-wing Populist Parties in Government: determinants of coalition membership (PDF), hlm. 9, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04, diakses tanggal 2017-07-10
- ^ a b David Art (2011). "Memory Politics in Western Europe". Dalam Uwe Backes; Patrick Moreau. The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. hlm. 361. ISBN 978-3-647-36922-8.
- ^ Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
Referensi
- Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-568-1, ISBN 1-57230-562-2
- Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994 ISBN 0-312-08390-4
- Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998 ISBN 978-0-312-21338-1
- Dolgert, Stefan (2016). "The Praise of Ressentiment: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Donald Trump". New Political Science. 38 (3): 354–70. doi:10.1080/07393148.2016.1189030.
- Fielitz, Maik; Laloire, Laura Lotte (eds.) (2016). Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. ISBN 978-3-8376-3720-5
- Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505780-5
- Geden, Oliver (2006). Diskursstrategien im Rechtspopulismus: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs und Schweizerische Volkspartei zwischen Opposition und Regierungsbeteiligung [Discourse Strategies in Right-Wing Populism: Freedom Party of Austria and Swiss People's Party between Opposition and Government Participation] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90430-6. ISBN 978-3-531-15127-4.
- Greven, Thomas (2016). The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Diakses tanggal 9 August 2016.
- Ignazi, Piero (2002). "The Extreme Right: Defining the Object and Assessing the Causes". Dalam Schain, Martin; Zolberg, Aristide R.; Hossay, Patrick. Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-29593-6.
- ⸻ (2006) [2003]. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929159-5.
- Kaplan, Jeffrey; Weinberg, Leonard (1998). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2564-8.
- Norris, Pippa (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84914-2.
- Skenderovic, Damir (2009). The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945–2000. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-580-4. JSTOR j.ctt9qcntn.
- Ware, Alan (1996). Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-878076-2.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Goldwag, Arthur. The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right. Pantheon, February 2012, ISBN 978-0-307-37969-6
- Wodak, Ruth. The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. London: Sage, 2015. ISBN 9781446247006
- Wodak, Ruth, Brigitte Mral and Majid Khosravinik, editors. Right wing populism in Europe: politics and discourse. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013. ISBN 9781780932453