Kesenjangan ekonomi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{About||kesenjangan ekonomi antarnegara|kesenjangan internasional}} |
{{About||kesenjangan ekonomi antarnegara|kesenjangan internasional}} |
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{{See also|Kesenjangan sosial|Apartheid sosial}} |
{{See also|Kesenjangan sosial|Apartheid sosial}} |
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[[Berkas:Gini Coefficient World CIA Report.svg|jmpl|300px|Perbedaan kesetaraan pendapatan nasional di seluruh dunia menurut [[koefisien Gini]] nasional. Koefisien Fini adalah angka antara 0 dan 1; 0 berarti kesetaraan sempurna (pendapatan semua orang sama dan 1 berarti kesenjangan absolut (satu orang menguasai seluruh pendapatan, sisanya berpendapatan nol).]] |
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'''Kesenjangan ekonomi''', biasa dikenal dengan istilah '''kesenjangan pendapatan''', '''kesenjangan kekayaan''', dan '''jurang antara kaya dan miskin''', mengacu pada persebaran ukuran ekonomi di antara individu dalam kelompok, kelompok dalam populasi, atau |
'''Kesenjangan ekonomi''', biasa dikenal dengan istilah '''kesenjangan pendapatan''', '''kesenjangan kekayaan''', dan '''jurang antara kaya dan miskin''', mengacu pada persebaran ukuran ekonomi di antara individu dalam kelompok, kelompok dalam populasi, atau antar negara. Para ekonom umumnya mengakui tiga ukuran kesenjangan ekonomi: kekayaan, [[pendapatan]], dan [[konsumsi]].<ref name="hydra"/> Persoalan kesenjangan ekonomi mencakup [[kesetaraan ekonomi]], [[kesetaraan pengeluaran]], dan [[kesetaraan kesempatan]].<ref name=WaPoLifespan>{{cite news|last=Fletcher|first=Michael A.|title=Research ties economic inequality to gap in life expectancy|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/research-ties-economic-inequality-to-gap-in-life-expectancy/2013/03/10/c7a323c4-7094-11e2-8b8d-e0b59a1b8e2a_story.html|accessdate=March 23, 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=March 10, 2013}}</ref> |
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Sejumlah penelitian menyebut bahwa kesenjangan adalah masalah sosial yang semakin berkembang.<ref name="Spirit Level">{{cite book|title=[[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better]]|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard|authorlink=|author2=Pickett, Kate|year=2009|publisher=Allen Lane|location=|isbn=978-1-84614-039-6|page=352}}</ref> Kesenjangan yang terlalu besar cenderung merugikan<ref name="biu.ac.il">{{cite journal | last1 = Easterly | first1 = W | year = 2007 | title = Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument | url = http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/ec/students/teach/509/data/EasterlyJDE2007.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Development Economics | volume = 84 | issue = 2| pages = 755–776 | doi=10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002}}</ref><ref name="Castells-Quintana">{{cite journal|last=Castells-Quintana|first=David|first2=Vicente | last2 = Royuela|title=Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation|journal=Investigaciones Regionales|year=2012|volume=12|issue=24|pages=153–173|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/33140/1/617293.pdf|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref> karena kesenjangan pendapatan dan pemusatan kekayaan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jangka panjang.<ref name="ilo.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Stiglitz | first1 = J | year = 2009 | title = The global crisis, social protection and jobs | url = http://www.ilo.org/public/english/revue/download/pdf/s1_stiglitz2009_1_2.pdf | format = PDF | journal = International Labour Review | volume = 148 | issue = | pages = 1–2 | doi=10.1111/j.1564-913x.2009.00046.x}}</ref><ref name="The New Growth Evidence">{{cite journal | last1 = Temple | first1 = J | year = 1999 | title = The New Growth Evidence | url = http://www.fadep.org/documentosfadep_archivos/D-65_THE_NEW_GROWTH_EVIDENCE.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Economic Literature | volume = 37 | issue = 1| pages = 112–156 | doi=10.1257/jel.37.1.112}}</ref><ref name="www-wds.worldbank.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Clarke | first1 = G | year = 1995 | title = More evidence on income distribution and growth | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1992/12/01/000009265_3961003191831/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Development Economics | volume = 47 | issue = | pages = 403–427 | doi=10.1016/0304-3878(94)00069-o}}</ref> Penelitian statistik awal yang membandingkan kesenjangan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak menghasilkan kesimpulan apa-apa.<ref name=BanerjeeDuflo/> Pada tahun 2011, peneliti [[Dana Moneter Internasional]] menunjukkan bahwa kesetaraan pendapatan yang lebih besar—berkurangnya kesenjangan—meningkatkan durasi pertumbuhan ekonomi sebuah negara dengan lebih cepat dibandingkan perdagangan bebas, [[korupsi |
Sejumlah penelitian menyebut bahwa kesenjangan adalah masalah sosial yang semakin berkembang.<ref name="Spirit Level">{{cite book|title=[[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better]]|last=Wilkinson|first=Richard|authorlink=|author2=Pickett, Kate|year=2009|publisher=Allen Lane|location=|isbn=978-1-84614-039-6|page=352}}</ref> Kesenjangan yang terlalu besar cenderung merugikan<ref name="biu.ac.il">{{cite journal | last1 = Easterly | first1 = W | year = 2007 | title = Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument | url = http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/ec/students/teach/509/data/EasterlyJDE2007.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Development Economics | volume = 84 | issue = 2 | pages = 755–776 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002 | access-date = 2015-11-02 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023508/http://www.biu.ac.il/soc/ec/students/teach/509/data/EasterlyJDE2007.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="Castells-Quintana">{{cite journal|last=Castells-Quintana|first=David|first2=Vicente | last2 = Royuela|title=Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation|journal=Investigaciones Regionales|year=2012|volume=12|issue=24|pages=153–173|url=http://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/33140/1/617293.pdf|accessdate=17 October 2013}}</ref> karena kesenjangan pendapatan dan pemusatan kekayaan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jangka panjang.<ref name="ilo.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Stiglitz | first1 = J | year = 2009 | title = The global crisis, social protection and jobs | url = http://www.ilo.org/public/english/revue/download/pdf/s1_stiglitz2009_1_2.pdf | format = PDF | journal = International Labour Review | volume = 148 | issue = | pages = 1–2 | doi=10.1111/j.1564-913x.2009.00046.x}}</ref><ref name="The New Growth Evidence">{{cite journal | last1 = Temple | first1 = J | year = 1999 | title = The New Growth Evidence | url = http://www.fadep.org/documentosfadep_archivos/D-65_THE_NEW_GROWTH_EVIDENCE.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Economic Literature | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 112–156 | doi = 10.1257/jel.37.1.112 | access-date = 2015-11-02 | archive-date = 2015-10-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151018161250/http://www.fadep.org/documentosfadep_archivos/D-65_THE_NEW_GROWTH_EVIDENCE.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="www-wds.worldbank.org">{{cite journal | last1 = Clarke | first1 = G | year = 1995 | title = More evidence on income distribution and growth | url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1992/12/01/000009265_3961003191831/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Development Economics | volume = 47 | issue = | pages = 403–427 | doi=10.1016/0304-3878(94)00069-o}}</ref> Penelitian statistik awal yang membandingkan kesenjangan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak menghasilkan kesimpulan apa-apa.<ref name=BanerjeeDuflo/> Pada tahun 2011, peneliti [[Dana Moneter Internasional]] menunjukkan bahwa kesetaraan pendapatan yang lebih besar—berkurangnya kesenjangan—meningkatkan durasi pertumbuhan ekonomi sebuah negara dengan lebih cepat dibandingkan perdagangan bebas, [[korupsi]] pemerintah rendah, investasi asing, atau [[utang luar negeri]] rendah.<ref name=BergOstryEE /> |
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Kesenjangan ekonomi bervariasi tergantung masyarakat, waktu, struktur ekonomi, dan sistem. Istilah tersebut dapat mengacu pada persebaran pendapatan atau kekayaan lintas lapisan masyarakat pada waktu tertentu, atau pendapatan dan kekayaan seumur hidup dalam jangka panjang.<ref>Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Song find that "most of the increase in the variance of (log) annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of (log) permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory (log) earnings." Thus, in fact, the increase in earnings inequality is in lifetime income. Furthermore, they find that it remains difficult for someone to move up the earnings distribution (though they do find upward mobility for women in their lifetime). See their "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937," ''Quarterly Journal of Economics''. 125, no. 1 (2010): 91–128.</ref> Ada beberapa [[ |
Kesenjangan ekonomi bervariasi tergantung masyarakat, waktu, struktur ekonomi, dan sistem. Istilah tersebut dapat mengacu pada persebaran pendapatan atau kekayaan lintas lapisan masyarakat pada waktu tertentu, atau pendapatan dan kekayaan seumur hidup dalam jangka panjang.<ref>Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Song find that "most of the increase in the variance of (log) annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of (log) permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory (log) earnings." Thus, in fact, the increase in earnings inequality is in lifetime income. Furthermore, they find that it remains difficult for someone to move up the earnings distribution (though they do find upward mobility for women in their lifetime). See their "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937," ''Quarterly Journal of Economics''. 125, no. 1 (2010): 91–128.</ref> Ada beberapa [[Indeks bias|indeks]] numerik untuk mengukur kesenjangan ekonomi. Di antara [[metrik kesenjangan pendapatan|metode pengukuran kesenjagan]] yang ada, [[koefisien Gini]] merupakan indeks yang paling terkenal. |
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==Tabel== |
== Tabel == |
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Tabel berikut menampilkan pola kekayaan antarnegara. Informasi di dalam tabel ini berasal dari Credit Suisse, Research Institute's "Global Wealth Databook", terbit tahun 2013.<ref>[http://usagainstgreed.org/GlobalWealthDatabook2013.pdf] Credit Suisse, Research Institute – Global Wealth Databook 2013</ref> |
Tabel berikut menampilkan pola kekayaan antarnegara. Informasi di dalam tabel ini berasal dari Credit Suisse, Research Institute's "Global Wealth Databook", terbit tahun 2013.<ref>[http://usagainstgreed.org/GlobalWealthDatabook2013.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019142341/http://usagainstgreed.org/GlobalWealthDatabook2013.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }} Credit Suisse, Research Institute – Global Wealth Databook 2013</ref> |
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| style="text-align:left" | {{flaglist|Slowakia}}||4,303||27,224||20,740||19.8||77.8||2.4||0||100||44.7 |
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==Lihat pula== |
== Lihat pula == |
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==Referensi== |
== Referensi == |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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==Bacaan lanjutan== |
== Bacaan lanjutan == |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Atkinson|first1 = Anthony B.|last2 = Bourguignon|first2 = François|author-link1 = Tony Atkinson|author-link2 = François Bourguignon|title = Handbook of income distribution|publisher = Elvesier|location = Amsterdam New York|year = 2000|isbn = 9780444816313 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Atkinson|first1 = Anthony B.|last2 = Bourguignon|first2 = François|author-link1 = Tony Atkinson|author-link2 = François Bourguignon|title = Handbook of income distribution|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0444816313_1|publisher = Elvesier|location = Amsterdam New York|year = 2000|isbn = 9780444816313 }} |
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* [[Tony Atkinson|Atkinson, Anthony B.]] (2015). ''[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674504769 Inequality: What Can Be Done?]'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]. ISBN |
* [[Tony Atkinson|Atkinson, Anthony B.]] (2015). ''[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674504769 Inequality: What Can Be Done?]'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]. ISBN 0-674-50476-3 |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Barro|first1 = Robert J.|last2 = Sala-i-Martin|first2 = Xavier|author-link1 = Robert Barro|author-link2 = Xavier Sala-i-Martin|title=Economic growth|year=2003|origyear = 1995|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|location= Massachusetts|edition = 2nd|isbn= 9780262025539 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Barro|first1 = Robert J.|last2 = Sala-i-Martin|first2 = Xavier|author-link1 = Robert Barro|author-link2 = Xavier Sala-i-Martin|title=Economic growth|year=2003|origyear = 1995|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|location= Massachusetts|edition = 2nd|isbn= 9780262025539 }} |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Deneulin|first1 = Séverine|last2 = Shahani|first2 = Lila|author-link1 = Séverine Deneulin|title = An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency|publisher = Earthscan International Development Research Centre|location = Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario|year = 2009|isbn = 9781844078066 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Deneulin|first1 = Séverine|last2 = Shahani|first2 = Lila|author-link1 = Séverine Deneulin|title = An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency|publisher = Earthscan International Development Research Centre|location = Sterling, Virginia Ottawa, Ontario|year = 2009|isbn = 9781844078066 }} |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Giddens|first1 = Anthony|last2 = Diamond|first2 = Patrick|author-link1 = Anthony Giddens|author-link2 = Patrick Diamond|title = The new egalitarianism|publisher = Polity|location = Cambridge, UK Malden, Massachusetts|year = 2005|isbn = 9780745634319 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Giddens|first1 = Anthony|last2 = Diamond|first2 = Patrick|author-link1 = Anthony Giddens|author-link2 = Patrick Diamond|title = The new egalitarianism|publisher = Polity|location = Cambridge, UK Malden, Massachusetts|year = 2005|isbn = 9780745634319 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Gilens|first = Martin|title = Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America|publisher = Princeton University Press Russell Sage Foundation|location = Princeton, New Jersey New York|year = 2012|isbn = 9780691162423 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Gilens|first = Martin|title = Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America|url = https://archive.org/details/affluenceinfluen0000gile|publisher = Princeton University Press Russell Sage Foundation|location = Princeton, New Jersey New York|year = 2012|isbn = 9780691162423 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Lambert|first = Peter J.|title = The distribution and redistribution of income|publisher = Manchester University Press Palgrave|location = Manchester New York New York|year = 2001|edition = 3rd|isbn = 9780719057328 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Lambert|first = Peter J.|title = The distribution and redistribution of income|publisher = Manchester University Press Palgrave|location = Manchester New York New York|year = 2001|edition = 3rd|isbn = 9780719057328 }} |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Lynn|first1 = Richard|last2 = Vanhanen|first2 = Tatu|author-link1 = Richard Lynn|author-link2 = Tatu Vanhanen|title = [[IQ and the Wealth of Nations|IQ and the wealth of nations]]|publisher = Praeger|location = Westport, Connecticut|year = 2002|isbn = 9780275975104 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Lynn|first1 = Richard|last2 = Vanhanen|first2 = Tatu|author-link1 = Richard Lynn|author-link2 = Tatu Vanhanen|title = [[IQ and the Wealth of Nations|IQ and the wealth of nations]]|publisher = Praeger|location = Westport, Connecticut|year = 2002|isbn = 9780275975104 }} |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Page|first1 = Benjamin I.|last2 = Jacobs|first2 = Lawrence R.|title = Class war?: What Americans really think about economic inequality|publisher = University of Chicago Press|location = Chicago|year = 2009|isbn = 9780226644554 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Page|first1 = Benjamin I.|last2 = Jacobs|first2 = Lawrence R.|title = Class war?: What Americans really think about economic inequality|url = https://archive.org/details/classwarwhatamer0000page|publisher = University of Chicago Press|location = Chicago|year = 2009|isbn = 9780226644554 }} |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Salverda|first1 = Wiemer|last2 = Nolan|first2 = Brian|last3 = Smeeding|first3 = Timothy M.|title = The Oxford handbook of economic inequality|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford New York|year = 2009|isbn = 9780199231379 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Salverda|first1 = Wiemer|last2 = Nolan|first2 = Brian|last3 = Smeeding|first3 = Timothy M.|title = The Oxford handbook of economic inequality|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford New York|year = 2009|isbn = 9780199231379 }} |
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* {{cite book|last=Schmidtz|first=David|authorlink=David Schmidtz|title=The elements of justice|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge New York|isbn=9780521539364 }} |
* {{cite book|last=Schmidtz|first=David|authorlink=David Schmidtz|title=The elements of justice|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofjustic0000schm|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge New York|isbn=9780521539364 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = Sen|first = Amartya|author-link = Amartya Sen|title = [[Development as Freedom]]|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = New York|year = 1999|isbn = 9780198297581 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Sen|first = Amartya|author-link = Amartya Sen|title = [[Development as Freedom]]|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = New York|year = 1999|isbn = 9780198297581 }} |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Sen|first1 = Amartya|last2 = Foster|first2 = James E.|author-link1 = Amartya Sen|title = On economic inequality|publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press|location = Oxford New York|year = 1997|series = Radcliffe Lectures|isbn = 9780198281931 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Sen|first1 = Amartya|last2 = Foster|first2 = James E.|author-link1 = Amartya Sen|title = On economic inequality|url = https://archive.org/details/oneconomicinequa0000sena|publisher = Clarendon Press Oxford University Press|location = Oxford New York|year = 1997|series = Radcliffe Lectures|isbn = 9780198281931 }} |
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* {{cite book|last=von Braun|first=Joachim|last2 = Diaz-Bonilla|first2 = Eugenio|title = Globalization of food, and agriculture, and the poor|publisher = Oxford University Press International Food Policy Research Institute|location = New Delhi Washington D.C|year = 2008|isbn = 9780195695281 }} |
* {{cite book|last=von Braun|first=Joachim|last2 = Diaz-Bonilla|first2 = Eugenio|title = Globalization of food, and agriculture, and the poor|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.338.1.von.23004|publisher = Oxford University Press International Food Policy Research Institute|location = New Delhi Washington D.C|year = 2008|isbn = 9780195695281 }} |
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* {{cite book|last = von Mises|first = Ludwig|author-link = Ludwig von Mises|contribution = Chapter 35: The welfare principle versus the market principle|editor-last = von Mises|editor-first = Ludwig|editor-link = Ludwig von Mises|title = Human action: a treatise on economics|publisher = Ludwig Von Mises Institute|pages = 819–850|location = Auburn, Alabama|year = 1998|url = http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1895|ref = harv|postscript = .}} ISBN |
* {{cite book|last = von Mises|first = Ludwig|author-link = Ludwig von Mises|contribution = Chapter 35: The welfare principle versus the market principle|editor-last = von Mises|editor-first = Ludwig|editor-link = Ludwig von Mises|title = Human action: a treatise on economics|publisher = Ludwig Von Mises Institute|pages = 819–850|location = Auburn, Alabama|year = 1998|url = http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1895|ref = harv|postscript = .}} ISBN 978-0-945466-24-6 |
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* {{cite book|last = Wilkinson|first = Richard G.|author-link = Richard G. Wilkinson|title = The impact of inequality: how to make sick societies healthier|publisher = Routledge|location = London|year = 2005|isbn = 9780415372695 }} |
* {{cite book|last = Wilkinson|first = Richard G.|author-link = Richard G. Wilkinson|title = The impact of inequality: how to make sick societies healthier|url = https://archive.org/details/impactofinequali0000wilk_o5k6|publisher = Routledge|location = London|year = 2005|isbn = 9780415372695 }} |
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* {{cite book|last1 = Wilkinson|first1 = Richard G.|last2 = Pickett|first2 = Kate|author-link1 = Richard G. Wilkinson|author-link2 = Kate Pickett|title = [[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better|The spirit level: why more equal societies almost always do better]]|publisher = Allen Lane|location = London|year = 2009|isbn = 9781846140396 }} |
* {{cite book|last1 = Wilkinson|first1 = Richard G.|last2 = Pickett|first2 = Kate|author-link1 = Richard G. Wilkinson|author-link2 = Kate Pickett|title = [[The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better|The spirit level: why more equal societies almost always do better]]|publisher = Allen Lane|location = London|year = 2009|isbn = 9781846140396 }} |
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Kaldor | first1 = Nicholas | author-link1 = Nicholas Kaldor | title = Alternative theories of distribution | journal = Review of Economic Studies | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–100 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.2307/2296292 | year = 1955 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2296292 | jstor = 2296292 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Kaldor | first1 = Nicholas | author-link1 = Nicholas Kaldor | title = Alternative theories of distribution | journal = Review of Economic Studies | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–100 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.2307/2296292 | year = 1955 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2296292 | jstor = 2296292 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} |
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Kenworthy | first1 = Lane | author-link1 = Lane Kenworthy | title = Rising inequality, public policy, and America's poor | journal = [[Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs|Challenge]] | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 93–109 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.2753/0577-5132530606 | jstor = 27896630 | date = November–December 2010 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/0577-5132530606 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [https://lanekenworthy.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/2010challenge-inequalitypolicypoverty.pdf Pdf.] |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Kenworthy | first1 = Lane | author-link1 = Lane Kenworthy | title = Rising inequality, public policy, and America's poor | journal = [[Challenge: The Magazine of Economic Affairs|Challenge]] | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 93–109 | publisher = [[Taylor and Francis]] | doi = 10.2753/0577-5132530606 | jstor = 27896630 | date = November–December 2010 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/0577-5132530606 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [https://lanekenworthy.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/2010challenge-inequalitypolicypoverty.pdf Pdf.] |
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* {{Cite journal | last1 = Lagerlöf | first1 = Nils-Petter| title = Sex, equality, and growth | journal = [[Canadian Journal of Economics]] | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 807–831 | publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] | doi = 10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x | date = August 2005 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x | ref = harv | postscript = .}} Similar paper from August 2002: [http://128.118.178.162/eps/ge/papers/0212/0212001.pdf Sex, equality, and growth (in that order)] |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Lagerlöf | first1 = Nils-Petter| title = Sex, equality, and growth | journal = [[Canadian Journal of Economics]] | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 807–831 | publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] | doi = 10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x | date = August 2005 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2005.00303.x | ref = harv | postscript = .}} Similar paper from August 2002: [http://128.118.178.162/eps/ge/papers/0212/0212001.pdf Sex, equality, and growth (in that order)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155811/http://128.118.178.162/eps/ge/papers/0212/0212001.pdf |date=2015-04-02 }} |
||
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Maavak | first1 = Mathew | title = Class warfare, anarchy and the future society | journal = [[Journal of Futures Studies]] | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 15–36 | publisher = [[Tamkang University|Tamkang University Press]] | date = December 2012 | url = http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/?page_id=554 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/17-2/A02.pdf Pdf.] |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Maavak | first1 = Mathew | title = Class warfare, anarchy and the future society | journal = [[Journal of Futures Studies]] | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 15–36 | publisher = [[Tamkang University|Tamkang University Press]] | date = December 2012 | url = http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/?page_id=554 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/17-2/A02.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019140804/http://www.jfs.tku.edu.tw/17-2/A02.pdf |date=2017-10-19 }} |
||
* {{Cite journal | last1 = García-Peñalosa | first1 = Cecilia | last2 = Turnovsky | first2 = Stephen J. | title = Growth, income inequality, and fiscal policy: What are the relevant trade-offs? | journal = [[Journal of Money, Credit and Banking]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 369–394 | publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x | date = March 2007 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://www.vcharite.univ-mrs.fr/PP/penalosa/workingpapers/2006JMCB.pdf Pdf.] |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = García-Peñalosa | first1 = Cecilia | last2 = Turnovsky | first2 = Stephen J. | title = Growth, income inequality, and fiscal policy: What are the relevant trade-offs? | journal = [[Journal of Money, Credit and Banking]] | volume = 39 | issue = 2-3 | pages = 369–394 | publisher = [[Wiley-Blackwell|Wiley]] | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x | date = March 2007 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [http://www.vcharite.univ-mrs.fr/PP/penalosa/workingpapers/2006JMCB.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032417/http://www.vcharite.univ-mrs.fr/PP/penalosa/workingpapers/2006JMCB.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |
||
* {{citation | last= Pigou | first1 = Arthur C. | author-link = Arthur Cecil Pigou | contribution = Part I, Chapter VIII: Economic welfare and changes in the distribution of the national dividend ''(section I.VIII.3)'' | editor-last1 = Pigou | editor-first1 = Arthur C. | editor-link = Arthur Cecil Pigou | title = The economics of welfare | pages = | publisher = Macmillan and Co. | location = London | year = 1932 | origyear = 1920 | edition = 4th | oclc = 302702 | url = http://www.econlib.org/library/NPDBooks/Pigou/pgEW8.html | ref = harv | postscript = .}} |
* {{citation | last= Pigou | first1 = Arthur C. | author-link = Arthur Cecil Pigou | contribution = Part I, Chapter VIII: Economic welfare and changes in the distribution of the national dividend ''(section I.VIII.3)'' | editor-last1 = Pigou | editor-first1 = Arthur C. | editor-link = Arthur Cecil Pigou | title = The economics of welfare | pages = | publisher = Macmillan and Co. | location = London | year = 1932 | origyear = 1920 | edition = 4th | oclc = 302702 | url = http://www.econlib.org/library/NPDBooks/Pigou/pgEW8.html | ref = harv | postscript = .}} |
||
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Sala-i-Martin | first1 = Xavier | author-link1 = Xavier Sala-i-Martin | title = The world distribution of income: Falling poverty and ... convergence, period | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 121 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–397 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351 | date = May 2006 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351 | jstor = 25098796 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} |
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Sala-i-Martin | first1 = Xavier | author-link1 = Xavier Sala-i-Martin | title = The world distribution of income: Falling poverty and ... convergence, period | journal = [[Quarterly Journal of Economics]] | volume = 121 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–397 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press|Oxford Journals]] | doi = 10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351 | date = May 2006 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351 | jstor = 25098796 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} |
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Baris 437: | Baris 437: | ||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Burkhauser | first1 = R. V. | last2 = Feng | first2 = S. | last3 = Jenkins | first3 = S. P. | year = 2009 | title = Using the P90/P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data: A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x/full | journal = Review of Income and Wealth | volume = 55 | issue = 1| pages = 166–185 | doi=10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x}} |
* {{cite journal | last1 = Burkhauser | first1 = R. V. | last2 = Feng | first2 = S. | last3 = Jenkins | first3 = S. P. | year = 2009 | title = Using the P90/P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data: A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x/full | journal = Review of Income and Wealth | volume = 55 | issue = 1| pages = 166–185 | doi=10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x}} |
||
* {{cite book|last1 = Dollar|first1 = David|last2 = Gatti|first2 = Roberta|title = Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women?|publisher = The World Bank|location = Washington DC|series = Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network|date = May 1999|format = pdf|url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/09/01/000094946_00081906181732/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf|oclc = 43703722 }} Policy research report on gender and development working paper series, no. 1. |
* {{cite book|last1 = Dollar|first1 = David|last2 = Gatti|first2 = Roberta|title = Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women?|publisher = The World Bank|location = Washington DC|series = Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network|date = May 1999|format = pdf|url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/09/01/000094946_00081906181732/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf|oclc = 43703722 }} Policy research report on gender and development working paper series, no. 1. |
||
* Ravallion, Martin (2005). [[World Bank]], 5 May, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 3579, [http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000012009_20050505134719 A poverty-inequality trade-off?] |
* Ravallion, Martin (2005). [[World Bank]], 5 May, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 3579, [http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000012009_20050505134719 A poverty-inequality trade-off?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708071942/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64165259&theSitePK=469372&piPK=64165421&menuPK=64166093&entityID=000012009_20050505134719 |date=2012-07-08 }} |
||
* Sawhill, Isabel. "[http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Sawhill%20-%20Do%20we%20face%20a%20permanently%20divided%20society.pdf Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society?]" The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed. Robert S. Rycroft. The University of Mary Washington, 2012. |
* Sawhill, Isabel. "[http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Sawhill%20-%20Do%20we%20face%20a%20permanently%20divided%20society.pdf Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society?]" The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed. Robert S. Rycroft. The University of Mary Washington, 2012. |
||
* Smeeding, Timothy and Thompson, Jeffrey. [http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Smeeding%20Thompson_Inequality%20in%20the%20Great%20Recession.pdf "Inequality in the Great Recession – The Case of the United States"]. FRDB International Income Inequality Project (July 2011). Working paper. |
* Smeeding, Timothy and Thompson, Jeffrey. [http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Smeeding%20Thompson_Inequality%20in%20the%20Great%20Recession.pdf "Inequality in the Great Recession – The Case of the United States"]. FRDB International Income Inequality Project (July 2011). Working paper. |
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Baris 443: | Baris 443: | ||
* Voitchovsky, Sarah. "[http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Voitchovsky_Sarah_effects_inequality_growth.pdf The effects of inequality on growth: perspectives from the theoretical literature]." Working paper. |
* Voitchovsky, Sarah. "[http://tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Voitchovsky_Sarah_effects_inequality_growth.pdf The effects of inequality on growth: perspectives from the theoretical literature]." Working paper. |
||
==Pranala luar== |
== Pranala luar == |
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{{wikiquote}} |
{{wikiquote}} |
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* {{commons category inline}} |
* {{commons category inline}} |
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Baris 449: | Baris 449: | ||
* [http://inequality.org/ A portal dedicated to the topic of economic inequality] |
* [http://inequality.org/ A portal dedicated to the topic of economic inequality] |
||
* [http://www.poorcity.richcity.org Small Inequality Measures Calculus (and On-Line Calculator)] |
* [http://www.poorcity.richcity.org Small Inequality Measures Calculus (and On-Line Calculator)] |
||
* [http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/home.html The UC Atlas of Global Inequality] explores some aspects of inequality using online, downloadable maps and graphics. |
* [http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/home.html The UC Atlas of Global Inequality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823205122/http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/home.html |date=2015-08-23 }} explores some aspects of inequality using online, downloadable maps and graphics. |
||
* [[Population Health Forum]] [http://depts.washington.edu/eqhlth website] – group seeking to improve health by addressing inequality. |
* [[Population Health Forum]] [http://depts.washington.edu/eqhlth website] – group seeking to improve health by addressing inequality. |
||
* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
||
Baris 456: | Baris 456: | ||
| title = Social Inequality | work=Working Papers |
| title = Social Inequality | work=Working Papers |
||
| format = Web page | accessdate= March 2, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060529093606/http://www.russellsage.org/programs/main/inequality/program_view <!--None--> |archivedate = May 29, 2006}} |
| format = Web page | accessdate= March 2, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060529093606/http://www.russellsage.org/programs/main/inequality/program_view <!--None--> |archivedate = May 29, 2006}} |
||
* {{cite web | author = Leigh, A. and Jencks, C. | year = 2005 | url = http://www.nber.org/%7Econfer/2005/si2005/he/leigh.pdf | title = Inequality and Health: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries | format = PDF | accessdate = November 30, 2005 | archive-date = 2008-02-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227221733/http://www.nber.org/%7Econfer/2005/si2005/he/leigh.pdf | dead-url = yes }} |
|||
* {{cite web |
|||
| author = Leigh, A. and Jencks, C. | year=2005 |
|||
| url = http://www.nber.org/%7Econfer/2005/si2005/he/leigh.pdf |
|||
| title = Inequality and Health: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries |
|||
| format = PDF | accessdate= November 30, 2005 }} |
|||
* {{cite web |
* {{cite web |
||
| author = Clarkwest, A and Jencks, C. | year=2003 |
| author = Clarkwest, A and Jencks, C. | year=2003 |
||
Baris 467: | Baris 463: | ||
| format = PDF | accessdate= November 30, 2005 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060528042212/http://www.popcenter.umd.edu/events/rsf/papers/Jencks.pdf <!--None--> |archivedate = May 28, 2006}} |
| format = PDF | accessdate= November 30, 2005 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060528042212/http://www.popcenter.umd.edu/events/rsf/papers/Jencks.pdf <!--None--> |archivedate = May 28, 2006}} |
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* [http://www.yorku.ca/hdrnet/images/uploaded/The%20Inequality%20Predicament.pdf The Inequality Predicament] United Nations Report on the World Social Situation 2005 |
* [http://www.yorku.ca/hdrnet/images/uploaded/The%20Inequality%20Predicament.pdf The Inequality Predicament] United Nations Report on the World Social Situation 2005 |
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* [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/bg1791.cfm Two Americas: One Rich, One Poor? Understanding Income Inequality in the United States] |
* [http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/bg1791.cfm Two Americas: One Rich, One Poor? Understanding Income Inequality in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613152949/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/bg1791.cfm |date=2007-06-13 }} |
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* [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa586.pdf Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased?] Accessed 2007-06-11. |
* [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa586.pdf Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased?] Accessed 2007-06-11. |
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* [http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/wp/wp2006/wp0602.pdf Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades] studies the trade-offs between earning income and enjoying leisure |
* [http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/wp/wp2006/wp0602.pdf Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121074259/http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/wp/wp2006/wp0602.pdf |date=2013-01-21 }} studies the trade-offs between earning income and enjoying leisure |
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* [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/page/ Data from the Inequality Survey] |
* [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/page/ Data from the Inequality Survey] |
||
* [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/inequality-latin-america-2011-10.pdf Decreasing Inequality Under Latin America's "Social Democratic" and "Populist" Governments: Is the Difference Real? ] from the [[Center for Economic and Policy Research]] |
* [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/inequality-latin-america-2011-10.pdf Decreasing Inequality Under Latin America's "Social Democratic" and "Populist" Governments: Is the Difference Real? ] from the [[Center for Economic and Policy Research]] |
||
* [http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/wealth-and-poverty Wealth and Poverty: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois] |
* [http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/wealth-and-poverty Wealth and Poverty: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508130928/http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/wealth-and-poverty |date=2013-05-08 }} |
||
* [[Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty's]] presentation [http://www.yjs.fi/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Thomas-Piketty-pres..pdf Inequality & Capitalism in the Long-Run] based on ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]'' |
* [[Thomas Piketty|Thomas Piketty's]] presentation [http://www.yjs.fi/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Thomas-Piketty-pres..pdf Inequality & Capitalism in the Long-Run] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312080953/http://www.yjs.fi/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Thomas-Piketty-pres..pdf |date=2016-03-12 }} based on ''[[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]]'' |
||
* [http://apnews.excite.com/article/20140127/DABJ40P00.html "Wealth Gap" – A Guide] ([[AP News]] – January 2014). |
* [http://apnews.excite.com/article/20140127/DABJ40P00.html "Wealth Gap" – A Guide] ([[AP News]] – January 2014). |
||
* [http://www.adb.org/features/inequality-asia-and-pacific-region-12-things-know/ Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know] Asian Development Bank |
* [http://www.adb.org/features/inequality-asia-and-pacific-region-12-things-know/ Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know] Asian Development Bank |
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[[Kategori:Persebaran kekayaan]] |
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[[Kategori:Istilah sosiologi]] |
[[Kategori:Istilah sosiologi]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 10 Desember 2023 16.22
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report.svg/300px-Gini_Coefficient_World_CIA_Report.svg.png)
Kesenjangan ekonomi, biasa dikenal dengan istilah kesenjangan pendapatan, kesenjangan kekayaan, dan jurang antara kaya dan miskin, mengacu pada persebaran ukuran ekonomi di antara individu dalam kelompok, kelompok dalam populasi, atau antar negara. Para ekonom umumnya mengakui tiga ukuran kesenjangan ekonomi: kekayaan, pendapatan, dan konsumsi.[1] Persoalan kesenjangan ekonomi mencakup kesetaraan ekonomi, kesetaraan pengeluaran, dan kesetaraan kesempatan.[2]
Sejumlah penelitian menyebut bahwa kesenjangan adalah masalah sosial yang semakin berkembang.[3] Kesenjangan yang terlalu besar cenderung merugikan[4][5] karena kesenjangan pendapatan dan pemusatan kekayaan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jangka panjang.[6][7][8] Penelitian statistik awal yang membandingkan kesenjangan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak menghasilkan kesimpulan apa-apa.[9] Pada tahun 2011, peneliti Dana Moneter Internasional menunjukkan bahwa kesetaraan pendapatan yang lebih besar—berkurangnya kesenjangan—meningkatkan durasi pertumbuhan ekonomi sebuah negara dengan lebih cepat dibandingkan perdagangan bebas, korupsi pemerintah rendah, investasi asing, atau utang luar negeri rendah.[10]
Kesenjangan ekonomi bervariasi tergantung masyarakat, waktu, struktur ekonomi, dan sistem. Istilah tersebut dapat mengacu pada persebaran pendapatan atau kekayaan lintas lapisan masyarakat pada waktu tertentu, atau pendapatan dan kekayaan seumur hidup dalam jangka panjang.[11] Ada beberapa indeks numerik untuk mengukur kesenjangan ekonomi. Di antara metode pengukuran kesenjagan yang ada, koefisien Gini merupakan indeks yang paling terkenal.
Tabel
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tabel berikut menampilkan pola kekayaan antarnegara. Informasi di dalam tabel ini berasal dari Credit Suisse, Research Institute's "Global Wealth Databook", terbit tahun 2013.[12]
Negara | Dewasa (Ribu) |
Kekayaan rerata per dewasa (USD) |
Kekayaan median per dewasa (USD) |
Persebaran dewasa (%) menurut kekayaan (USD) | Gini % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di bawah 10rb | 10rb – 100rb | 100rb – 1jt | > 1jt | Total | |||||
![]() |
4,190 | 255,066 | 57,675 | 39.5 | 17 | 37.8 | 5.7 | 100 | 107.7 |
![]() |
110,365 | 10,976 | 871 | 93.7 | 5.6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 100 | 93.1 |
![]() |
35,912 | 3,413 | 419 | 97.4 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 90 |
![]() |
10,958 | 7,161 | 1,176 | 93.1 | 6.3 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 100 | 86.7 |
![]() |
2,953 | 30,868 | 6,076 | 66.8 | 29.8 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 100 | 86.3 |
![]() |
239,279 | 301,140 | 44,911 | 30.7 | 33 | 30.7 | 5.5 | 100 | 85.1 |
![]() |
6,690 | 2,913 | 479 | 93.9 | 5.8 | 0.3 | 0 | 100 | 83.8 |
![]() |
51,687 | 25,909 | 5,326 | 67 | 30.3 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 100 | 83.7 |
![]() |
31,034 | 19,613 | 3,051 | 72.3 | 24.9 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 100 | 83.6 |
![]() |
6,052 | 153,312 | 32,384 | 30.3 | 49.7 | 18.3 | 1.7 | 100 | 83.1 |
![]() |
56,730 | 8,799 | 1,849 | 88.1 | 11.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 100 | 82.9 |
![]() |
157,869 | 11,839 | 2,393 | 81.1 | 17.6 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 100 | 82.8 |
![]() |
49,642 | 7,772 | 1,855 | 90.5 | 8.8 | 0.6 | 0 | 100 | 82.6 |
![]() |
18,991 | 6,900 | 1,505 | 90.9 | 8.5 | 0.6 | 0 | 100 | 82.5 |
![]() |
135,385 | 23,278 | 5,117 | 66.6 | 30.5 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 100 | 82.1 |
![]() |
18,382 | 27,007 | 5,831 | 61.4 | 35.3 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 100 | 81.5 |
![]() |
12,461 | 49,032 | 11,742 | 45 | 48 | 6.6 | 0.4 | 100 | 81.4 |
![]() |
767,612 | 4,706 | 1,040 | 94.4 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 100 | 81.3 |
![]() |
6,101 | 512,562 | 95,916 | 5.2 | 46 | 38.8 | 10 | 100 | 80.6 |
![]() |
7,299 | 299,441 | 52,677 | 15.6 | 48.3 | 29.2 | 6.9 | 100 | 80.3 |
![]() |
52,710 | 7,285 | 1,852 | 90.4 | 9 | 0.6 | 0 | 100 | 80.3 |
![]() |
80,462 | 3,620 | 894 | 94.9 | 4.9 | 0.3 | 0 | 100 | 80 |
![]() |
30,464 | 26,222 | 6,228 | 60.2 | 35.8 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 100 | 79.7 |
![]() |
54 | 60,003 | 14,617 | 40 | 50 | 9.2 | 0.8 | 100 | 79.6 |
![]() |
28,265 | 15,638 | 4,032 | 72.1 | 26.1 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 100 | 79.6 |
![]() |
16,694 | 37,346 | 9,772 | 53.3 | 41.1 | 5.3 | 0.3 | 100 | 79.3 |
![]() |
1,256 | 19,899 | 4,531 | 67.5 | 28.3 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 100 | 78.7 |
![]() |
4,947 | 137,351 | 38,164 | 30 | 44.8 | 23.7 | 1.5 | 100 | 78.7 |
![]() |
388 | 2,872 | 670 | 93.8 | 6.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 78.7 |
![]() |
694 | 119,568 | 34,874 | 23.8 | 56.3 | 18.6 | 1.4 | 100 | 78.3 |
![]() |
73,380 | 35,872 | 9,718 | 53.5 | 40.6 | 5.7 | 0.3 | 100 | 78 |
![]() |
3,733 | 380,473 | 92,859 | 19.4 | 32.5 | 40.6 | 7.5 | 100 | 77.8 |
![]() |
6,761 | 203,931 | 57,450 | 28.2 | 31.8 | 37 | 3 | 100 | 77.8 |
![]() |
4,291 | 28,397 | 6,563 | 58.1 | 35.7 | 6 | 0.1 | 100 | 77.7 |
![]() |
1,181 | 10,348 | 2,649 | 81 | 17.6 | 1.4 | 0 | 100 | 77.2 |
![]() |
67,068 | 192,232 | 49,370 | 29 | 33.3 | 35.1 | 2.6 | 100 | 77.1 |
![]() |
5,813 | 3,532 | 960 | 92.3 | 7.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 76.1 |
![]() |
9,273 | 14,708 | 3,934 | 69.1 | 28.8 | 2.1 | 0 | 100 | 75.6 |
![]() |
2,370 | 800 | 241 | 99.1 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 74.8 |
![]() |
5,800 | 4,604 | 1,368 | 89.3 | 10.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 100 | 74.4 |
![]() |
6,151 | 1,817 | 548 | 96.8 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 74.1 |
![]() |
8,437 | 44,975 | 15,541 | 40 | 53.2 | 6.4 | 0.3 | 100 | 74 |
![]() |
3,955 | 281,764 | 90,466 | 20 | 34.2 | 41.4 | 4.4 | 100 | 73.9 |
![]() |
2,291 | 119,101 | 42,897 | 21.8 | 55.5 | 21.5 | 1.2 | 100 | 73.8 |
![]() |
30,255 | 26,056 | 9,109 | 55 | 41.5 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 100 | 73.7 |
![]() |
18,359 | 151,752 | 53,336 | 22.5 | 45.1 | 30.8 | 1.7 | 100 | 73.6 |
![]() |
12,914 | 185,588 | 83,631 | 23.3 | 30.9 | 43.6 | 2.2 | 100 | 73.2 |
![]() |
188 | 9,998 | 3,130 | 76.3 | 22.6 | 1.1 | 0 | 100 | 73.1 |
![]() |
344 | 14,250 | 4,544 | 68.8 | 29.6 | 1.6 | 0 | 100 | 73 |
![]() |
3,424 | 3,432 | 1,147 | 92.5 | 7.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 73 |
![]() |
16,692 | 14,044 | 5,137 | 69.3 | 29.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 100 | 73 |
![]() |
1,079 | 3,457 | 1,105 | 92.4 | 7.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 72.9 |
![]() |
3,910 | 10,934 | 3,726 | 73.2 | 25.6 | 1.3 | 0 | 100 | 72.8 |
![]() |
628 | 4,360 | 1,393 | 90 | 9.8 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 72.7 |
![]() |
2,322 | 22,292 | 7,509 | 57.3 | 38.5 | 4.2 | 0 | 100 | 72.7 |
![]() |
5,306 | 723 | 245 | 99.3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 72.7 |
![]() |
86 | 2,721 | 959 | 94.3 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 72.7 |
![]() |
27,173 | 251,034 | 90,252 | 30 | 21.5 | 44.9 | 3.7 | 100 | 72.7 |
![]() |
38,350 | 79,475 | 30,938 | 25.3 | 59.5 | 14.5 | 0.7 | 100 | 72.6 |
![]() |
3,752 | 8,470 | 2,821 | 81.1 | 18 | 0.8 | 0 | 100 | 72.4 |
![]() |
295 | 16,313 | 5,478 | 65 | 32.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 100 | 72.3 |
![]() |
63 | 19,011 | 6,281 | 58.8 | 38.3 | 3 | 0 | 100 | 72.2 |
![]() |
3,246 | 28,124 | 9,532 | 54.1 | 40.2 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 100 | 72.2 |
![]() |
50 | 24,086 | 8,349 | 55 | 40.3 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 100 | 72 |
![]() |
34 | 23,613 | 8,185 | 56.3 | 39.1 | 4.6 | 0.1 | 100 | 71.9 |
![]() |
71 | 10,196 | 3,492 | 73.8 | 25.1 | 1.1 | 0 | 100 | 71.9 |
![]() |
67 | 14,473 | 5,017 | 67.5 | 30.7 | 1.7 | 0 | 100 | 71.9 |
![]() |
3,234 | 182,548 | 76,607 | 25.6 | 34.1 | 38.1 | 2.3 | 100 | 71.8 |
![]() |
8,723 | 12,350 | 4,403 | 69.8 | 28.8 | 1.4 | 0 | 100 | 71.4 |
![]() |
3,738 | 12,039 | 4,483 | 70 | 28.7 | 1.3 | 0 | 100 | 71 |
![]() |
3,488 | 183,804 | 75,573 | 20.9 | 36.5 | 40.4 | 2.2 | 100 | 70.9 |
![]() |
20,757 | 2,843 | 1,049 | 94.2 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 70.9 |
![]() |
1,872 | 48,415 | 18,152 | 40 | 47.8 | 12 | 0.2 | 100 | 70.8 |
![]() |
18,865 | 18,227 | 6,705 | 58.5 | 38.9 | 2.6 | 0 | 100 | 70.8 |
![]() |
908 | 864 | 324 | 99.2 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 70.8 |
![]() |
2,024 | 3,892 | 1,420 | 91.2 | 8.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 70.8 |
![]() |
3,777 | 126,791 | 51,882 | 20 | 50.6 | 28.2 | 1.3 | 100 | 70.5 |
![]() |
1,278 | 153,294 | 58,237 | 25 | 38.3 | 35 | 1.7 | 100 | 70.5 |
![]() |
8,614 | 89,074 | 38,846 | 25.8 | 54.8 | 18.7 | 0.8 | 100 | 70.1 |
![]() |
11,441 | 811 | 313 | 99.3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 70 |
![]() |
1,719 | 11,401 | 4,393 | 70 | 28.8 | 1.2 | 0 | 100 | 69.9 |
![]() |
2,400 | 47,002 | 17,998 | 39.6 | 48.3 | 11.9 | 0.2 | 100 | 69.8 |
![]() |
15,107 | 750 | 294 | 99.4 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 69.6 |
![]() |
31,854 | 321 | 124 | 99.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 69.6 |
![]() |
998,254 | 22,230 | 8,023 | 58.4 | 39.1 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 100 | 69.5 |
![]() |
10,359 | 448 | 177 | 99.8 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 69.4 |
![]() |
474 | 3,801 | 1,506 | 91.6 | 8.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 69.2 |
![]() |
523 | 6,473 | 2,630 | 85 | 14.6 | 0.4 | 0 | 100 | 69 |
![]() |
48,124 | 295,933 | 141,850 | 21.7 | 22.9 | 50.8 | 4.6 | 100 | 69 |
![]() |
200 | 22,289 | 8,108 | 55 | 41.5 | 3.5 | 0 | 100 | 69 |
![]() |
2,781 | 2,125 | 875 | 96.3 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 68.9 |
![]() |
1,561 | 11,543 | 4,743 | 69.3 | 29.6 | 1.1 | 0 | 100 | 68.8 |
![]() |
2,897 | 681 | 273 | 99.6 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 68.8 |
![]() |
13,501 | 1,811 | 743 | 97.7 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 68.6 |
![]() |
119 | 13,087 | 5,296 | 66.3 | 32.5 | 1.2 | 0 | 100 | 68.5 |
![]() |
7,452 | 21,084 | 8,823 | 55 | 41.5 | 3.5 | 0 | 100 | 68.2 |
![]() |
869 | 21,860 | 9,240 | 55 | 41.3 | 3.7 | 0 | 100 | 68.2 |
![]() |
298 | 9,868 | 4,261 | 73.8 | 25.3 | 1 | 0 | 100 | 68.1 |
![]() |
21,355 | 11,398 | 4,750 | 70 | 28.9 | 1.1 | 0 | 100 | 68.1 |
![]() |
11,501 | 2,640 | 1,104 | 95 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 68.1 |
![]() |
14,326 | 5,033 | 2,101 | 87.9 | 11.9 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 68 |
![]() |
3,352 | 36,570 | 15,305 | 40 | 52.1 | 7.8 | 0.1 | 100 | 68 |
![]() |
3,172 | 21,640 | 9,178 | 54.7 | 41.8 | 3.5 | 0 | 100 | 68 |
![]() |
3,693 | 2,450 | 1,049 | 95.6 | 4.3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67.9 |
![]() |
48,220 | 243,570 | 111,524 | 18 | 28.8 | 50 | 3.2 | 100 | 67.7 |
![]() |
1,832 | 1,967 | 865 | 97 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67.7 |
![]() |
7,721 | 1,273 | 543 | 98.7 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67.7 |
![]() |
508 | 3,465 | 1,488 | 92.8 | 7.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 67.5 |
![]() |
5,485 | 1,131 | 483 | 99 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67.5 |
![]() |
987 | 15,088 | 6,459 | 60 | 38.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 100 | 67.4 |
![]() |
7,417 | 207 | 89 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67.3 |
![]() |
5,301 | 882 | 380 | 99.4 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67.3 |
![]() |
253 | 211,592 | 104,733 | 20 | 30 | 47.3 | 2.7 | 100 | 67.3 |
![]() |
54 | 15,905 | 7,217 | 58.8 | 39.8 | 1.5 | 0 | 100 | 67.2 |
![]() |
6,423 | 2,597 | 1,125 | 95.3 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67.2 |
![]() |
10,459 | 2,603 | 1,115 | 95.2 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67.2 |
![]() |
138 | 6,068 | 2,753 | 85 | 14.7 | 0.3 | 0 | 100 | 67.1 |
![]() |
4,733 | 3,187 | 1,398 | 93.6 | 6.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 67.1 |
![]() |
92 | 34,537 | 15,132 | 40 | 53 | 6.9 | 0.1 | 100 | 67 |
![]() |
9,151 | 2,644 | 1,155 | 95 | 4.9 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 67 |
![]() |
12,192 | 4,951 | 2,193 | 88.3 | 11.6 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 66.8 |
![]() |
53,270 | 8,727 | 3,846 | 75 | 24.4 | 0.6 | 0 | 100 | 66.8 |
![]() |
2,118 | 2,173 | 987 | 96.5 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 66.7 |
![]() |
22,038 | 951 | 423 | 99.3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 66.6 |
![]() |
3,618 | 5,393 | 2,411 | 86.7 | 13.1 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 66.5 |
![]() |
2,537 | 23,411 | 10,635 | 47.5 | 48.5 | 3.9 | 0 | 100 | 66.5 |
![]() |
34,180 | 2,214 | 941 | 97 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 66.4 |
![]() |
4,195 | 171,821 | 95,095 | 29 | 22.3 | 47.2 | 1.6 | 100 | 66.4 |
![]() |
210 | 5,556 | 2,480 | 85 | 14.8 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 66.3 |
![]() |
242 | 41,106 | 17,842 | 35 | 55.9 | 9 | 0.1 | 100 | 66.2 |
![]() |
37,206 | 123,997 | 63,306 | 17.4 | 52.4 | 29 | 1.1 | 100 | 66.1 |
![]() |
1,855 | 14,214 | 6,433 | 61.1 | 37.6 | 1.3 | 0 | 100 | 66.1 |
![]() |
13,352 | 7,073 | 3,198 | 82.7 | 16.9 | 0.4 | 0 | 100 | 66 |
![]() |
1,787 | 24,285 | 11,338 | 45 | 50.9 | 4 | 0 | 100 | 66 |
![]() |
9,105 | 102,971 | 53,937 | 20.4 | 53.7 | 25.1 | 0.8 | 100 | 65.9 |
![]() |
3,858 | 14,364 | 6,589 | 60.3 | 38.3 | 1.4 | 0 | 100 | 65.9 |
![]() |
3,568 | 5,385 | 2,432 | 85.9 | 13.9 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 65.9 |
![]() |
61,765 | 4,857 | 2,215 | 87.8 | 12 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 65.8 |
![]() |
1,739 | 8,979 | 4,200 | 73.1 | 26.3 | 0.6 | 0 | 100 | 65.8 |
![]() |
365 | 19,525 | 9,130 | 55 | 42.6 | 2.4 | 0 | 100 | 65.8 |
![]() |
2,985 | 11,173 | 5,139 | 68.2 | 30.9 | 0.9 | 0 | 100 | 65.8 |
![]() |
390 | 315,240 | 182,768 | 15 | 22.5 | 57 | 5.5 | 100 | 65.7 |
![]() |
1,055 | 33,701 | 15,724 | 40 | 53.3 | 6.6 | 0.1 | 100 | 65.7 |
![]() |
836 | 424 | 199 | 99.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 65.7 |
![]() |
2,237 | 9,450 | 4,451 | 72.7 | 26.6 | 0.7 | 0 | 100 | 65.6 |
![]() |
7,014 | 937 | 434 | 99.3 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 65.5 |
![]() |
23,982 | 10,100 | 4,673 | 70 | 29.2 | 0.7 | 0 | 100 | 65.5 |
![]() |
23,811 | 1,291 | 595 | 98.9 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 65.4 |
![]() |
4,729 | 293 | 137 | 99.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 65.2 |
![]() |
6,276 | 16,344 | 7,721 | 57.1 | 41.4 | 1.5 | 0 | 100 | 65.1 |
![]() |
3,498 | 26,551 | 12,639 | 41.2 | 54.1 | 4.7 | 0 | 100 | 65.1 |
![]() |
49,117 | 241,383 | 138,653 | 20 | 20.5 | 56.5 | 3 | 100 | 65 |
![]() |
6,464 | 955 | 455 | 99.4 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 64.7 |
![]() |
2,692 | 3,854 | 1,874 | 91.8 | 8.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 64.7 |
![]() |
17,273 | 1,998 | 951 | 97.7 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 64.7 |
![]() |
104,135 | 1,894 | 908 | 97.9 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 64.6 |
![]() |
935 | 37,308 | 19,247 | 40 | 52.5 | 7.4 | 0.1 | 100 | 64.5 |
![]() |
7,915 | 28,379 | 14,068 | 40 | 55 | 4.9 | 0 | 100 | 64 |
![]() |
2,263 | 5,613 | 2,793 | 85.5 | 14.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 100 | 63.9 |
![]() |
4,022 | 3,168 | 1,581 | 94.3 | 5.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 63.8 |
![]() |
106,365 | 4,248 | 2,106 | 90.8 | 9 | 0.1 | 0 | 100 | 63.8 |
![]() |
42,750 | 411 | 207 | 99.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 63.6 |
![]() |
16,617 | 402,578 | 219,505 | 6.9 | 23.7 | 62.6 | 6.8 | 100 | 63.6 |
![]() |
104,315 | 216,694 | 110,294 | 9.2 | 37.7 | 50.6 | 2.5 | 100 | 63.5 |
![]() |
467 | 21,340 | 10,929 | 45 | 52.6 | 2.4 | 0 | 100 | 63.4 |
![]() |
8,387 | 255,573 | 148,141 | 17.4 | 22.1 | 57.3 | 3.2 | 100 | 62.6 |
![]() |
7,527 | 15,175 | 7,978 | 56.8 | 42 | 1.3 | 0 | 100 | 62.5 |
![]() |
5,991 | 16,818 | 8,825 | 55.2 | 43.4 | 1.4 | 0 | 100 | 62.5 |
![]() |
7,543 | 2,407 | 1,271 | 96.8 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 62.2 |
![]() |
330 | 71,448 | 42,898 | 18.8 | 65 | 15.9 | 0.3 | 100 | 59.5 |
![]() |
571 | 44,822 | 26,675 | 28.7 | 60 | 11.2 | 0 | 100 | 58.5 |
![]() |
286 | 51,373 | 31,527 | 26.2 | 58.7 | 15 | 0 | 100 | 58.5 |
![]() |
1,655 | 64,067 | 44,932 | 19.4 | 60.6 | 19.9 | 0.1 | 100 | 53.5 |
![]() |
4,303 | 27,224 | 20,740 | 19.8 | 77.8 | 2.4 | 0 | 100 | 44.7 |
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Kesempatan setara
- Pemisahan Besar
- Indeks Pembangunan Manusia menurut kesenjangan
- Persebaran pendapatan
- Kesenjangan pendapatan di Amerika Serikat
- Daftar negara menurut kesetaraan pendapatan
- Daftar negara menurut persebaran kekayaan
- Pajak progresif
- Plutokrasi
- Kemiskinan dan siklus kemiskinan
- Pengentasan kemiskinan
- Kesenjangan sosial
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamahydra
- ^ Fletcher, Michael A. (March 10, 2013). "Research ties economic inequality to gap in life expectancy". Washington Post. Diakses tanggal March 23, 2013.
- ^ Wilkinson, Richard; Pickett, Kate (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane. hlm. 352. ISBN 978-1-84614-039-6.
- ^ Easterly, W (2007). "Inequality does cause underdevelopment: Insights from a new instrument" (PDF). Journal of Development Economics. 84 (2): 755–776. doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.11.002. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2015-11-02.
- ^ Castells-Quintana, David; Royuela, Vicente (2012). "Unemployment and long-run economic growth: The role of income inequality and urbanisation" (PDF). Investigaciones Regionales. 12 (24): 153–173. Diakses tanggal 17 October 2013.
- ^ Stiglitz, J (2009). "The global crisis, social protection and jobs" (PDF). International Labour Review. 148: 1–2. doi:10.1111/j.1564-913x.2009.00046.x.
- ^ Temple, J (1999). "The New Growth Evidence" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature. 37 (1): 112–156. doi:10.1257/jel.37.1.112. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-10-18. Diakses tanggal 2015-11-02.
- ^ Clarke, G (1995). "More evidence on income distribution and growth" (PDF). Journal of Development Economics. 47: 403–427. doi:10.1016/0304-3878(94)00069-o.
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<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaBergOstryEE
- ^ Wojciech Kopczuk, Emmanuel Saez, and Jae Song find that "most of the increase in the variance of (log) annual earnings is due to increases in the variance of (log) permanent earnings with modest increases in the variance of transitory (log) earnings." Thus, in fact, the increase in earnings inequality is in lifetime income. Furthermore, they find that it remains difficult for someone to move up the earnings distribution (though they do find upward mobility for women in their lifetime). See their "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data since 1937," Quarterly Journal of Economics. 125, no. 1 (2010): 91–128.
- ^ [1] Diarsipkan 2017-10-19 di Wayback Machine. Credit Suisse, Research Institute – Global Wealth Databook 2013
Bacaan lanjutan
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- Sala-i-Martin, Xavier (May 2006). "The world distribution of income: Falling poverty and ... convergence, period". Quarterly Journal of Economics. Oxford Journals. 121 (2): 351–397. doi:10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351. JSTOR 25098796.
- Seguino, Stephanie (1 July 2000). "Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis". World Development. ScienceDirect. 28 (7): 1211–1230. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8.
- Smeeding, Timothy M.; Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2011), "Recent trends in income inequality", dalam Immervoll, Herwig; Peichl, Andreas; Tatsiramos, Konstantinos, Who loses in the downturn? Economic crisis, employment and income distribution, Research in Labor Economics, Volume 32, Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, hlm. 1–50, ISBN 9780857247490. Pdf.
- Also available as Smeeding, Timothy M.; Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2011). "Recent trends in income inequality (book chapter)". Research in Labor Economics (book series). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 32: 1–50. doi:10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004.
- Solow, Robert M. (February 1956). "A contribution to the theory of economic growth". Quarterly Journal of Economics. Oxford Journals. 70 (1): 65–94. doi:10.2307/1884513. JSTOR 1884513. Pdf.
- Svizzero, Serge; Tisdell, Clem (2003). "Income inequality between skilled individuals". International Journal of Social Economics. Emerald. 30 (11): 1118–1130. doi:10.1108/03068290310497486.
- Makalah
- Burkhauser, R. V.; Feng, S.; Jenkins, S. P. (2009). "Using the P90/P10 index to measure US inequality trends with Current Population Survey data: A view from inside the Census Bureau vaults". Review of Income and Wealth. 55 (1): 166–185. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00305.x.
- Dollar, David; Gatti, Roberta (May 1999). Gender inequality, income, and growth: Are good times good for women? (pdf). Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Washington DC: The World Bank. OCLC 43703722. Policy research report on gender and development working paper series, no. 1.
- Ravallion, Martin (2005). World Bank, 5 May, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 3579, A poverty-inequality trade-off? Diarsipkan 2012-07-08 di Wayback Machine.
- Sawhill, Isabel. "Do We Face a Permanently Divided Society?" The Economics of Inequality, Poverty, and Discrimination in the 21st Century Ed. Robert S. Rycroft. The University of Mary Washington, 2012.
- Smeeding, Timothy and Thompson, Jeffrey. "Inequality in the Great Recession – The Case of the United States". FRDB International Income Inequality Project (July 2011). Working paper.
- Uslaner, Eric.; Mitchell, Brown. (2002). "Inequality, Trust, and Civic Engagement" (PDF).
- Voitchovsky, Sarah. "The effects of inequality on growth: perspectives from the theoretical literature." Working paper.
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Media tentang Kesenjangan ekonomi di Wikimedia Commons
- Levy, Frank (2008). "Distribution of Income". Dalam David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (edisi ke-2nd). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
- A portal dedicated to the topic of economic inequality
- Small Inequality Measures Calculus (and On-Line Calculator)
- The UC Atlas of Global Inequality Diarsipkan 2015-08-23 di Wayback Machine. explores some aspects of inequality using online, downloadable maps and graphics.
- Population Health Forum website – group seeking to improve health by addressing inequality.
- Russell Sage Foundation. "Social Inequality". Working Papers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (Web page) tanggal May 29, 2006. Diakses tanggal March 2, 2006.
- Leigh, A. and Jencks, C. (2005). "Inequality and Health: Long-Run Evidence from a Panel of Countries" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-02-27. Diakses tanggal November 30, 2005.
- Clarkwest, A and Jencks, C. (2003). "Inequality and Mortality in Rich Countries: Who Owns the Null Hypothesis?" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 28, 2006. Diakses tanggal November 30, 2005.
- The Inequality Predicament United Nations Report on the World Social Situation 2005
- Two Americas: One Rich, One Poor? Understanding Income Inequality in the United States Diarsipkan 2007-06-13 di Wayback Machine.
- Has U.S. Income Inequality Really Increased? Accessed 2007-06-11.
- Measuring Trends in Leisure: The Allocation of Time Over Five Decades Diarsipkan 2013-01-21 di Wayback Machine. studies the trade-offs between earning income and enjoying leisure
- Data from the Inequality Survey
- Decreasing Inequality Under Latin America's "Social Democratic" and "Populist" Governments: Is the Difference Real? from the Center for Economic and Policy Research
- Wealth and Poverty: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois Diarsipkan 2013-05-08 di Wayback Machine.
- Thomas Piketty's presentation Inequality & Capitalism in the Long-Run Diarsipkan 2016-03-12 di Wayback Machine. based on Capital in the Twenty-First Century
- "Wealth Gap" – A Guide (AP News – January 2014).
- Economic and Social Inequality in Asia and Pacific: 12 Things to Know Asian Development Bank
- As inequality soars, the nervous super rich are already planning their escapes. The Guardian. 23 January 2015.
- Asia’s Wealth Inequality Problem. The Diplomat. October 23, 2015.