Bahasa Torwali
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Torwali (توروالی) adalah sebuah bahasa Indo-Arya yang dituturkan oleh orang Torwali, dan terkonsentrasi di area Bahrain dan Chail, Distrik Swat, Pakistan.[6][7][8][9] Bahasa Torwali dipercaya berasal dari masyarakat pra-Muslim di Swat.[10] Bahasa ini merupakan bahasa Indo-Arya modern yang masih dituturkan yang terdekat dengan Niya, sebuah dialek dari bahasa Gandhari, sebuah bahasa Indo-Arya Tengah yang dituturkan di wilayah kuno Gandhara.[11][12]
Torwali merupakan bahasa terancam: bahasa ini dicirikan sebagai "terancam dengan pasti" oleh Atlas of Endangered Languages UNESCO,[13] dan sebagai "rentan" oleh Catalogue of Endangered Languages.[14] Ada upaya untuk merevitalisasi bahasa ini sejak 2004, dan sekolah-sekolah komunitas bahasa ibu telah didirikan oleh Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi (IBT).[15]
Rujukan[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Torwali at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Torwali". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ "Bahasa Torwali". www.ethnologue.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). SIL Ethnologue.
- ^ Kreutzmann, Hermann (2005). "Linguistic diversity in space and time: A survey in the Eastern Hindukush and Karakoram". Himalayan Linguistics. Center for Development Studies, Free University of Berlin. 4: 7.
- ^ Torwali, Zubair (2016). "Reversing Language Loss through an Identity Based Educational Planning: The Case of Torwali language" (PDF). Eurasian Journal of Humanities. 1 (2): 24.
- ^ Biddulph, John (1880). Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh (PDF). Graz, Austria: 1971 edition Akadmeische Druck u Verlagasasntalt. hlm. 69.
- ^ Barth, Fredrik (1956). Indus and Swat Kohistan: an Ethnographic Survey
. Oslo. hlm. 52. The Pathans call them, and all other Muhammadans of Indian descent in the Hindu Kush valleys, Kohistanis.
- ^ Torwali, Zubair (4 March 2019). "Revitalization of Torwali poetry and music". We Mountains – Regional Website of North Pakistan. IBT. Diakses tanggal 5 March 2019.
- ^ Burrow, T. (1936). "The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 8 (2/3): 419–435. ISSN 1356-1898. JSTOR 608051.
... It might be going too far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages it shows the closest resemblance to it. A glance at the map in the Linguistic Survey of India shows that the area at present covered by "Kohistani" is the nearest to that area round Peshawar, where, as stated above, there is most reason to believe was the original home of the Niya Prakrit. That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects.
- ^ Salomon, Richard (1998-12-10). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages (dalam bahasa Inggris). Oxford University Press. hlm. 79. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
- ^ Torwali, Zubair (2016). "Reversing Language Loss through an Identity Based Educational Planning: The Case of Torwali language" (PDF). Eurasian Journal of Humanities. 1 (2): 24.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald. "Torwali". Glottolog. Diakses tanggal 17 April 2019.
- ^ Liljegren, Henrik (2018). "Supporting and Sustaining Language Vitality in Northern Pakistan". The Routledge Handbook of Language Revitalization. hlm. 427–437. doi:10.4324/9781315561271-54. ISBN 978-1-315-56127-1.
Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]
- https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/torwali/ A digital Torwali-English dictionary with audio
- https://182.180.102.251:8081/otd/HomePage.aspx/ Online Torwali-Urdu Dictionary (Center for Language Engineering at UET, Lahore Pakistan)
- https://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/doc/src/00851-EN.doc (UNESCO Register of Good Practices in Language Preservation)
- Jalal Uddin https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-6802
- http://torwaliresearchforums.org/ A website providing information about Torwali language and computational developments made in Torwali language. Jalaluddin
- https://web.archive.org/web/20151208134056/http://torwali.base.pk/ A website providing information about the Torwali language and the history of the Torwali people. Includes photos, classification, etc.
- https://www.torwali.org a website managed by the Swat based organization Idara Baraye Taleem-o-Taraqi (IBT) i.e institute for education and development, that works for the integrated development of the ethno-linguistic communities of Pakistan including the Torwalis.
- https://torwali.omeka.net/ An Endangered Language Project created by Amber Khan for English 318 at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
- Ahmad, Aftab (2016) Reversing language loss through identity based educational planning—the case of the Torwali language . http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/mleconf/2016/Documents/PresentedFiles/Parallel%20VI/T3-9/5C-Aftab%20Ahmad.pdf
Templat:Bahasa di Pakistan Templat:Rumpun bahasa Dardik
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