Nasionalisme Palestina

Nasionalisme Palestina adalah gerakan kebangsaan bangsa Palestina. Nasionalisme ini berawal dari kemunculan gerakan pembebasan nasional pada abad ke-19 dan 20 yang menuntut penolakan kolonialisme dan kemerdekaan nasional.^[1] Berbeda dengan pan-Arabisme, nasionalisme Palestina lebih mengutamakan penentuan nasib diri Palestina dan menolak pendudukan wilayah Palestina oleh Israel^[2] serta penguasaan Jalur Gaza oleh Mesir dan Tepi Barat oleh Yordania (keduanya tergolong bangsa Arab non-domestik).

Tujuan

Negara Palestina

Rencana negara Palestina mengacu pada rencana pendirian negara merdeka yang dihuni bangsa Palestina di tanah Palestina. Tanah tersebut diduduki Israel sejak Perang Enam Hari tahun 1967 serta Mesir (Gaza) dan Yordania (Tepi Barat). Rencana tersebut mencakup Jalur Gaza yang dikuasai Hamas (faksi politik Otoritas Nasional Palestina), Tepi Barat yang dikuasai Fatah, dan Yerusalem Timur yang dikuasai Israel dengan klaim kedaulatan.^[3]

Dari sungai sampai laut

"Palestina dari sungai sampai laut" diklaim sebagai wilayah Palestina oleh PLO^[4] sejak dibentuk tahun 1964 sampai penandatanganan Piagam Oslo.^[5] Klaim PLO awalnya mencakup wilayah yang dikuasai Negara Israel sebelum perang 1967, yaitu Dataran Pesisir, Galilea, Lembah Yisrael, Lembah Arava, dan Gurun Negev, kecuali Tepi Barat (dikuasai Yordania) dan Jalur Gaza (dikuasai oleh Mesir tahun 1959 sampai 1967). Dalam makna yang lain, "Palestina dari sungai sampai laut" masih diklaim oleh Hamas^[6] yang mencakup seluruh wilayah bekas Mandat Palestina.

Penggunaan slogan

Dari Sungai Sampai Laut (Arab: min al-nahr ila al-bahr) adalah slogan politik terkenal yang digunakan oleh para nasionalis Palestina. Slogan ini bermakna bahwa tanah yang terletak antara Sungai Yordan dan Laut Mediterania harus diserahkan oleh Negara Israel ke pemerintahan Arab.^[7] Slogan ini sering dipakai oleh pemimpin-pemimpin Arab^[8]^[9] dan para pengunjuk rasa anti-Israel.^[10]

Slogan tersebut muncul dalam berbagai bentuk, termasuk "Dari sungai sampai laut, Palestina akan merdeka,"^[11] "Palestina milik kita dari sungai sampai laut," dan "Palestina beragama Islam dari sungai sampai laut."^[12] Sejumlah cendekiawan Islam juga mengklaim bahwa al-Mahdi akan berseru: "Yerusalem milik Muslim Arab, dan Palestina — seluruhnya, dari sungai sampai laut — milik Muslim Arab."^[13]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Dave Winter (1999) Israel handbook: with the Palestinian Authority areas Footprint Travel Guides, ISBN 1-900949-48-2 p 773
^ "No UN Vote Can Deny the Palestinian People Their Right to Self Determination". The Huffington Post UK.
^ "Olmert: Israel must quit East Jerusalem and Golan". Diakses tanggal 24 October 2014.
^ The PNC Program of 1974, June 8, 1974. On the site of MidEastWeb for Coexistence R.A. - Middle East Resources. Page includes commentary. Accessed 5 December 2006.
^ "Israel-PLO Recognition – Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat – 9–1 Sept, 993". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2015-11-17.
^ "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)". MidEast Web. August 18, 1988.
^ David Patterson (18 October 2010). A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 249. ISBN 978-1-139-49243-0. ...except the boundary indicated in their slogan "From the river to the sea," which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state.
^ Ron Rosenbaum (18 December 2007). Those Who Forget the Past: The Question of Anti-Semitism. Random House Publishing Group. hlm. 85. ISBN 978-0-307-43281-0. Only two years ago he [Saddam Hussein] declared on Iraqi television: "Palestine is Arab and must be liberated from the river to the sea and all the Zionists who emigrated to the land of Palestine must leave."
^ Alan Dowty (2008). Israel/Palestine. Polity. hlm. 160. ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7. One exception was Faysal al- Husayni, who stated in his 2001 Beirut speech: "We may lose or win [tactically] but our eyes will continue to aspire to the strategic goal, namely, to Palestine from the river to the sea."
^ Barry Rubin (25 May 2010). The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement. Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 124. ISBN 978-0-230-10687-1. Thus, the MAB slogan "Palestine must be free, from the river to the sea" is now ubiquitous in anti-Israeli demonstrations in the UK...
^ Melanie Phillips (2007). Londonistan. Encounter Books. hlm. 116. ISBN 978-1-59403-197-7. The crowd chanted: "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free."
^ Anne Marie Oliver Research Scholar in Global and International Studies UC Santa Barbara; Paul F. Steinberg Research Scholar in Global and International Studies UC Santa Barbara (1 February 2005). The Road to Martyrs' Square : A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press. hlm. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-802756-0. …a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan "Palestine is ours from the river to the sea," which in the hands of the Islamists became "Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea."
^ David Cook (1 August 2008). Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature. Syracuse University Press. hlm. 138. ISBN 978-0-8156-3195-8. Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine — all of it, from the river to the sea — is Arab Muslim, and there is no place in it for any who depart from peace or from Islam, other than those who submit to those standing under the rule of Islam

Daftar pustaka

Antonius, George (1938) The Arab Awakening. The Story of the Arab National Movement. Hamish Hamilton. (1945 edition)
Benvenisti, Meron (1998) City of Stone: The Hidden History of Jerusalem, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-20768-8
Cypel, Sylvain (2006) Walled: Israeli Society at an Impasse, Other Press, ISBN 1-59051-210-3
Frangi, Abdallah (1983) The PLO and Palestine Zed Books, ISBN 0-86232-195-6
Hoveyda, Fereydoun of National Committee on American Foreign Policy (2002) The broken crescent: the "threat" of militant Islamic fundamentalism, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-97902-4
Khalaf, Issa (1991) Politics in Palestine: Arab Factionalism and Social Disintegration, 1939-1948 SUNY Press ISBN 0-7914-0707-1
Khalidi, Rashid (1997) Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10515-0
Kimmerling, Baruch and Migdal, Joel S, (2003) The Palestinian People: A History, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01131-7
Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987) The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine ISBN 90-04-07929-7
Kurz, Anat N. (2006-01-30). Fatah and the Politics of Violence: The Institutionalization of a Popular Struggle. Sussex Academic Press. p. 228. ISBN 1-84519-032-7
Lassner, Jacob (2000) The Middle East remembered: forged identities, competing narratives, contested spaces, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-11083-7
Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945-1948. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-3439-5
Mishal, Shaul and Sela, Avraham (2000) The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-11675-6
Morris, Benny (2008) 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9
Morris, Benny, (second edition 2004 third printing 2006) The Birth Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-00967-7
Sufian, Sandra Marlene, and LeVine, Mark (2007) Reapproaching borders: new perspectives on the study of Israel-Palestine, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-4639-X
Swedenburg, Ted (1988) The Role of the Palestinian Peasantry in the Great Revolt 1936 - 1939. in Islam, Politics, and Social Movements, edited by Edmund Burke III and Ira Lapidus. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06868-8 pp 189–194 & Marvin E. Gettleman, Stuart Schaar (2003) The Middle East and Islamic world reader, Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-3936-1 pp 177–181
Pappé Ilan (2004) A history of modern Palestine: one land, two peoples, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55632-5
Peretz, Don (1994) The Middle East today, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-94576-6
Provence, Michael (2005) The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-70680-4
Shlaim, Avi (reprint 2004) The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, the Zionists and Palestine, 1921-1951 Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-829459-X
Winter, Dave (1999) Israel handbook: with the Palestinian Authority areas, Footprint Travel Guides, ISBN 1-900949-48-2

[1] Dave Winter (1999) Israel handbook: with the Palestinian Authority areas Footprint Travel Guides, ISBN 1-900949-48-2 p 773

[2] "No UN Vote Can Deny the Palestinian People Their Right to Self Determination". The Huffington Post UK.

[3] "Olmert: Israel must quit East Jerusalem and Golan". Diakses tanggal 24 October 2014.

[plo1974-4] The PNC Program of 1974, June 8, 1974. On the site of MidEastWeb for Coexistence R.A. - Middle East Resources. Page includes commentary. Accessed 5 December 2006.

[PLOletter-5] "Israel-PLO Recognition – Exchange of Letters between PM Rabin and Chairman Arafat – 9–1 Sept, 993". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-10-28. Diakses tanggal 2015-11-17.

[6] "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)". MidEast Web. August 18, 1988.

[Patterson2010-7] David Patterson (18 October 2010). A Genealogy of Evil: Anti-Semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 249. ISBN 978-1-139-49243-0. ...except the boundary indicated in their slogan "From the river to the sea," which stipulated the obliteration of the Jewish state.

[Rosenbaum2007-8] Ron Rosenbaum (18 December 2007). Those Who Forget the Past: The Question of Anti-Semitism. Random House Publishing Group. hlm. 85. ISBN 978-0-307-43281-0. Only two years ago he [Saddam Hussein] declared on Iraqi television: "Palestine is Arab and must be liberated from the river to the sea and all the Zionists who emigrated to the land of Palestine must leave."

[Dowty2008-9] Alan Dowty (2008). Israel/Palestine. Polity. hlm. 160. ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7. One exception was Faysal al- Husayni, who stated in his 2001 Beirut speech: "We may lose or win [tactically] but our eyes will continue to aspire to the strategic goal, namely, to Palestine from the river to the sea."

[Rubin2010-10] Barry Rubin (25 May 2010). The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement. Palgrave Macmillan. hlm. 124. ISBN 978-0-230-10687-1. Thus, the MAB slogan "Palestine must be free, from the river to the sea" is now ubiquitous in anti-Israeli demonstrations in the UK...

[Phillips2007-11] Melanie Phillips (2007). Londonistan. Encounter Books. hlm. 116. ISBN 978-1-59403-197-7. The crowd chanted: "From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free."

[BarbaraBarbara2005-12] Anne Marie Oliver Research Scholar in Global and International Studies UC Santa Barbara; Paul F. Steinberg Research Scholar in Global and International Studies UC Santa Barbara (1 February 2005). The Road to Martyrs' Square : A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press. hlm. 33. ISBN 978-0-19-802756-0. …a message reminiscent of the popular intifada slogan "Palestine is ours from the river to the sea," which in the hands of the Islamists became "Palestine is Islamic from the river to the sea."

[Cook2008-13] David Cook (1 August 2008). Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature. Syracuse University Press. hlm. 138. ISBN 978-0-8156-3195-8. Jerusalem is Arab Muslim, and Palestine — all of it, from the river to the sea — is Arab Muslim, and there is no place in it for any who depart from peace or from Islam, other than those who submit to those standing under the rule of Islam

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Catatan: Nasionalisme berdasarkan suku bangsa disebutkan di atas. Ini tidak berarti semua nasionalis dengan etnis tertentu sesuai dengan ketentuan nasionalisme etnis.