SMS Goeben: Perbedaan antara revisi
Nadiantara (bicara | kontrib) |
Nadiantara (bicara | kontrib) k →1914 |
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Baris 137: | Baris 137: | ||
====== 1914 ====== |
====== 1914 ====== |
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Pada taanggal 29 Oktober |
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On 29 October ''Yavuz'' bombarded Sevastopol in her first operation against Imperial Russia, though the Ottoman Empire was not yet at war with the Entente; Souchon conducted the operation to force Turkey into the war on the side of Germany. A 25.4 cm (10 in) shell struck the ship in the after funnel, but it failed to detonate and did negligible damage. Two other hits inflicted minor damage. The ship and her escorts passed through an inactive Russian minefield during the bombardment. As she returned to Turkish waters, ''Yavuz'' came across the Russian minelayer ''Prut'' which scuttled herself with 700 mines on board. During the engagement the escorting Russian destroyer ''Lieutenant Pushkin'' was damaged by two of ''Yavuz''<nowiki/>'s secondary battery 15 cm (5.9 in) shells. In response to the bombardment, Russia declared war on 1 November, thus forcing the Ottomans into the wider world war. France and Great Britain bombarded the Turkish fortresses guarding the Dardanelles on 3 November and formally declared war two days later. From this engagement, the Russians drew the conclusion that the entire Black Sea Fleet would have to remain consolidated so it could not be defeated in detail (one ship at a time) by ''Yavuz''. |
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''Yavuz'', escorted by ''Midilli'', intercepted the Russian Black Sea Fleet 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) off the Crimean coastline on 18 November as it returned from a bombardment of Trebizond. Despite the noon hour the conditions were foggy and none of the capital ships were spotted initially. The Black Sea Fleet had experimented with concentrating fire from several ships under the control of one "master" ship before the war, and ''Evstafi'' held her fire until ''Ioann Zlatoust'', the master ship, could see ''Yavuz''. When the gunnery commands were finally received they showed a range over 4,000 yards (3,700 m) in excess of ''Evstafi''<nowiki/>'s own estimate of 7,700 yards (7,000 m), so ''Evstafi'' opened fire using her own data before ''Yavuz'' turned to fire its broadside. She scored a hit with her first salvo as a 12-inch shell partially penetrated the armor casemate protecting one of ''Yavuz''<nowiki/>'s 15-centimeter (5.9 in) secondary guns. It detonated some of the ready-use ammunition, starting a fire that filled the casemate and killed the entire gun crew. A total of thirteen men were killed and three were wounded. |
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''Yavuz'' returned fire and hit ''Evstafi'' in the middle funnel; the shell detonated after it passed through the funnel and destroyed the antennae for the fire-control radio, so that ''Evstafi''could not correct ''Ioann Zlatoust''<nowiki/>'s inaccurate range data. The other Russian ships either used ''Ioann Zlatoust''<nowiki/>'s incorrect data or never saw ''Yavuz'' and failed to register any hits. ''Yavuz'' hit ''Evstafi'' four more times, although one shell failed to detonate, before Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon decided to break contact after 14 minutes of combat. The four hits out of nineteen 28 cm (11 in) shells fired killed 34 men and wounded 24. |
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The following month, on 5–6 December, ''Yavuz'' and ''Midilli'' provided protection for troop transports, and on 10 December, ''Yavuz'' bombarded Batum. On 23 December, ''Yavuz'' and ''Hamidiye'' escorted three transports to Trebizond. While returning from another transport escort operation on 26 December, ''Yavuz'' struck a mine that exploded beneath the conning tower, on the starboard side, about one nautical mile outside the Bosphorus. The explosion tore a 50-square-meter (540 sq ft) hole in the ship's hull, but the torpedo bulkhead held. Two minutes later, ''Yavuz'' struck a second mine on the port side, just forward of the main battery wing barbette; this tore open a 64-square-meter (690 sq ft) hole. The bulkhead bowed in 30 cm (12 in) but retained watertight protection of the ship's interior. However, some 600 tons of water flooded the ship. There was no dock in the Ottoman Empire large enough to service ''Yavuz'', so temporary repairs were effected inside steel cofferdams, which were pumped out to create a dry work area around the damaged hull. The holes were patched with concrete, which held for several years before more permanent work was necessary. |
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====== 1915 ====== |
====== 1915 ====== |
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Still damaged, ''Yavuz'' sortied from the Bosphorus on 28 January and again on 7 February 1915 to help ''Midilli'' escape the Russian fleet; she also covered the return of the protected cruiser ''Hamidiye''. ''Yavuz'' then underwent repair work to the mine damage until May. On 1 April, with repairs incomplete, ''Yavuz'' left the Bosphorus in company with ''Midilli'' to cover the withdrawal of ''Hamidiye'' and the protected cruiser ''Mecidiye'', which had been sent to bombard Odessa. Strong currents, however, forced the cruisers 15 miles (24 km) east to the approaches of the Dnieper-Bug Liman (bay) that led to Nikolayev. As they sailed west after a course correction, ''Mecidiye'' struck a mine and sank, so this attack had to be aborted.After ''Yavuz'' and ''Midilli'' appeared off Sevastopol and sank two cargo steamers, the Russian fleet chased them all day, and detached several destroyers after dusk to attempt a torpedo attack. Only one destroyer, ''Gnevny'', was able to close the distance and launch an attack, which missed. ''Yavuz'' and ''Midilli'' returned to the Bosphorus unharmed. |
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On 25 April, the same day the Allies landed at Gallipoli, Russian naval forces arrived off the Bosphorus and bombarded the forts guarding the strait. Two days later ''Yavuz Sultan Selim'' headed south to the Dardanelles to bombard Allied troops at Gallipoli, accompanied by the pre-dreadnought battleship ''Turgut Reis''. They were spotted at dawn from a kite balloon as they were getting into position. When the first 15-inch (380 mm) round from the dreadnought ''Queen Elizabeth'' landed close by, ''Yavuz'' moved out of firing position, close to the cliffs, where ''Queen Elizabeth'' could not engage her. On 30 April ''Yavuz'' tried again, but was spotted from the pre-dreadnought ''Lord Nelson'' which had moved into the Dardanelles to bombard the Turkish headquarters at Çanakkale. The British ship only managed to fire five rounds before ''Yavuz'' moved out of her line of sight. |
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On 1 May, ''Yavuz'' sailed to the Bay of Beikos in the Bosphorus after the Russian fleet bombarded the fortifications at the mouth of the Bosphorus. Around 7 May, ''Yavuz'' sortied from the Bosphorus in search of Russian ships as far as Sevastopol, but found none. Running short on main gun ammunition, she did not bombard Sevastopol. While returning on the morning of 10 May, ''Yavuz''<nowiki/>'s lookouts spotted two Russian pre-dreadnoughts, ''Tri Sviatitelia'' and ''Panteleimon'', and she opened fire. Within the first ten minutes she had been hit twice, although she was not seriously damaged. Admiral Souchon disengaged and headed for the Bosphorus, pursued by Russian light forces. Later that month two of the ship's 15 cm guns were taken ashore for use there, and the four 8.8 cm guns in the aft superstructure were removed at the same time. Four 8.8 cm anti-aircraft were installed on the aft superstructure by the end of 1915. |
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On 18 July, ''Midilli'' struck a mine; the ship took on some 600 long tons (610 t) of water and was no longer able to escort coal convoys from Zonguldak to the Bosphorus. ''Yavuz'' was assigned to the task, and on 10 August she escorted a convoy of five coal transports, along with ''Hamidiye'' and three torpedo boats. During transit, the convoy was attacked by the Russian submarine ''Tyulen'', which sank one of the colliers. The following day, ''Tyulen'' and another submarine tried to attack ''Yavuz'' as well, though they were unable to reach a firing position. |
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Two Russian destroyers, ''Bystry'' and ''Pronzitelni'', attacked a Turkish convoy escorted by ''Hamidiye'' and two torpedo boats on 5 September. ''Hamidiye''<nowiki/>'s 15 cm (5.9 in) guns broke down during combat, and the Turks summoned ''Yavuz'', but she arrived too late: the Turkish colliers had already been beached to avoid capture by the Russian destroyers. |
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On 21 September, ''Yavuz Sultan Selim'' was again sent out of the Bosphorus to drive off three Russian destroyers which had been attacking Turkish coal ships. Escort missions continued until 14 November, when the submarine ''Morzh'' nearly hit ''Yavuz'' with two torpedoes just outside the Bosphorus. Admiral Souchon decided the risk to the battlecruiser was too great, and suspended the convoy system. In its stead, only those ships fast enough to make the journey from Zonguldak to Constantinople in a single night were permitted; outside the Bosphorus they would be met by torpedo boats to defend them against the lurking submarines. By the end of the summer, the completion of two new Russian dreadnought battleships, ''Imperatritsa Mariya'' and ''Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya'', further curtailed ''Yavuz''<nowiki/>'s activities. |
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====== 1916-1917 ====== |
====== 1916-1917 ====== |
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Admiral Souchon sent ''Yavuz'' to Zonguldak on 8 January to protect an approaching empty collier from Russian destroyers in the area, but the Russians sank the transport ship before ''Yavuz'' arrived. On the return trip to the Bosphorus, ''Yavuz'' encountered ''Imperatritsa Ekaterina''. The two ships engaged in a brief artillery duel, beginning at a range of 18,500 meters. ''Yavuz'' turned to the southwest, and in the first four minutes of the engagement, fired five salvos from her main guns. Neither ship scored any hits, though shell splinters from near misses struck ''Yavuz''. Though nominally much faster than ''Imperatritsa Ekaterina'', the Turkish battlecruiser's bottom was badly fouled and her propeller shafts were in poor condition. This made it difficult for ''Yavuz'' to escape from the powerful Russian battleship, which was reported to have reached 23.5 kn (43.5 km/h; 27.0 mph). |
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Russian forces were making significant gains into Ottoman territory during the Caucasus Campaign. In an attempt to prevent further advances by the Russian army, ''Yavuz'' rushed 429 officers and men, a mountain artillery battery, machine gun and aviation units, 1,000 rifles, and 300 cases of munitions to Trebizond on 4 February. On 4 March, the Russian navy landed a detachment of some 2,100 men, along with mountain guns and horses, on either side of the port of Atina. The Turks were caught by surprise and forced to evacuate. Another landing took place at Kavata Bay, some 5 miles east of Trebizond, in June. In late June, the Turks counterattacked and penetrated around 20 miles into the Russian lines. ''Yavuz'' and ''Midilli'' conducted a series of coastal operations to support the Turkish attacks. On 4 July, ''Yavuz'' shelled the port of Tuapse, where she sank a steamer and a motor schooner. The Turkish ships sailed northward to circle back behind the Russians before the two Russian dreadnoughts left Sevastopol to try to attack them. They then returned to the Bosphorus, where ''Yavuz'' was docked for repairs to her propeller shafts until September. |
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The coal shortage continued to worsen until Admiral Souchon was forced to suspend operations by ''Yavuz'' and ''Midilli'' through 1917. After an armistice between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was signed in December 1917 following the Bolshevik revolution, formalized in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, coal started to arrive again from eastern Turkey. |
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====== 1918 ====== |
====== 1918 ====== |
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On 20 January 1918, ''Yavuz'' and ''Midilli'' left the Dardanelles under the command of Vice Admiral Rebeur-Paschwitz, who had replaced Souchon the previous September. Rebeur-Paschwitz's intention was to draw Allied naval forces away from Palestine in support of Turkish forces there. Outside the straits, in the course of what became known as the Battle of Imbros, ''Yavuz'' surprised and sank the monitors''Raglan'' and ''M28'' which were at anchor and unsupported by the pre-dreadnoughts that should have been guarding them. Rebeur-Paschwitz then decided to proceed to the port of Mudros; there the British pre-dreadnought battleship ''Agamemnon'' was raising steam to attack the Turkish ships. While en route, ''Midilli'' struck several mines and sank; ''Yavuz'' hit three mines as well. Retreating to the Dardanelles and followed by the British destroyers HMS ''Lizard'' and ''Tigress'', she was intentionally beached near Nagara Point just outside the Dardanelles. The British attacked ''Yavuz'' with bombers from No. 2 Wing of the Royal Naval Air Service while she was grounded and hit her twice, but the bombs from the light aircraft were not heavy enough to do any serious damage. The monitor ''M17'' attempted to shell ''Yavuz'' on the evening of 24 January, but only managed to fire ten rounds before withdrawing to escape the Turkish artillery fire. The submarine ''E14'' was sent to destroy the damaged ship, but was too late; the old ex-German pre-dreadnought ''Turgut Reis'' had towed ''Yavuz'' off and returned her to the safety of Constantinople. ''Yavuz'' was crippled by the extensive damage; cofferdams were again built around the hull, and repairs lasted from 7 August to 19 October. |
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''Yavuz'' escorted the members of the Ottoman Armistice Commission to Odessa on 30 March 1918, after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. After returning to Constantinople she sailed in May to Sevastopol where she had her hull cleaned and some leaks repaired. ''Yavuz'' and several destroyers sailed for Novorossiysk on 28 June to intern the remaining Soviet warships, but they had already been scuttled when the Turkish ships arrived. The destroyers remained, but ''Yavuz'' returned to Sevastopol. On 14 July the ship was laid up for the rest of the war. While in Sevastopol, dockyard workers scraped fouling from the ship's bottom. ''Yavuz'' subsequently returned to Constantinople, where from 7 August to 19 October a concrete cofferdam was installed to repair one of the three areas damaged by mines. |
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The German navy formally transferred ownership of the vessel to the Turkish government on 2 November. According to the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres between the Ottoman Empire and the Western Allies, ''Yavuz'' was to have been handed over to the Royal Navy as war reparations. After the Turkish War of Independence, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Treaty of Sèvres was discarded, and the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in its place in 1923. Under this treaty, the new Turkish republic regained possession of much its fleet, including ''Yavuz''. |
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=== Penugasan pasca-Perang Dunia I === |
=== Penugasan pasca-Perang Dunia I === |
Revisi per 10 Desember 2017 12.43
SMS Goeben
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Sejarah | |
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German Empire | |
Nama | Goeben |
Asal nama | August Karl von Goeben |
Dipesan | 8 April 1909 |
Pembangun | Blohm & Voss, Hamburg |
Pasang lunas | 28 August 1909 |
Diluncurkan | 28 March 1911 |
Mulai berlayar | 2 July 1912 |
Nasib | Transferred to the Ottoman Empire 16 August 1914 |
Ottoman Empire | |
Nama | Yavuz Sultan Selim |
Asal nama | Selim I |
Diperoleh | 16 August 1914 |
Mulai berlayar | 16 August 1914 |
Dipensiunkan | 20 December 1950 |
Ganti nama | Yavuz in 1936 |
Dicoret | 14 November 1954 |
Nasib | Scrapped in 1973 |
Ciri-ciri umum | |
Kelas dan jenis | battlecruiser kelas-Moltke |
Berat benaman |
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Panjang | 1.866 m (6.122 ft 1 in)[1] |
Lebar | 30 m (98 ft 5 in)[1] |
Sarat air | 92 m (301 ft 10 in)[1] |
Tenaga | |
Pendorong | 4 screws, Parsons steam turbines |
Kecepatan | |
Jangkauan | 4,120 nmi (7,630 km; 4,741 mi) at 14 kn (26 km/h; 16 mph)[1] |
Awak kapal |
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Senjata |
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Pelindung |
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SMS[a] Goeben merupakan kapal penjelajah tempur kelas Moltke kedua sekaligus terakhir yang dimiliki oleh Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jerman. Kapal ini dibuat pada periode 1909-1911 dan kemudian diserahkan kepada Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Ottoman pada masa Perang Dunia I—tiga tahun setelah beroperasi di Angkatan Laut Jerman. SMS Goeben merupakan salah satu kapal tempur tercanggih pada masanya dan terlibat berbagai peristiwa penting selama Perang Dunia I. Jika dibandingkan dengan kapal perang milik Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Inggris dari kelas yang serupa (kelas indefatigable[b]), SMS Goeben memiliki sistem persenjataan dan perlindungan yang lebih baik. Bahkan, dalam peristiwa pengejaran Goeben dan Breslau yang terjadi di masa-masa awal Perang Dunia I, Ernest Troubridge, laksamana skuadron kapal Inggris yang melakukan pengejaran, akhirnya memutuskan untuk menghentikan aksinya akibat menganggap kapal ini sebagai suatu "kekuatan super" yang sebaiknya dihindari.
Beberapa bulan setelah diserahkan secara resmi kepada Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jerman, yakni pada Perang Balkan, SMS Goeben bersama dengan sebuah kapal penjelajah ringan SMS Breslau membentuk sebuah skuadron untuk ditugaskan untuk berpatroli di Laut Tengah. Skuadron yang terdiri dari kedua kapal ini kemudian menjadi satu-satunya skuadron kapal Kekaisaran Jerman yang berpatroli di Laut Tengah. Saat meletusnya Perang Dunia I, kedua kapal ini ditugaskan membombardir kota-kota pelabuhan koloni Perancis di Aljazair. Setelah itu, kedua kapal ini berhasil melarikan diri ke Konstantinopel sekaligus membawa misi diplomatik kepada Kekaisaran Ottoman. Keberhasilan pelarian kedua kapal untuk membawa misi diplomatik Kekaisaran Jerman membuat Winston Churchill yang pada Perang Dunia I merupakan komandan utama Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Inggris beberapa tahun pascaperang menuliskan : "kompas kapal-kapal ini (Goeben & Breslau) telah mengakibatkan lebih banyak pembunuhan, lebih banyak penderitaan, dan lebih banyak kehancuran, dari kapal manapun."
Bersama SMS Breslau, SMS Goeben secara resmi diserahkan kepada Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Ottoman pada 16 Agustus 1914. Pascapenyerahannya, SMS Goeben kemudian berganti nama menjadi Yavuz Sultan Selim atau biasa disingkat Yavuz. Kapal ini kemudian digunakan oleh Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Ottoman untuk membombardir kota-kota pelabuhan milik Rusia di Laut Hitam dan menandai secara resmi masuknya Kekaisaran Ottoman untuk berperang di pihak Jerman pada Perang Dunia I.
Pada tahun 1936, di bawah pemerintahan Mustafa Kemal Ataturk kapal ini kembali berganti nama menjadi TGC (kapal Republik Turki) Yavuz. Saat Mustafa Kemal Ataturk meninggal dunia pada November 1938, kapal ini kemudian diberikan tugas untuk membawa jenazahnya dari kota Istanbul ke Izmit. Yavuz tetap beroperasi di bawah bendera Angkatan Laut Turki hingga kemudian dipensiunkan pada tahun 1950. Kapal ini kemudian dibongkar pada tahun 1973 setelah pemerintah Jerman Barat menolak permintaan pembelian kapal tersebut dari Turki. SMS Goeben merupakan kapal buatan Kekaisaran Jerman terakhir yang dapat bertahan sekaligus menjadi kapal tipe-dreadnought dengan masa tugas terlama.
Deskripsi
Deskripsi umum
SMS Goeben adalah kapal tempur jenis penjelajah dengan panjang 186.6 meter, lebar 29,4 meter. Bobot kosong dari SMS Goeben adalah 25.400 ton. Kecepatan penuh dari kapal ini dapat mencapai 25.5 knots (47.2 km/jam; 29.3 mpj).[1] Pada kecepatan 14 knots (26 km/jam; 16 mpj), daya jelajah dari kapal ini dapat mencapai 4,120 mil laut (7,630 km; 4,740 mil). Kapal ini dipersenjatai oleh oleh 10 buah meriam utama SK L/50 berkaliber 28 cm yang terpasang pada lima buah kubah meriam di sekeliling kapal. Kapal ini juga dilengkapi oleh 4 torpedo bawah air berkaliber 50 cm.
Meriam utama
Penempatan 10 buah meriam utama pada SMS Goeben dapat dibagi kedalam lima indeks yakni A,B,C,D dan E. Posisi dari meriam utama yang memiliki indeks "A" berada pada garis tengah haluan kapal. Meriam "B" terletak diantara dua cerobong pembuangan di bagian sisi kanan kapal dan berada dekat dengan bagian luar dari pembatas dek kapal. Meriam "C" dan "D" berada di bagian tengah, tepat di belakang tiang buritan kapal. Meriam "C" memiliki posisi yang lebih tinggi dari "D" dan keduanya menghadap ke arah belakang dari dek utama kapal. Meriam "E" diletakan di sisi kiri kapal dan berada di antara cerobong pembuangan. Tiga dari meriam utama ini terletak segaris pada garis tengah panjang kapal yang bertujuan untuk menjaga keseeimbangan kapal. Penempatan meriam utama ini membuat empat meriam bekerja secara optimum saat kapal menembak target yang berada di salah satu sisi kapal. Meriam A, C, D, dan E dapat digunakan untuk menembak suatu target yang berada di sisi kiri kapal, sementara meriam A, B, C, dan D dapat digunakan untuk menembak suatu target yang berada di sisi kanan kapal. Jika kapal ini dalam posisi melarikan diri dari suatu kejaran kapal lainnya, maka meriam B, C, D, dan E dapat diarahkan ke belakang kapal untuk menembak kapal pengejar. Namun, saat terjadinya peristiwa pengejaran Goeben dan Breslau di Laut Tengah, hanya terdapat satu atau dua meriam yang dapat diarahkan. Sebaliknya, jika SMS Goeben melakukan pengejaran, maka meriam A, B, dan E dapat digunakan untuk menembak target yang melarikan diri.
Meriam sekunder
SMS Goeben memiliki 12 meriam dengan kaliber 15 cm. Meriam ini diletakan pada celah-celah yang terpasang di sekeliling dek kedua kapal. Bagian dalam dari sisi kapal yang digunakan sebagai tempat peletakan meriam ini dilapisi oleh zirah untuk melindungi kru operasional di lambung kapal. Enam buah meriam dipasang pada bagian kiri, enam bagian lainnya dipasang pada bagian kanan untuk menembak target yang berupa kapal kecil atau kapal torpedo secara serentak. Salah satu meriam yang terdapat di bagian kiri dan kanan kapal dapat diarahkan ke bagian belakang dan depan kapal untuk menembak suatu target jika diperlukan. Untuk pertahanan dari serangan udara, SMS Goeben dapat dikatakan memiliki cukup sedikit meriam anti pesawat dengan kaliber 88mm yang diletakan di berbagai lokasi. Empat buah meriam anti pesawat diletakan di depan tiang pengawas, dua lainnya dibelakang tiang ini, dan dua lagi berada di dek bagian depan dek utama. Terdapat juga 12 torpedo bawah air dengan kaliber 500mm yang terpasang pada kapal ini.
Lapisan pelindung
Kapal ini memiliki desain dengan lapisan pelindung yang lebih tebal jika dibandingkan dengan tipe kapal penjelajah lainnya pada saat itu. Namun, lapisan pelindung ini lebih tipis jika dibandingkan dengan kapal tempur besar pada umumnya. Lapisan pelindung yang menyelimuti dek SMS Goeben memiliki ketebalan bervariasi mulai dari paling tebal dengan ketebalan 76,2mm pada ruang mesin dan amunisi dan 25,4 mm pada bagian yang membutuhkan lebih sedikit perlindungan. Untuk melindungi kapal dari serangan torpedo, bagian sabuk kapal dilindungi oleh lapisan pelindung dengan rentang ketebalan 280-100mm. Bagian sabuk atas hingga bawah air (posisi meriam "A" hingga "D"), dilindungi oleh lapisan pelindung setebal 280mm. Ketebalan lapisan pelindung pada sabuk kapal kemudian mulai dikurangi menjadi 100mm mendekati bagian haluan dan buritan. Dinding-dinding sekat kapal memiliki rentang ketebalan 200-100mm. Disekeliling meriam dengan kaliber 15 cm diberi lapisan pelindung dengan ketebalan 230mm, kemudian menipis menjadi 30mm disekitarnya. Bagian atas-depan meriam utama memiliki lapisan pelindung setebal 230mm sementara bagian belakan memiliki lapisan pelindung setebal 61mm. Menara pengamat memiliki lapisan pelindung paling tebal yakni setebal 355mm dan dibagian tertipisnya dilindungi oleh lapisan setebal 5mm.
Sistem penggerak
Sistem penggerak kapal terdiri dari 4 buah penguap Schulz Thornycroft berbahan bakar batubara yang kemudian menghasilkan uap untuk menjalankan 4 buah turbin uap Parsons. Turbin-turbin ini membutuhkan uap yang dihasilkan oleh penguap Schulz Thornycroft untuk menggerakan 4 batang engkol penggerak, yang mana tiap engkolnya menghasilkan daya setara 85.782 tenaga kuda (63.968 kW). Baling-baling kapal ini sendiri memiliki diameter 3.74m. Sistem penggerak ini kemudian memungkinkan SMS Goeben bergerak maju dengan kecepatan 25,5 knot (47.2 km/j; 29.3 mpj) dengan kecepatan maksimum sebesar 28.4 knot (52.6 km/h; 32.7 mpj) untuk jarak yang pendek. Jarak tempuh kapal ini bergantung ketersediaan batu bara sebagai bahan bakar dan juga kebutuhan makanan dari kru kapal. Gudang penyimpanan bahan bakar mampu menampung hingga 3.300 ton batu bara. Kemudian ditambahkan pula nantinya tangki untuk menampung 200 ton minyak. Jarak lokasi serangan mendadak yang dapat dilakukan oleh SMS Goeben juga bergantung pada bahan bakar dan cuaca lautan. Daya jelajah kapal ini dapat mencapai 4.120 mil laut (7,630 km; 4,740 mi) pada kecepatan 14 knots (26 km/j; 16 mpj), dan daya maksimum operasional kapal ini sejauh 6.500 mil laut (12,038km; 7,480 mi) jika melaju dengan kecepatan 10 knot.
Tambahan lainnya
Goeben juga memiliki dua buah derek yang masing-masing diletakan di samping cerobong pembakaran di bagian tengah kapal. Derek ini umumnya berfungsi untuk menaikkan kebutuhan kapal mulai dari batu bara hingga makanan. Selain itu, derek ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menaikan dan menurunkan sekoci atau kapal-kapal kecil lainnya yang diangkut pada kapal ini. Sekoci dan kapal-kapal kecil yang terdapat pada kapal ini dapat digunakan sebagai transportasi oleh kru kapal untuk menuju ke pantai dari kapal atau sebaliknya. Kapal-kapal dan sekoci ini sebenarnya tidak ditujukan sebagai kapal penyelamat jika nantinya SMS Goeben tenggelam. Alih-alih, kru kapal yang jumlahnya dapat mencapai 1350 orang diberikan jaket pelampung dan raket karet untuk mengantisipasi peristiwa ini.
Angkatan laut kekaisaran Jerman
Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jerman memesan Goeben pada perusahan galangan kapal Jerman Blohm & Voss sebagai kapal tempur ketiga mereka pada 8 April 1909 dengan menggunakan nama pemesanan "H dan nomor konstruksi 201. Kerangka baja dari kapal ini berhasil diselesaikan pada 19 Agustus di tahun yang sama, dan pada 28 Maret 1911 kapal ini resmi diluncurkan. Setelah melakukan berbagai penyesuaian, kapal ini kemudian diserahkan untuk beroperasi kepada angkatan laut Jerman pada 2 Juli 1912.
Pascameletusnya Perang Balkan Pertama, pada 4 November 1912, SMS Goeben didampingi oleh SMS Breslau membentuk sebuah skuadron (Divisi-Mittelmeer) yang kemudian menjadi satu-satunya skuadron kapal Kekaisaran Jerman yang ditugaskan berpatroli di sekitar Laut Tengah .[4][5] Pada periode ini, SMS Goeben dan Breslau tidak pernah terlibat kontak senjata di Laut Tengah, SMS Goeben yang merupakan salah satu kapal penjelajah tempur paling canggih pada masa itu, berfokus membawa misi propaganda Kekaisaran Jerman untuk menanamkan pengaruhnya pada daerah-daerah di sekitar Laut Tengah. Beberapa kota pelabuhan yang sering dikunjungi diantaranya : Venesia, Napoli, Pula, dan Levant.[6][7] Pada periode April hingga September 1913, kedua kapal ini kemudian bergabung dengan dua kapal penjelajah ringan lainnya milik Kekaisaran Jerman, SMS Dresden dan Strasbourg, untuk berpatroli di Laut Adriatik.[6] Namun, setelah meletusnya Perang Balkan Kedua, SMS Goeben dan Breslau kembali ditugaskan untuk berpatroli di Laut Tengah.[7] Pada saat meletusnya Perang dunia I, SMS Goeben ditugaskan untuk memantau dan mengganggu pergerakan pasukan Perancis dari koloninya di Aljazair.[8][7]
Pada 23 Oktober 1913, Wilhelm Souchon ditunjuk sebagai laksamana dari skuadron kapal ini.[6][5] Menjelang dua tahun pascabertugas, pada awal musim panas di tahun 1914 , SMS Goeben diketahui mengalami beberapa kerusakan yang dapat dianggap serius.[8][7] Keausan mesin dan kebocoran pipa uap mengakibatkan efisiensi mesin berkurang, begitu pula dengan kecepatan kapal. Pada 10 Juli 1914, SMS Goeben menepi ke pangkalan Angkatan Laut Austria-Hongaria di Pula untuk melakukan perbaikan. [8][9] Pada saat-saat ini, Jerman mulai dicemaskan oleh ketiadaan sekutunya yang dapat menutup Laut Hitam sehingga kemudian memotong jalur logistik Rusia. Dalam hal ini, tawaran persekutuan yang sebelumnya pernah ditawarkan oleh Kekaisaran Ottoman menjadi sangat menguntungkan untuk diterima atau ditinjau kembali oleh Jerman. [10] Angkatan laut Jerman sebenarnya berencana menggantikan posisi SMS Goeben dengan kapal sejenis milik Jerman, SMS Moltke untuk berpatroli di Laut Tengah. Namun, pembunuhan terhadap Pangeran Franz Ferdinand di Sarajevo, Bosnia pada tanggal 28 Juni 1914 membuat meningkatnya ketegangan diantara negara-negara eropa sehingga rencana ini kemudian diurungkan.
The navy made plans to replace Goeben with her sister Moltke, but the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on 28 June 1914 and the subsequent rise in tensions between the Great Powers made this impossible.
Pada 28 Juli 1914, saat Austria-Hongaria mendeklarasikan perang terhadap Serbia, Wilhelm Souchon tengah berada di pelabuhan kota Pula, di pantai Adriatik, untuk memperbaiki sistem penguapan dari SMS Goeben—terdapat sekitar 4.460 pipa uap SMS Goeben yang seharusnya diganti.[8][11] Souchon menyadari saat itu bahwa, posisinya di Laut Tengah sedang tidak aman karena dikepung oleh 27 kapal angkatan laut Inggris yang merupakan musuh potensial Jerman.[11][12] Akibatnya, ia mulai bergegas untuk mempercepat proses perbaikan kapal. Pada 1 Agustus 1914, tanpa terlebih dahulu menyelesaikan perbaikan secara tuntas, Souchon memerintahkan SMS Goeben untuk berlayar ke arah barat Laut Tengah menyusul SMS Breslau yang sebelumnya telah terlebih dahulu berangkat.[11]
Pengejaran kapal Goeben dan Breslau
Angkatan laut Inggris dan Perancis sebenarnya telah mewaspadai pergerakan SMS Goeben dan Breslau di Laut Tengah yang diyakini akan mengganggu kapal-kapal transportasi Perancis.[13] Perkiraan ini sesuai dengan perintah Kaisar Wilhelm II yang telah mengintruksikan SMS Goeben dan Breslau untuk melakukan serangan di bagian barat Laut Tengah, sebagai antisipasi kembalinya pasukan Perancis dari koloninya di Aljazair ke Eropa, ataupun kemudian meloloskan diri ke Samudra Atlantik untuk kembali ke perairan Jerman.[14] Namun, Jerman telah bersiap lebih awal akan hal ini — sebelum dideklarasikannya perang. Pada tanggal 3 Agustus 1914, Souchon telah mengarahkan kedua kapalnya ke Aljazair, dan dalam perjalanan, Souchon menerima kabar bahwa, Kekaisaran Jerman telah mendeklarasikan perang terhadap Perancis.[15] Pada 4 Agustus 1914, setibanya di wilayah Aljazair, SMS Goeben kemudian membombardir kota Philippevile. Berselang 10 menit kemudian, SMS Breslau memborbardir kota Bône sesuai perintah Kaisar.[16][11] Meskipun serangan ini mengakibatkan kerusakan yang relatif minor, serangan ini mengakibatkan dampak psikologis terhadap armada Sekutu dan berhasil menunda pengiriman tentara Perancis ke Eropa.[11] Setelah melakukan serangan tersebut, Wilhelm Souchon menerima telegram perintah lain dari atasannya— Alfred von Tirpitz dan Hugo von Pohl — untuk secara diam-diam berlayar ke Konstantinopel. Perintah ini berlawanan dan bahkan dilakukan tanpa sepengetahuan Kaisar Wilhelm II.[17]
Dikarenakan Goeben dan Breslau tidak dapat sampai ke Konstantinopel tanpa mengisi ulang bahan bakar yang berupa batubara, kedua kapal ini kemudian berlayar kearah timur menuju Messina untuk mengisi ulang bahan bakar.[18] Dalam perjalanan, mereka bertemu dua kapal Inggris—HMS Indomitable dan Indefatigable—yang bergerak berlawanan arah. Pada saat itu, Inggris belum mendeklarasikan perang terhadap Jerman sehingga tidak terjadi kontak senjata antar kapal.[19][20] Kapal-kapal Inggris ini kemudian hanya diperintahkan melacak dan mengikuti pergerakan dari SMS Goeben dan Breslau.[19] Mengetahui kapalnya diikuti, Souchon memerintahkan agar skuadronnya berlayar dengan kecepatan penuh untuk sampai ke Messina. Meskipun diketahui bahwa, kecepatan dari SMS Goeben dapat mencapai 25.5 knot (47,2 km/jam),[1] kerusakan komponen menyebabkan Goeben hanya dapat berlayar dengan kecepatan 22 knot.[21] Hal ini pun tercapai setelah melalui usaha yang sangat keras dari kru kapal. Tercatat setidaknya empat orang kru kapal yang bertugas di tungku pembakaran SMS Goeben tewas akibat kepanasan.[21][22] Dibandingkan Goeben dan Breslau, kedua kapal Inggris ini memiliki kecepatan yang lebih rendah, sehingga tak lama kemudian Goeben dan Breslau lolos dari pantauan kedua kapal ini. Keesokan paginya, pada 5 Agustus 1914, ketika Inggris dan Jerman secara resmi telah dalam keadaan berperang, skuadron kapal Souchon telah sampai tanpa gangguan ke wilayah Messina.[20]
Saat mengisi batu bara di Messina, Souchon menerima telegram yang berisi perintah pembatalan misi ke Konstantinopel, dikarenakan Kekaisaran Ottoman saat itu telah membatalkan izin yang sebelumnya diberikan kepada Goeben dan Breslau untuk melewati Dardanelles. Di bawah tekanan dari pemerintah Italia di Messina yang menghendaki kepergian kedua kapal secepatnya, Souchon pada akhirnya memutuskan untuk tetap berlayar ke Konstantinopel. Ia mengetahui bahwa, kapal-kapal Inggris dan Perancis telah menunggunya di Laut Tengah, dan lebih memilih memaksa Ottoman untuk menerima kedua kapalnya.[11]
Sebelum tengah malam, pada 6 Agustus 1914, Ernest Troubridge yang merupakan komandan kapal penjelajah Inggris di Laut Tengah menerima laporan terkait posisi terkini SMS Goeben dan Breslau. [23] Beberapa saat kemudian, Goeben dan Breslau mengangkat jangkarnya dan pergi ke arah timur menuju Konstantinopel.[24] Awalnya kedua kapal ini terlihat menuju Laut Adriatik. Melihat kondisi ini, skuadron kapal penjelajah inggris yang terdiri dari HMS Defence, Warrior, Black Prince dan Duke of Edinburgh melakukan gerakan memotong untuk menghalangi kedua kapal Jerman ini memasuki Laut Adriatik. Namun, rupanya gerakan ini sengaja dibuat oleh Souchon untuk mengelabui angkatan laut Inggris—alih-alih meneruskan pelayarannya ke Laut Adriatik, Souchon kemudian memerintahkan kapal-kapalnya untuk berbelok arah menuju Dardanelles.[23][25] Menyadari kesalahannya, Ernest Troubridge juga ikut memutar haluannya dan memerintahkan HMS Dublin beserta dua buah kapal penghancur yang mengikutinya untuk menyusul dan kemudian menyerang kedua kapal Jerman tersebut..[23] Pada 7 Agustus 1914, Troubridge memutuskan untuk menghentikan pengejaran terhadap Goeben dan Breslau.[26] Sebelumnya Winston Churchill diketahui telah mengirimkan telegram[c][27] agar angkatan laut Inggris di Laut Tengah menghindari kontak senjata terhadap "kekuatan super"—maksud Churchill terkait "kekuatan super" adalah angkatan laut Austria-Hongaria yang kemungkinan pada saat itu tengah berpatroli di Laut Adriatik.[13][21] Ernest Troubridge menyalahartikan maksud dari Churchill dan menganggap bahwa, "kekuatan super" tersebut adalah SMS Goeben dan Breslau, yang dari segi ukuran dan persenjataan jauh lebih besar sekaligus lebih canggih jika dibandingkan dengan armada Troubridge yang saat itu melakukan pengejaran.[21][28]
SMS Goeben dan Breslau kemudian berlabuh di Pulau Donoussa untuk kembali mengisi bahan bakarnya.[29] Pada sore hari, 10 Agustus 1914, kedua kapal ini memasuki wilayah Dardanelles dan bertemu kapal Ottoman yang kemudian mengawal mereka melewati Laut Marmara.[30] Untuk mempertahankan netralitasnya di publik internasional, pada saat itu, Kekaisaran Ottoman menawarkan pengalihan kepemilikan kapal melalui sebuah transaksi penjualan fiktif. Sebelum penawaran ini disetujui oleh Jerman, pada tanggal 11 Agustus 1914, Kekaisaran Ottoman mengumumkan bahwa, mereka telah melakukan pembelian senilai 80 juta Mark terhadap kapal ini.[31][32] Pada tanggal 16 Agustus 1914, kedua kapal ini secara resmi diserahkan kepada Kekaisaran Ottoman oleh Jerman. Setelah itu, SMS Goeben berganti nama menjadi Yavuz Sultan Selim dan SMS Breslau berganti nama menjadi Midilli.[31]
Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Ottoman
Operasi Laut Hitam
1914
Pada taanggal 29 Oktober
On 29 October Yavuz bombarded Sevastopol in her first operation against Imperial Russia, though the Ottoman Empire was not yet at war with the Entente; Souchon conducted the operation to force Turkey into the war on the side of Germany. A 25.4 cm (10 in) shell struck the ship in the after funnel, but it failed to detonate and did negligible damage. Two other hits inflicted minor damage. The ship and her escorts passed through an inactive Russian minefield during the bombardment. As she returned to Turkish waters, Yavuz came across the Russian minelayer Prut which scuttled herself with 700 mines on board. During the engagement the escorting Russian destroyer Lieutenant Pushkin was damaged by two of Yavuz's secondary battery 15 cm (5.9 in) shells. In response to the bombardment, Russia declared war on 1 November, thus forcing the Ottomans into the wider world war. France and Great Britain bombarded the Turkish fortresses guarding the Dardanelles on 3 November and formally declared war two days later. From this engagement, the Russians drew the conclusion that the entire Black Sea Fleet would have to remain consolidated so it could not be defeated in detail (one ship at a time) by Yavuz.
Yavuz, escorted by Midilli, intercepted the Russian Black Sea Fleet 17 nautical miles (31 km; 20 mi) off the Crimean coastline on 18 November as it returned from a bombardment of Trebizond. Despite the noon hour the conditions were foggy and none of the capital ships were spotted initially. The Black Sea Fleet had experimented with concentrating fire from several ships under the control of one "master" ship before the war, and Evstafi held her fire until Ioann Zlatoust, the master ship, could see Yavuz. When the gunnery commands were finally received they showed a range over 4,000 yards (3,700 m) in excess of Evstafi's own estimate of 7,700 yards (7,000 m), so Evstafi opened fire using her own data before Yavuz turned to fire its broadside. She scored a hit with her first salvo as a 12-inch shell partially penetrated the armor casemate protecting one of Yavuz's 15-centimeter (5.9 in) secondary guns. It detonated some of the ready-use ammunition, starting a fire that filled the casemate and killed the entire gun crew. A total of thirteen men were killed and three were wounded.
Yavuz returned fire and hit Evstafi in the middle funnel; the shell detonated after it passed through the funnel and destroyed the antennae for the fire-control radio, so that Evstaficould not correct Ioann Zlatoust's inaccurate range data. The other Russian ships either used Ioann Zlatoust's incorrect data or never saw Yavuz and failed to register any hits. Yavuz hit Evstafi four more times, although one shell failed to detonate, before Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon decided to break contact after 14 minutes of combat. The four hits out of nineteen 28 cm (11 in) shells fired killed 34 men and wounded 24.
The following month, on 5–6 December, Yavuz and Midilli provided protection for troop transports, and on 10 December, Yavuz bombarded Batum. On 23 December, Yavuz and Hamidiye escorted three transports to Trebizond. While returning from another transport escort operation on 26 December, Yavuz struck a mine that exploded beneath the conning tower, on the starboard side, about one nautical mile outside the Bosphorus. The explosion tore a 50-square-meter (540 sq ft) hole in the ship's hull, but the torpedo bulkhead held. Two minutes later, Yavuz struck a second mine on the port side, just forward of the main battery wing barbette; this tore open a 64-square-meter (690 sq ft) hole. The bulkhead bowed in 30 cm (12 in) but retained watertight protection of the ship's interior. However, some 600 tons of water flooded the ship. There was no dock in the Ottoman Empire large enough to service Yavuz, so temporary repairs were effected inside steel cofferdams, which were pumped out to create a dry work area around the damaged hull. The holes were patched with concrete, which held for several years before more permanent work was necessary.
1915
Still damaged, Yavuz sortied from the Bosphorus on 28 January and again on 7 February 1915 to help Midilli escape the Russian fleet; she also covered the return of the protected cruiser Hamidiye. Yavuz then underwent repair work to the mine damage until May. On 1 April, with repairs incomplete, Yavuz left the Bosphorus in company with Midilli to cover the withdrawal of Hamidiye and the protected cruiser Mecidiye, which had been sent to bombard Odessa. Strong currents, however, forced the cruisers 15 miles (24 km) east to the approaches of the Dnieper-Bug Liman (bay) that led to Nikolayev. As they sailed west after a course correction, Mecidiye struck a mine and sank, so this attack had to be aborted.After Yavuz and Midilli appeared off Sevastopol and sank two cargo steamers, the Russian fleet chased them all day, and detached several destroyers after dusk to attempt a torpedo attack. Only one destroyer, Gnevny, was able to close the distance and launch an attack, which missed. Yavuz and Midilli returned to the Bosphorus unharmed.
On 25 April, the same day the Allies landed at Gallipoli, Russian naval forces arrived off the Bosphorus and bombarded the forts guarding the strait. Two days later Yavuz Sultan Selim headed south to the Dardanelles to bombard Allied troops at Gallipoli, accompanied by the pre-dreadnought battleship Turgut Reis. They were spotted at dawn from a kite balloon as they were getting into position. When the first 15-inch (380 mm) round from the dreadnought Queen Elizabeth landed close by, Yavuz moved out of firing position, close to the cliffs, where Queen Elizabeth could not engage her. On 30 April Yavuz tried again, but was spotted from the pre-dreadnought Lord Nelson which had moved into the Dardanelles to bombard the Turkish headquarters at Çanakkale. The British ship only managed to fire five rounds before Yavuz moved out of her line of sight.
On 1 May, Yavuz sailed to the Bay of Beikos in the Bosphorus after the Russian fleet bombarded the fortifications at the mouth of the Bosphorus. Around 7 May, Yavuz sortied from the Bosphorus in search of Russian ships as far as Sevastopol, but found none. Running short on main gun ammunition, she did not bombard Sevastopol. While returning on the morning of 10 May, Yavuz's lookouts spotted two Russian pre-dreadnoughts, Tri Sviatitelia and Panteleimon, and she opened fire. Within the first ten minutes she had been hit twice, although she was not seriously damaged. Admiral Souchon disengaged and headed for the Bosphorus, pursued by Russian light forces. Later that month two of the ship's 15 cm guns were taken ashore for use there, and the four 8.8 cm guns in the aft superstructure were removed at the same time. Four 8.8 cm anti-aircraft were installed on the aft superstructure by the end of 1915.
On 18 July, Midilli struck a mine; the ship took on some 600 long tons (610 t) of water and was no longer able to escort coal convoys from Zonguldak to the Bosphorus. Yavuz was assigned to the task, and on 10 August she escorted a convoy of five coal transports, along with Hamidiye and three torpedo boats. During transit, the convoy was attacked by the Russian submarine Tyulen, which sank one of the colliers. The following day, Tyulen and another submarine tried to attack Yavuz as well, though they were unable to reach a firing position.
Two Russian destroyers, Bystry and Pronzitelni, attacked a Turkish convoy escorted by Hamidiye and two torpedo boats on 5 September. Hamidiye's 15 cm (5.9 in) guns broke down during combat, and the Turks summoned Yavuz, but she arrived too late: the Turkish colliers had already been beached to avoid capture by the Russian destroyers.
On 21 September, Yavuz Sultan Selim was again sent out of the Bosphorus to drive off three Russian destroyers which had been attacking Turkish coal ships. Escort missions continued until 14 November, when the submarine Morzh nearly hit Yavuz with two torpedoes just outside the Bosphorus. Admiral Souchon decided the risk to the battlecruiser was too great, and suspended the convoy system. In its stead, only those ships fast enough to make the journey from Zonguldak to Constantinople in a single night were permitted; outside the Bosphorus they would be met by torpedo boats to defend them against the lurking submarines. By the end of the summer, the completion of two new Russian dreadnought battleships, Imperatritsa Mariya and Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya, further curtailed Yavuz's activities.
1916-1917
Admiral Souchon sent Yavuz to Zonguldak on 8 January to protect an approaching empty collier from Russian destroyers in the area, but the Russians sank the transport ship before Yavuz arrived. On the return trip to the Bosphorus, Yavuz encountered Imperatritsa Ekaterina. The two ships engaged in a brief artillery duel, beginning at a range of 18,500 meters. Yavuz turned to the southwest, and in the first four minutes of the engagement, fired five salvos from her main guns. Neither ship scored any hits, though shell splinters from near misses struck Yavuz. Though nominally much faster than Imperatritsa Ekaterina, the Turkish battlecruiser's bottom was badly fouled and her propeller shafts were in poor condition. This made it difficult for Yavuz to escape from the powerful Russian battleship, which was reported to have reached 23.5 kn (43.5 km/h; 27.0 mph).
Russian forces were making significant gains into Ottoman territory during the Caucasus Campaign. In an attempt to prevent further advances by the Russian army, Yavuz rushed 429 officers and men, a mountain artillery battery, machine gun and aviation units, 1,000 rifles, and 300 cases of munitions to Trebizond on 4 February. On 4 March, the Russian navy landed a detachment of some 2,100 men, along with mountain guns and horses, on either side of the port of Atina. The Turks were caught by surprise and forced to evacuate. Another landing took place at Kavata Bay, some 5 miles east of Trebizond, in June. In late June, the Turks counterattacked and penetrated around 20 miles into the Russian lines. Yavuz and Midilli conducted a series of coastal operations to support the Turkish attacks. On 4 July, Yavuz shelled the port of Tuapse, where she sank a steamer and a motor schooner. The Turkish ships sailed northward to circle back behind the Russians before the two Russian dreadnoughts left Sevastopol to try to attack them. They then returned to the Bosphorus, where Yavuz was docked for repairs to her propeller shafts until September.
The coal shortage continued to worsen until Admiral Souchon was forced to suspend operations by Yavuz and Midilli through 1917. After an armistice between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was signed in December 1917 following the Bolshevik revolution, formalized in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918, coal started to arrive again from eastern Turkey.
1918
On 20 January 1918, Yavuz and Midilli left the Dardanelles under the command of Vice Admiral Rebeur-Paschwitz, who had replaced Souchon the previous September. Rebeur-Paschwitz's intention was to draw Allied naval forces away from Palestine in support of Turkish forces there. Outside the straits, in the course of what became known as the Battle of Imbros, Yavuz surprised and sank the monitorsRaglan and M28 which were at anchor and unsupported by the pre-dreadnoughts that should have been guarding them. Rebeur-Paschwitz then decided to proceed to the port of Mudros; there the British pre-dreadnought battleship Agamemnon was raising steam to attack the Turkish ships. While en route, Midilli struck several mines and sank; Yavuz hit three mines as well. Retreating to the Dardanelles and followed by the British destroyers HMS Lizard and Tigress, she was intentionally beached near Nagara Point just outside the Dardanelles. The British attacked Yavuz with bombers from No. 2 Wing of the Royal Naval Air Service while she was grounded and hit her twice, but the bombs from the light aircraft were not heavy enough to do any serious damage. The monitor M17 attempted to shell Yavuz on the evening of 24 January, but only managed to fire ten rounds before withdrawing to escape the Turkish artillery fire. The submarine E14 was sent to destroy the damaged ship, but was too late; the old ex-German pre-dreadnought Turgut Reis had towed Yavuz off and returned her to the safety of Constantinople. Yavuz was crippled by the extensive damage; cofferdams were again built around the hull, and repairs lasted from 7 August to 19 October.
Yavuz escorted the members of the Ottoman Armistice Commission to Odessa on 30 March 1918, after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. After returning to Constantinople she sailed in May to Sevastopol where she had her hull cleaned and some leaks repaired. Yavuz and several destroyers sailed for Novorossiysk on 28 June to intern the remaining Soviet warships, but they had already been scuttled when the Turkish ships arrived. The destroyers remained, but Yavuz returned to Sevastopol. On 14 July the ship was laid up for the rest of the war. While in Sevastopol, dockyard workers scraped fouling from the ship's bottom. Yavuz subsequently returned to Constantinople, where from 7 August to 19 October a concrete cofferdam was installed to repair one of the three areas damaged by mines.
The German navy formally transferred ownership of the vessel to the Turkish government on 2 November. According to the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres between the Ottoman Empire and the Western Allies, Yavuz was to have been handed over to the Royal Navy as war reparations. After the Turkish War of Independence, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the Treaty of Sèvres was discarded, and the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in its place in 1923. Under this treaty, the new Turkish republic regained possession of much its fleet, including Yavuz.
Penugasan pasca-Perang Dunia I
Yavuz dan kapal-kapal penghancur milik Turki lainnya tiba di Sevastopol pada pertengahan Juli 1918 dan kemudian ditempatkan di galangan kapal Sevastopol. Yavuz kemudian diperbaiki dan terparkir hingga periode akhir Perang Dunia I di bulan November. Angkatan Laut Jerman secara formal menyerahkan kepemilikan kedua kapal ini kepada pemerintah Turki pada 2 November 1918 tanpa adanya pembayaran moneter. Perang Dunia I kemudian secara resmi berakhir pada 11 November 1918 dan Kekaisaran Jerman, Kekaisaran Austria-Hongaria, serta Kekaisaran Ottoman berada di pihak yang kalah. Merujuk pada Perjanjian Sevres antara Kekaisaran Ottoman dan Sekutu, Yavuz seharusnya menjadi bagian dari rampasan perang Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Inggris. Namun, saat itu kondisi Yavuz sedang mengalami kerusakan dan dinilai tidak terlalu berharga, sehingga Angkatan Laut Kerajaan Inggris tidak jadi mengambilnya dan tetap meninggalkannya di galangan kapal Sevastopol. Pada tahun 1923 setelah Perang Kemerdekaan Turki, Perjanjian Sevres mengalami perubahan dan kemudian digantikan oleh Perjanjuan Lausanne yang mana perjanjian ini menghendaki seluruh kapal perang milik Turki termasuk di dalamnya Yavuz yang sebelumnya disita oleh sekutu, diserahkan kembali untuk menjadi bagian dari Angkatan Laut Turki. Pada periode ini, Yavuz merupakan satu-satunya kapal perang buatan Jerman yang masih secara resmi beroperasi. Pada periode 1918-1926, kapal ini berada di bagian galangan kapal pelabuhan kota Izmit. Kapal ini masih tidak mampu berlayar akibat hanya dua dari empat sistem penguap lamanya yang bekerja, serta kerusakan lainnya akibat ranjau kapal belum diperbaiki sepenuhnya. Pemerintah Turki kemudian mengalokasikan sejumlah dana sehingga perbaikan terhadap haluan kapal Yavuz dapat terselesaikan. Sistem penguap kapal ini kemudian diubah kedalam sistem yang menggunakan bahan bakar campuran minyak-batu bara. Selain itu, kapal ini juga mendapatkan penambahan beberapa komponen persenjataan anti pesawat.
Bagi Turki yang saat itu sedang berfokus mengembangkan angkatan lautnya untuk menyaingi Yunani yang merupakan musuh lamanya serta Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet di Laut Tengah, Yavuz merupakan komponen yang sangat penting dalam Angkatan Laut Turki. Bahkan, pemerintah Turki kemudian memesan empat kapal penghancur dan dua buah kapal selam dari Italia sebagai pelengkap angkatan lautnya. Pada 1930, haluan kapal Yavuz kemudian dikurangi panjangnya sebesar 40 cm dan lebarnya ditambah sepanjang 10cm. Berat kosongnya pun bertambah 100 ton dikarenakan penambahan baja untuk perbaikan haluan serta mesin penguap baru yang ditambahkan. Untuk menambah stabilitas, beberapa meriam yang ada di kapal ini kemudian di lepas. Kapal ini berlayar dan beroperasi kembali pada 1936 dan pelayarannya dilindungi oleh empat buah kapal penghancur yang baru dipesan. Namun, pada 1937, kurangnya persenjataan anti pesawat membuat Angkatan Laut Turki menganggap kapal ini ketinggalan zaman.
Perang Dunia II
Yavuz berserta kapal-kapal pengiringnya pasca-Perang Dunia I masih ditugaskan untuk berpatroli di perairan Turki di kawasan Laut Hitam. Tidak seperti Perang Dunia I, ketika Perang Dunia II pecah pada tahun 1939, Turki memilih untuk tetap netral. Salah satu faktor utamanya adalah korban jiwa yang mencapai 5 juta jiwa ditambah dengan terlepasnya sebagian besar daerah kekuasaan Kekaisaran Ottoman pada Perang Dunia I. Walau dalam posisi netral, Turki tetap melengkapi sistem persenjataan Yavuz dengan menambah berbagai jenis meriam anti pesawat. Pada tahun 1941, pemerintah Turki menambahkan meriam anti pesawat berkaliber 88mm sebanyak 4 buah, kaliber 40mm sebanyak 10 buah, dan kaliber 20mm sebanyak 4 buah. Pemerintah Turki kembali meningkatkan persenjataan anti pesawat Yavuz dengan menambahkan 22 meriam anti pesawat berkaliber 40mm dan 24 lainnya berkaliber 20mm.
Pasca-Perang Dunia II
Setelah Perang Dunia II, Yavuz terlibat dalam penyambutan kapal perang Amerika Serikat—USS Misouri, USS Providence, dan USS Power— yang tiba di Istanbul pada 5 April 1946 untuk mengembalikan diplomat Turki yang sebelumnya masih berada di Amerika Serikat. Yavuz melakukan penyambutannya di Selat Bosphorus dengan menembakan 19 meriam utamanya.
Pada tahun 1948, Yavuz ditempatkan di Teluk Izmit dan pada akhirnya secara resmi berhenti beroperasi sebagai kapal perang utama Turki pada 20 Desember 1950. Kapal ini tetap dijangkarkan selama 4 tahun kemudian hingga tanggal 14 November 1954, nama Yavuz di coret dari nomor registrasi kapal Angkatan Laut Turki. Turki sempat menawarkan pembelian kembali kapal ini kepada pemerintah Jerman Barat namun ditolak. Akhirnya, pada tahun 1971 pemerintah Turki menjual kapal Yavuz kepada perusahaan swasta untuk dibongkar, dan pada tahun 1976 kapal ini telah terbongkar habis. Pelayaran terakhir kapal ini adalah pada 7 Juni 1973 dengan ditarik oleh kapal penarik menuju galangan pembongkaran. Jika dihitung, SMS Goeben (Yavuz) telah bertugas selama 64 tahun sekaligus menjadi kapal buatan Eropa terakhir dari jenis Dreadnoughts yang dapat bertahan.
Baca juga
Notes
Catatan kaki
- ^ "SMS" merupakan kepanjangan dari "Seiner Majestät Schiff ", atau "Kapal Sang Kaisar" dalam bahasa Jerman
- ^ Kapal Indefatigable atau sejenis memiliki bobot 22.100 t (21.800 ton panjang; 24.400 ton pendek) saat dalam keadaan penuh, sebagai perbandingan, kapal SMS Goeben atau sejenis memiliki bobot penuh 25.400 t (25.000 ton panjang; 28.000 ton pendek). Indefatigable juga dilindungi oleh lapisan baja setebal 4–6 in (100–150 mm). Sementara, lapisan baja Goeben's memiliki ketebalan 11–3 in (279–76 mm) . Lihat: Gardiner & Gray, hlm. 26 & 152.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
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Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Staff, hlm. 12.
- ^ Staff, hlm. 14.
- ^ Staff, hlm. 13.
- ^ Tuchman, hlm. 166.
- ^ a b German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople.
- ^ a b c Staff, hlm. 18.
- ^ a b c d Superior Force.
- ^ a b c d Massie, hlm. 27 :"To bar the passage of the French troopships was one of the purposes for which Goeben had been sent to the Mediterranean in 1912....".
- ^ "First World War.com - Primary Documents - The Flight of the Goeben and Breslau, August 1914". www.firstworldwar.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2017-11-26.
- ^ Tuchman, hlm. 163.
- ^ a b c d e f the Malta garrison.
- ^ Gordon, hlm. 17.
- ^ a b Guns of August.
- ^ Halpern, hlm. 51.
- ^ Massie, hlm. 29-30.
- ^ The Man Who Let Goeben Escape.
- ^ Herwig, hlm. 153.
- ^ Halpern, hlm. 52.
- ^ a b Massie, hlm. 30-31..
- ^ a b Halpern, hlm. 51-52.
- ^ a b c d Strachan, hlm. 646.
- ^ Tuchman, hlm. 184.
- ^ a b c The Man Who Let Goeben Escape.
- ^ Halpern, hlm. 54.
- ^ Massie, hlm. 41-42.
- ^ Tuchman, hlm. 180-182.
- ^ Milne, hlm. 39.
- ^ Massie & 31.
- ^ Halpern, hlm. 56.
- ^ German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople.
- ^ a b Hamilton & Herwig, hlm. 164.
- ^ Strachan, hlm. 650.
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Sumber lainnya
- "10 August, This day in History : German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople". History Channel. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- Andrew, Gordon (2005). "The transition to war: the Goeben debacle, August 1914". Dalam Ian, Speller. The Royal Navy and Maritime Power in the Twentieth Century. Abingdon: Frank Cass Publishing. ISBN 0-415-35004-2.
- "GUNS OF AUGUST 1914-2014 – "The Terrible 'Ifs' Accumulate": The Escape of the Goeben". INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- "The pursuit of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, the Malta garrison and German POWs in 1914". Times of Malta. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- "The Man Who Let Goeben Escape". HistoryNet. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- "The Ottoman Empire". New Zaeland History. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- Trumpener, Ulrich (1966). "Liman von Sanders and the German-Ottoman Alliance". Journal of Contemporary History. London: SAGE Journals. 1 (4): 179 – 192. doi:10.1177/002200946600100407.
- "Superior Force : The Conspiracy Behind the Escape of Goeben and Breslau". Superior Force. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
Other sources
- Eliot, George Fielding (6 November 1939). "Turkey Bestrides the Dardanelles". Life. Time Inc. ISSN 0024-3019. Diakses tanggal 17 February 2010.
- Hownam-Meek, R. S. S.; et al. (2000). "Question 3/99: The Loss of the German Light Cruiser Breslau". Warship International. Toledo, OH: International Naval Research Organization. XXXVII (1): 92–95. ISSN 0043-0374.
- "Second Hague Convention, Section 13". avalon.law.yale.edu. 18 October 1907. Diakses tanggal 2 June 2012.
Pranala Luar
- "10 August, This day in History : German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople". History Channel. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- "GUNS OF AUGUST 1914-2014 – "The Terrible 'Ifs' Accumulate": The Escape of the Goeben". INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- "The pursuit of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, the Malta garrison and German POWs in 1914". Times of Malta. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- "The Man Who Let Goeben Escape". HistoryNet. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- "Superior Force : The Conspiracy Behind the Escape of Goeben and Breslau". Superior Force. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
- "The Ottoman Empire". New Zaeland History. Diakses tanggal 22 November 2017.
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