Tembok Besar Ming
Tampilan
Tembok Besar Ming (明長城; Ming changcheng), dibangun oleh Dinasti Ming (1368–1644), membentuk bagian yang paling terlihat dari Tembok Besar Tiongkok saat ini. Sebuah survei arkeologis yang komprehensif, menggunakan teknologi canggih, telah menyimpulkan bahwa ukuran tembok Ming 8.850 km (5.500 mi) dari Lintasan Jiayu di barat ke laut di Lintasan Shanhai, kemudian berputar untuk berakhir di Manchuria di Tembok Besar Hushan.[1] Ini meliputi 6.259 km (3.889 mi) bagian dari tembok sebenarnya, 359 km (223 mi) parit pertahanan, dan 2.232 km (1.387 mi) perintang defensif alami seperti perbukitan dan sungai.[1]
Referensi
- ^ a b "Great Wall of China 'even longer'". BBC. April 20, 2009. Diakses tanggal April 20, 2009.
Bibliografi
- Atwell, William (2008), "The T'ai-ch'ang, T'ien-ch'i, and Ch'ung-chen reigns, 1620–1644", dalam Frederick W. Mote and Denis Twitchett, The Cambridge History of China Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 585–640, ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2
- Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985). Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. hlm. 38–40. ISBN 978-0-89065-118-6.
- Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7.
- Hessler, Peter (2007). "Letter from China: Walking the Wall". The New Yorker (May 21, 2007): 58–67.
- Mote, Frederick W. (1999), Imperial China: 900-1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01212-7
- Owen, James (March 19, 2012). "'Lost' Great Wall of China Segment Found?". National Geographic News. Diakses tanggal June 7, 2013.
- Spindler, David (2009). "A Twice-Scorned Mongol Woman, the Raid of 1576, and the Building of the Brick Great Wall". Ming Studies. Maney Publishing. 2009 (60): 66–94. doi:10.1179/175975909x12589849512419.
- Wakeman, Frederic (1985), The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1. In two volumes.
- Waldron, Arthur (1983). "The Problem of The Great Wall of China". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. Harvard-Yenching Institute. 43 (2): 643–663. doi:10.2307/2719110. JSTOR 2719110.
- Waldron, Arthur (1990). The Great Wall of China : from history to myth. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42707-4.
- 中国长城遗迹调查报告集 [Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China] (dalam bahasa Tionghoa). Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House. 1981.