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Pound sterling: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Sejarah (600 hingga 1945) ==
== Sejarah (600 hingga 1945) ==
{{anchor|History}} <!-- previous section title-->
[[File:The Pound.jpg|thumb|right|Satu pon = 20 shilling = 240 sen perak (sebelumnya)]]
Pound sterling muncul setelah adopsi sistem moneter Carolingian di Inggris <abbr>c.</abbr>  800 . Berikut rangkuman perubahan nilainya dari segi perak atau emas hingga tahun 1914. <ref name="History1300">{{cite web |last=Shaw |first=William Arthur |date=13 May 1896 |title=The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44 |publisher=Putnam |via=Google Books |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150410/https://books.google.com/books?id=GrJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="History1500">{{cite web |last=Shaw |first=William Arthur |date=13 May 1896 |title=The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA113 |publisher=Putnam |via=Google Books |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084753/https://books.google.com/books?id=GrJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA113 |url-status=live }}</ref>


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Nilai £1 sterling dalam gram dan troy ons
|-
! rowspan="2" | tahun
! colspan="2" | perak
! colspan="2" | emas
|-
! gram !! troy ons !! gram !! troy ons
|-
| 800 || {{convert|349.9|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}} || – || –
|-
| 1158 || {{convert|323.7|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}} || – || –
|-
| 1351 || {{convert|258.9|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}} || {{convert|23.21|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|-
| 1412 || {{convert|215.8|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}} || {{convert|20.89|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|-
| 1464 || {{convert|172.6|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}} || {{convert|15.47|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|-
| 1551 || {{convert|115.1|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}} || {{convert|10.31|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|-
| 1601 || {{convert|111.4|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''variabel''
|-
| 1717 || {{convert|111.4|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}} || {{convert|7.32238|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|-
| 1816 || – || – || {{convert|7.32238|g|ozt|abbr=on|disp=table}}
|}

===Anglo-Saxon===
<!--[[Anglo-Saxon pound]] redirects here. If changing this section title, please revise that redirect to match. -->
{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2021}}
{{see also|:en:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)}}

atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Sejarah sen Inggris (c. 600 – 1066).[[File:Offa king of Mercia 757 796.jpg|thumb|upright 0.5|Penny Raja Offa (abad kedelapan) <ref>{{cite web |title=Coin |publisher=[[British Museum]] |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_E-5736 |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182741/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_E-5736 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Pound adalah unit akun di Inggris Anglo-Saxon . Pada abad kesembilan itu sama dengan 240 pence perak . <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Naismith |first=Rory |title= Coinage|page=330 |year=2014b|editor1-first= Michael|editor1-last= Lapidge|editor2-first= John|editor2-last= Blair|editor3-first= Simon|editor3-last= Keynes |editor4-first= Donald|editor4-last= Scragg |encyclopedia=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England|edition=Second|location=Chichester, UK|publisher= Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-470-65632-7}}</ref>

Sistem akuntansi untuk membagi satu pon menjadi dua puluh shilling , satu shilling menjadi dua belas pence, dan satu sen menjadi empat farthing diadopsi <sup>[ ''kapan?'' ]</sup> dari yang diperkenalkan oleh Charlemagne ke Kekaisaran Frank (lihat livre carolingienne ). <sup>[ ''rujukan?'' ]</sup> Penny disingkat menjadi "d", dari ''denarius'' , padanan Romawi untuk penny; shilling menjadi "s" dari solidus (kemudian berkembang menjadi sederhana / ); dan pound menjadi "L" (selanjutnya £ ) dari ''Libra'' atau ''Livre''. <sup>[ ''kapan?'' ]</sup> {{when|date=July 2021}}

Asal usul sterling terletak pada masa pemerintahan Raja Offa dari Mercia (757–796), yang memperkenalkan koin "sterling" yang dibuat dengan membagi secara fisik satu pon Menara (5.400 butir, 349,9 gram) perak menjadi 240 bagian. <ref name=":0" /> Dalam praktiknya, berat koin tidak konsisten, 240 di antaranya jarang ditambahkan hingga satu pon penuh; tidak ada koin shilling atau pound dan unit ini hanya digunakan sebagai kemudahan akuntansi . <ref>{{cite web |title=A short history of the pound |publisher=BBC |first=Ed |last=Lowther |date=14 February 2014 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-26169070 |quote=Anglo-Saxon [[Offa of Mercia|King Offa]] is credited with introducing the system of money to central and southern England in the latter half of the eighth century, overseeing the minting of the earliest English silver pennies{{snd}}emblazoned with his name. In practice they varied considerably in weight and 240 of them seldom added up to a pound. There were at that time no larger denomination coins{{snd}} pounds and [[shilling]]s were merely useful units of account. |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721233848/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-26169070 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Halfpennies dan farthings senilai 1 2 dan 1 4 sen masing -masing juga dicetak, tetapi uang receh lebih sering dihasilkan dengan memotong satu sen utuh. <ref>{{cite web |title=Halfpenny and Farthing |url=https://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/journal/curators-corner/halfpenny-and-farthing/ |website=www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512054418/https://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/journal/curators-corner/halfpenny-and-farthing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Abad Pertengahan, 1158 ===
[[File:England longcross penny Henry III Canterbury mint.jpg|thumb|Penny dari Henry III, abad ke-13]]
Uang awal dibuat dari perak halus (semurni yang tersedia). Pada tahun 1158, sebuah mata uang baru diperkenalkan oleh Raja Henry II (dikenal sebagai ''sen Tealby'' ), dengan Pound Menara (5.400 butir, 349,9 g) dari 92,5% perak dicetak menjadi 240 sen, setiap sen berisi 20,82 butir (1,349 g) perak halus. <ref name=":0" /> Disebut perak murni , paduannya lebih keras daripada perak halus 99,9% yang digunakan secara tradisional, dan koin perak murni tidak cepat aus seperti perak halus.

Pengenalan koin ''gros tournois'' Prancis yang lebih besar pada tahun 1266, dan popularitasnya berikutnya, menyebabkan denominasi tambahan dalam bentuk menir senilai empat pence dan setengah menir senilai dua pence. <ref name=":0" /> Sebuah sen emas dengan berat dua kali sen perak dan senilai 20 pence perak juga dikeluarkan pada tahun 1257 tetapi tidak berhasil. <ref>{{cite book |title=A View Of The Gold Coin And Coinage Of England: From Henry The Third To the Present Time. Consider'd with Regard to Type, Legend, Sorts, Rarity, Weight, Fineness, Value and Proportion |first=Thomas |last=Snelling |date=1763 |quote=The manuscript chronicle of the city of London says this king Henry III in 1258 coined a penny of fine gold of the weight of two sterlings and commanded it should go for 20 shillings if this be true these were the first pieces of gold coined in England NB The date should be 1257 and the value pence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZRMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=4 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904114340/https://books.google.com/books?id=QZRMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Penny Inggris tetap hampir tidak berubah dari 800 dan merupakan pengecualian yang menonjol dalam penurunan nilai mata uang progresif yang terjadi di seluruh Eropa. The Tower Pound, awalnya dibagi menjadi 240 pence, diturunkan nilainya menjadi 243 pence pada 1279. <ref name="240pence">{{cite web |page=10 |quote=240–243 pennies minted from a Tower Pound. |title=MONEY AND COINAGE IN LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN EUROPE |first=John |last=Munro |publisher=Department of Economics, [[University of Toronto]] |url=https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/MONEYLEC.pdf |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=6 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406163641/https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/MONEYLEC.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Edward III, 1351===
[[File:Edward III noble.jpg|thumb|right|Edward III noble (80 pence), 1354–55]]
During the reign of [[Edward III of England|King Edward III]], the introduction of gold coins received from [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] as payment for English wool provided substantial economic and trade opportunities but also unsettled the currency for the next 200 years.<ref name="History1300" />{{rp|41}} The first monetary changes in 1344 consisted of
* English pennies reduced to {{frac|20|1|4}} grains ({{convert|20.25|gr|g ozt|3|disp=out}}) of sterling silver (or {{nowrap|1= 20.25gr @ 0.925 fine = 18.73 gr}} pure silver) and
* Gold [[Florin (English coin)|double florins]] weighing {{cvt|108|gr|g ozt|3}} and valued at 6 shillings (or 72 pence).<ref name="History1300" /> (or {{nowrap|1= 108gr @ 0.9948 fine = 107.44 gr}} pure gold).

The resulting gold-silver ratio of 1:12.55 was much higher than the ratio of 1:11 prevailing in the Continent, draining England of its silver coinage and requiring a more permanent remedy in 1351 in the form of
* Pennies reduced further to {{cvt|18|gr|g ozt}} of sterling silver (or {{nowrap|1= 18 @ 0.925 fine = 15.73 gr}} pure silver) and
* New [[Noble (English coin)|gold nobles]] weighing {{convert|120|gr|g ozt|abbr=off|3}} of the finest gold possible at the time (191/192 or 99.48% fine),<ref name="Noble">{{cite web |title=Content and Fineness of the Gold Coins of England and Great Britain: Henry III – Richard III (1257–1485) |quote=Fineness 23.875 karats = 191/192, coins in Nobles, Halves, Quarters |url=https://www.treasurerealm.com/coinpapers/england/englishgold-1.html |website=treasurerealm.com |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020121107/http://www.treasurerealm.com/coinpapers/england/englishgold-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> (meaning {{nowrap|1= 120gr @ 0.9948 fine = 119.38 gr}} pure gold) and valued at 6 shillings and 8 pence (80 pence, or {{frac|1|3}}rd of a pound). The pure gold-silver ratio was thus {{nobr|1:(80 × 15.73 / 119.38) {{=}} 1:10.5}}.

These gold nobles, together with half-nobles (40 pence) and farthings or quarter-nobles (20 pence),<ref name="Noble" /> would become the first English gold coins produced in quantity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Noble (1361–1369) ENGLAND, KINGDOM – EDWARD III, 1327–1377 – n.d., Calais Wonderful coin with fine details. Very impressive. |url=https://www.ma-shops.com/henzen/item.php?id=41313&curr=USD |website=MA-Shops |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512043517/https://www.ma-shops.com/henzen/item.php?id=41313&curr=USD |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Henry IV, 1412===
The exigencies of the [[Hundred Years' War]] during the reign of [[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]] resulted in further debasements toward the end of his reign, with the English penny reduced to 15 grains sterling silver (0.899 g fine silver){{clarify|reason=how fine is "fine"? .9? .99? . 999? .9999?|date=October 2022}} and the half-noble reduced to 54&nbsp;grains (3.481&nbsp;g fine gold).{{clarify|reason=how fine is "fine"? .9? .99? . 999? .9999?|date=October 2022}}<ref name="History1300" /> The gold-silver ratio went down to {{nobr|40 × 0.899 / 3.481 {{=}} 10.3}}.

After the [[French franc#Lancastrian War, 1425|French monetary reform of 1425]], the gold half-noble ({{frac|1|6}}th pound, 40 pence) was worth close to one [[French franc#History|Livre Parisis (French pound)]] or 20 sols, while the silver half-groat (2 pence, fine silver 1.798&nbsp;g) was worth close to 1 sol parisis (1.912&nbsp;g).<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being |quote=In 1427 a Mark (244.752 g) of silver was worth 8 livre tournois or 6.4 livre parisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA33 |page=33 |date=1896 |last1=Shaw |first1=William Arthur |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512054417/https://books.google.com/books?id=GrJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA33 |url-status=live }} Hence one livre weighed 38.24&nbsp;g and one sol at 1.912&nbsp;g. Compare with 40''d'' sterling at 36&nbsp;g, 2''d'' at 1.8&nbsp;g.</ref> Also, after the Flemish monetary reform of 1434, the new [[Dutch guilder|Dutch florin]] was valued close to 40 pence while the Dutch [[stuiver]] (shilling) of 1.63&nbsp;g fine silver was valued close to 2 pence sterling at 1.8&nbsp;g.<ref name="Vierlander stuiver">{{cite web |title=The Vierlander, a precursor of the Euro. A first step towards monetary unification |url=http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm |publisher=Museum of the National Bank of Belgium |quote=Stuiver weighs 3,4 g and has a fineness of 479/1000 silver... |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512195833/http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2008/01/the-vierlander.htm |url-status=live }} which gives the fine silver content of a Stuiver as 3.4 × 0.479 or almost 1.63&nbsp;g.</ref> This approximate pairing of English half-nobles and half-groats to Continental ''livres'' and ''sols'' persisted up to the 1560s.

===Great slump, 1464===
The [[Great Bullion Famine]] and the [[Great Slump (15th century)|Great Slump of the mid-15th century]] resulted in another reduction in the English penny to 12 grains sterling silver (0.719 g fine silver) and the introduction of a new [[Angel (coin)|half-angel gold coin]] of 40 grains (2.578 g), worth {{frac|1|6}}th pound or 40 pence.<ref name="History1300" /> The gold-silver ratio rose again to {{nowrap|1=40 × {{frac|0.719|2.578}} = 11.2}}. The reduction in the English penny approximately matched those with the French ''sol Parisis'' and the Flemish ''stuiver''; furthermore, from 1469 to 1475 an agreement between England and the [[Burgundian Netherlands]] made the English groat (4-pence) mutually exchangeable with the Burgundian ''double patard'' (or 2-''stuiver'') minted under [[Charles the Rash]].<ref name="foreign coins">{{cite web |url=https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1963_BNJ_33_18.pdf |title=Burgundian Double Patards In Late Medieval England |first=Peter |last=Spufford |page=113 |access-date=7 November 2021 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107004915/https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1963_BNJ_33_18.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A medieval silver coin; a double petard of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders (1467–1477). |url=https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/191518 |publisher=Portable Antiquities Scheme |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111003212/https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/191518 |url-status=live }}</ref>

40 pence or {{frac|1|6}}th pound sterling made one [[Troy weight|Troy Ounce]] (480 grains, 31.1035 g) of sterling silver. It was approximately on a par with France's [[French franc#History|livre parisis]] of one French ounce (30.594 g), and in 1524 it would also be the model for a standardised German currency in the form of the [[Guldengroschen]], which also weighed 1 German ounce of silver or {{convert|29.232|g|ozt|abbr=on}}.<ref name="History1300" />{{rp|361}}

===Tudor, 1551===
[[File:Edward VI AR Crown 802157.jpg|thumb|left|Crown (5/–) of Edward VI, 1551]]
The last significant depreciation in sterling's [[silver standard]] occurred amidst the 16th century influx of precious metals from the Americas arriving through the [[Habsburg Netherlands]]. Enforcement of monetary standards amongst [[provinces of the Netherlands|its constituent provinces]] was loose, spending under King [[Henry VIII]] was extravagant, and England loosened the importation of cheaper continental coins for exchange into full-valued English coins.<ref name="foreign coins" /><ref>One problem cited was the importation of the ''galley halfpence'' or Venetian ''soldino'' whose silver content was 0.3 gram or only 0.4 penny. https://www.pressreader.com/uk/coin-collector/20210813/page/33 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110124042/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/coin-collector/20210813/page/33 |date=10 January 2022 }}</ref> All these contributed to [[The Great Debasement]] which resulted in a significant {{frac|1|3}}rd reduction in the bullion content of each pound sterling in 1551.<ref>{{cite web |title=The big problem of large bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the origins of central banking (Working Paper, No. 2005-16, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA) |date=2005 |page=8 |last=Quinn |first=Stephen |publisher=Leibniz Information Centre for Economics |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/101021/1/wp0516.pdf |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512054418/https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/101021/1/wp0516.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="History1500" />

The troy ounce of sterling silver was henceforth raised in price by 50% from 40 to 60 silver pennies (each penny weighing 8 grains sterling silver and containing {{convert|0.4795|g|ozt|abbr=on}} fine silver).<ref name="History1500" /> The gold half-angel of 40 grains ({{convert|2.578|g|ozt|abbr=on}} fine gold) was raised in price from 40 pence to 60 pence (5 shillings or {{frac|1|4}} pound) and was henceforth known as the [[Crown (British coin)|Crown]].

Prior to 1551, English coin denominations closely matched with corresponding sol (2''d'') and livre (40''d'') denominations in the Continent, namely:
* Silver; see [[Farthing (English coin)|farthing]] ({{frac|1|4}}''d''), [[Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)|halfpenny]] ({{frac|1|2}}''d''), [[Penny (English coin)|penny]] (1''d''), [[Twopence (British pre-decimal coin)|half-groat]] (2''d''), and [[Groat (coin)|groat]] (4''d'')
* Gold; see [[#Edward III, 1351|''1351'']]: {{frac|1|4}} noble (20''d''), {{frac|1|2}} noble (40''d'') and noble or [[Angel (coin)|angel]] (80''d'').

After 1551 new denominations were introduced,<ref name="new denoms">{{cite web|title=Coins of the Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain|quote=3d, 6d, 2/6, 5/- issued since 1551.|website=TreasureRealms.com|url=https://www.treasurerealm.com/coinpapers/england/coinmatrix.html|access-date=13 May 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421123241/http://www.treasurerealm.com/coinpapers/england/coinmatrix.html|url-status=live}}</ref> weighing similarly to 1464-issued coins but increased in value {{frac|1|1|2}} times, namely:
* In silver: the [[Threepence (British coin)|threepence (3''d'')]], replacing the half-groat; the [[Sixpence (British coin)|sixpence (6''d'')]], replacing the groat; and a new [[Shilling (English coin)|shilling]] or testoon (1/–).
* In silver or gold: the [[Half crown (British coin)|half crown]] (2/6''d'' or 30''d''), replacing the {{frac|1|4}} angel of 20''d''; and the [[Crown (English coin)|crown]] (5/- or 60''d''), replacing the {{frac|1|2}} angel of 40''d''.
* And in gold: the new [[half sovereign]] (10/–) and [[Sovereign (British coin)|sovereign]] (£1 or 20/–)

===1601 to 1816===
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
[[File:1686-Guinea-elephant-and-castle-James-II.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A golden [[Guinea (coin)#James II|guinea coin]] minted during the reign of [[James II of England|King James II]] in 1686. The "Elephant and Castle" motif below his head is the symbol of the [[Royal African Company]], Britain's foremost slave trading company.<ref name="Pettigrew 11">{{Cite book |last=Pettigrew |first=William Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8osqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |title=Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752 |date=2013 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=9781469611815 |page=11 |oclc=879306121 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606042433/https://books.google.com/books?id=8osqAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |url-status=live }}</ref> The RAC transported the gold used in the coin from West Africa to England after purchasing it from African merchants in the [[Guinea (region)|Guinea region]], who in turn sourced it from the [[Ashanti Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Edgerton |first=Robert B. |year=2010 |title=The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast |isbn=9781451603736 }}</ref>]]

The silver basis of sterling remained essentially unchanged until the 1816 introduction of the Gold Standard, save for the increase in the number of pennies in a troy ounce from 60 to 62 (hence, 0.464 g fine silver in a penny). Its gold basis remained unsettled, however, until the gold guinea was fixed at 21 shillings in 1717.

The [[Guinea (coin)|guinea]] was introduced in 1663 with {{frac|44|1|2}} guineas minted out of 12 troy ounces of 22-karat gold (hence, 7.6885 g fine gold) and initially worth £1 or 20 shillings. While its price in shillings was not legally fixed at first, its persistent trade value above 21 shillings reflected the poor state of clipped underweight silver coins tolerated for payment. Milled shillings of full weight were hoarded and exported to [[Continental Europe|the Continent]], while clipped, hand-hammered shillings stayed in circulation (as [[Gresham's law]] describes).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stride |first=H. G. |date=1955 |title=The Gold Coinage of Charles II |url=https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1955_BNJ_28_28.pdf |journal=British Numismatic Journal |publisher=British Numismatic Society |page=393 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511162104/https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1955_BNJ_28_28.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 17th century, English merchants tended to pay for imports in silver but were generally paid for exports in gold.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} This effect was notably driven by trade with the Far East, as the Chinese insisted on payments for their exports being settled in silver. From the mid-17th century, around {{convert|28,000|MT|LT|-2}} of silver were received by China, principally from European powers, in exchange for Chinese tea and other goods. In order to be able to purchase Chinese exports in this period, England initially had to export to other European nations and request payment in silver,{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} until the [[British East India Company]] was able to foster the [[History of opium in China|indirect sale of opium]] to the Chinese.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Dennis O. |last1=Flynn |first2=Arturo |last2=Giráldez |title=Cycles of silver: global economic unity through the mid-eighteenth century |journal=Journal of World History |year=2002 |volume=13 |number=2 |pages=391–427} |doi=10.1353/jwh.2002.0035 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078977 |jstor=20078977|s2cid=145805906 }}</ref>

Domestic demand for silver bullion in Britain further reduced silver coinage in circulation, as the improving fortunes of the merchant class led to increased demand for tableware. Silversmiths had always regarded coinage as a source of raw material, already verified for fineness by the government. As a result, sterling silver coins were being melted and fashioned into "sterling silverware" at an accelerating rate. An Act of the [[Parliament of England]] in 1697 tried to stem this tide by raising the minimum acceptable fineness on wrought plate from sterling's 92.5% to a new [[Britannia silver]] standard of 95.83%. Silverware made purely from melted coins would be found wanting when the silversmith took his wares to the [[assay office]], thus discouraging the melting of coins.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

During the time of [[Isaac Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]], Master of the [[Royal Mint|Mint]], the gold guinea was fixed at 21 shillings (£1/1/-) in 1717. But without addressing the problem of underweight silver coins, and with the high resulting gold-silver ratio of 15.2, it gave sterling a firmer footing in gold guineas rather than silver shillings, resulting in a de facto [[gold standard]]. Silver and copper tokens issued by private entities partly relieved the problem of small change until the [[Great Recoinage of 1816]].<ref>{{Cite journal |first=JAMES O'DONALD |last=MAYS |date=1978 |title=SILVER TOKENS AND BRISTOL |url=https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1978_BNJ_48_11.pdf |journal=British Numismatic Journal |publisher=British Numismatic Society |page=98 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512172836/https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/1978_BNJ_48_11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Establishment of modern currency===
The [[Bank of England]] was founded in 1694, followed by the [[Bank of Scotland]] a year later. Both began to issue [[paper money]].

===Currency of Great Britain (1707) and the United Kingdom (1801)===
In the 17th century [[pound Scots|Scots currency]] was [[currency peg|pegged]] to sterling at a value of £12&nbsp;Scots = £1&nbsp;sterling.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Meikle|first=Maureen|title=Review of "Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550–1780|journal=Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies|publisher=North American Conference on British Studies |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4052591 |url-access=subscription |volume=27|issue=4|page=724|jstor=4052591}}</ref>

In 1707, the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] merged into the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. In accordance with the [[Treaty of Union]], the currency of Great Britain was sterling, with the pound Scots soon being replaced by sterling at the pegged value.

In 1801, Great Britain and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] were united to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]. However, the [[Irish pound]] was not replaced by sterling until January 1826.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pulling |first=Alexander |title=Coin |publisher=[[HMSO]] |date=1904 |edition=2nd |series=The statutory rules and orders revised, being the statutory rules and orders (other than those of a local, personal, or temporary character) in force on December 31, 1903 |volume=2 |location=London |pages=8–9 |chapter=Proclamation, dated December 20, 1825, assimilating the Gold and Silver Coinages in Great Britain and Ireland. |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hl562h;view=1up;seq=166 |access-date=11 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150311/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hl562h;view=1up;seq=166 |url-status=live }}</ref> The conversion rate had long been £13&nbsp;Irish to £12&nbsp;sterling.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} In 1928, six years after the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] restored Irish autonomy within the British Empire, the [[Irish Free State]] established a new Irish pound, pegged at par to sterling.<ref>The relevant enabling Acts were the [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1926/en/act/pub/0014/print.html Coinage Act, 1926] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108084149/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1926/en/act/pub/0014/print.html |date=8 November 2014 }} and the [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1927/en/act/pub/0032/print.html Currency Act, 1927] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108083120/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1927/en/act/pub/0032/print.html |date=8 November 2014 }}</ref>

===Use in the Empire===
{{Main|Sterling area}}

Sterling circulated in much of the [[British Empire]]. In some areas it was used alongside local currencies. For example, the gold sovereign was legal tender in Canada despite the use of the [[Canadian dollar]]. Several colonies and dominions adopted the pound as their own currency. These included [[Australian pound|Australia]], [[Barbados]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Central Bank of Barbados: Students' Centre – Money: Bits and Pieces |url=http://centralbank.org.bb/WEBCBB.nsf/webpage/580B8A7909CC2876042573650078A7A3?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614133036/http://www.centralbank.org.bb/WEBCBB.nsf/webpage/580B8A7909CC2876042573650078A7A3?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 June 2008 |access-date=17 April 2010 |publisher=Centralbank.org.bb}}</ref> [[British West African pound|British West Africa]], [[Cypriot pound|Cyprus]], [[Fiji]], [[British India]], the [[Irish pound|Irish Free State]], [[Jamaican pound|Jamaica]], [[New Zealand pound|New Zealand]], [[South African pound|South Africa]] and [[Southern Rhodesia]]. Some of these retained parity with sterling throughout their existence (e.g. the South African pound), while others deviated from parity after the end of the gold standard (e.g. the Australian pound). These currencies and others tied to sterling constituted the core of the [[sterling area]].

The original English colonies on [[British North America|mainland North America]] were not party to the sterling area because the above-mentioned silver shortage in England coincided with these colonies' formative years. As a result of equitable trade (and rather less equitable piracy), the [[Spanish dollar|Spanish milled dollar]] became the most common coin within the English colonies.

===Gold standard===
[[File:Sovereign Victoria 1842 662015.jpg|thumb|right|"Shield reverse" sovereign of Queen Victoria, 1842]]
During the [[American War of Independence]] and the [[Napoleonic wars]], [[Bank of England]] notes were [[legal tender]], and their value floated relative to gold. The Bank also issued silver tokens to alleviate the shortage of silver coins. In 1816, the [[gold standard]] was adopted officially,{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} with silver coins minted at a rate of 66 shillings to a troy pound (weight) of sterling silver, thus rendering them as "token" issues (i.e. not containing their value in precious metal). In 1817, the [[sovereign (British coin)|sovereign]] was introduced, valued at 20/–. Struck in 22‑carat gold, it contained 113 grains or {{convert|7.32238|g|ozt|abbr=on}} of fine gold and replaced the [[Guinea (coin)|guinea]] as the standard British gold coin without changing the gold standard.

By the 19th century, sterling notes were widely accepted outside Britain. The American journalist [[Nellie Bly]] carried Bank of England notes on [[Around the World in Seventy-Two Days|her 1889–1890 trip around the world in 72 days]].<ref name="bly1890">{{Cite book |last=Bly, Nellie |title=Around the World in Seventy-Two Days |publisher=The Pictorial Weeklies Company |date=1890 |chapter=1 |author-link=Nellie Bly |chapter-url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/bly/world/world.html |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121060407/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/bly/world/world.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many other countries adopted the gold standard. As a consequence, conversion rates between different currencies could be determined simply from the respective gold standards. £1&nbsp;sterling was equal to US$4.87 in the [[United States]], [[Canadian dollar|Can$]]4.87 in [[Canada]], [[Dutch guilder|ƒ]]12.11 in [[Dutch Empire|Dutch territories]], [[French franc|F]]&nbsp;25.22 in [[French Colonial Empire|French territories]] (or equivalent currencies of the [[Latin Monetary Union]]), 20[[German gold mark|ℳ]]&nbsp;43[[Pfennig|₰]] in [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Ruble|Rbls]]&nbsp;9.46 in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] or [[Austro-Hungarian crown|K]]&nbsp;24.02 in [[Austria-Hungary]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} After the [[International Monetary Conferences|International Monetary Conference of 1867]] in Paris, the possibility of the UK joining the [[Latin Monetary Union]] was discussed, and a [[Royal Commission]] on International Coinage examined the issues,<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2011 |title=Investment > World Gold Council |url=http://www.gold.org/value/reserve_asset/history/monetary_history/vol2/1868feb18.html |access-date=22 December 2011 |publisher=Gold.org |archive-date=4 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104000912/http://www.gold.org/value/reserve_asset/history/monetary_history/vol2/1868feb18.html |url-status=live }}</ref> resulting in a decision against joining monetary union.

===First world war: suspension of the gold standard===

The gold standard was suspended at the outbreak of [[First World War]] in 1914, with Bank of England and Treasury notes becoming legal tender. Before that war, the United Kingdom had one of the world's strongest [[Economy of the United Kingdom|economies]], holding 40% of the world's overseas investments. But after the end of the war, the country was highly indebted: Britain owed £850&nbsp;million (about £{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|850000000|1918|r=-4}} }} today){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} with interest costing the country some 40% of all government spending.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2 September 1922 |title=The Interest Burden of Inter-Government Debts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0REAQAAMAAJ&q=1921+loans+40+per+cent+British+government+spending%22&pg=PA342 |journal=The Economic World |volume=110 |page=342 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415220705/https://books.google.com/books?id=C0REAQAAMAAJ&q=1921+loans+40+per+cent+British+government+spending%22&pg=PA342 |url-status=live }}</ref> The British government under Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] and Chancellor of the Exchequer [[Austen Chamberlain]] tried to make up for the deficit with a deflationary policy, but this only led to the [[Depression of 1920–1921|Depression of 1920–21]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Steiner|first=Zara|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902|title=The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-151881-2|location=Oxford|oclc=86068902|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006194701/https://www.worldcat.org/title/lights-that-failed-european-international-history-1919-1933/oclc/86068902|url-status=live}}</ref>

By 1917, production of gold sovereigns had almost halted (the remaining production was for collector's sets and other very specific occasions), and by 1920, the silver coinage was debased from its original [[fineness|.925 fine]] to just .500 fine.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} That was due to a drastic increase in silver prices from an average 27/6''d''. [£1.375] per [[troy pound]] in the period between 1894 and 1913, to 89/6''d''. [£4.475] in August 1920.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/poundsterlinghis0000feav/page/352/mode/2up|title = The pound sterling : A history of English money. |last1=Feavearyear |first1=Albert Edgar|date = 1963}}</ref>

=== Interwar period: gold standard reinstated ===

To try to resume stability, a version of the gold standard was reintroduced in 1925, under which the currency was fixed to gold at its pre-war peg, but one could only exchange currency for gold bullion, not for coins. On 21 September 1931, this was abandoned during the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]], and sterling suffered an initial devaluation of some 25%.<ref>''The Board of Trade Journal'', 7 January 1932</ref>

Since the suspension of the gold standard in 1931, sterling has been a [[fiat money|fiat currency]], with its value determined by its continued acceptance in the national and international economy.

===World War II===
In 1940, an agreement with the US pegged sterling to the [[United States dollar|US dollar]] at a rate of £1 = US$4.03. (Only the year before, it had been US$4.86.)<ref>[http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/1930-39.pdf ''A History of the Canadian Dollar''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127200852/http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/1930-39.pdf |date=27 January 2012 }}, p. 51.</ref> This rate was maintained through the [[World War II|Second World War]] and became part of the [[Bretton Woods system]] which governed post-war exchange rates.

== Sejarah (1946 hingga sekarang) ==


== Koin ==
== Koin ==

Revisi per 28 Oktober 2022 04.16

atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia secara berturut-turut: GBP (disambiguasi) dan STG.

Pound sterling (£) atau pounds saja (GBP) adalah mata uang Britania Raya. Selain di Britania Raya, Pound sterling juga digunakan di Depedensi Mahkota dan Wilayah Seberang Laut Britania Raya seperti Kepulauan Falkland, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, dan lain-lain. Templat:Politics of the United Kingdom Sterling (singkatan: stg ; [1] kode ISO : GBP ) adalah mata uang Britania Raya dan sembilan wilayah terkaitnya . [1] Pound ( tanda: £ ) adalah unit utama sterling, [1] dan kata "pound" juga digunakan untuk merujuk pada mata uang Britania secara umum, [1] sering kali dikualifikasikan dalam konteks internasional sebagai pound Britania atau pound sterling . [2] [3]

Sterling
Pound sterling
Berkas:Pound sterling banknotes.png
Seri terbaru Mata uang Pound sterling Britania Raya yaitu pada Series G
ISO 4217
KodeGBP
Nomor826
Eksponen2
Denominasi
Subsatuan
1⁄100penny
Bentuk jamakpounds
 pennypence
Simbol£
 pennyp
Uang kertas
 Sering digunakan
 Jarang digunakan
Uang koin
Demografi
Tanggal peluncuranc.800; 1223 tahun lalu (800)
Pengguna
Emisi
Bank sentralBank of England
 Situs webwww.bankofengland.co.uk
Percetakan uang kertas
Beberapa printer
 Situs web
Percetakan uang koinRoyal Mint
 Situs webwww.royalmint.com
Valuasi
Inflasi8.2% atau 9.4%
 SumberBadan Pusat Statistik, 20 Juli 2022[4]
 MetodeCPIH atau CPI
Dipatok dengan

Mata uang Pound sterling adalah mata uang tertua di dunia yang telah ada dan tidak berubah sejak 600 tahun terakhir. Kata "pound" dan "sterling" sendiri merujuk pada logam perak seberat satu pound yang digunakan sebagai nilai pembanding mata uang tersebut. Pada masa modern, nilai Pound Sterling tidak lagi dikaitkan dengan nilai perak dalam berat tertentu - melainkan ditentukan oleh mekanisme pasar berdasarkan penawaran dan permintaan. Pihak yang paling bertanggung jawab atas sirkulasi dan nilai tukar Pound Sterling adalah Bank of England selaku bank sentral.

Britania Raya adalah anggota Uni Eropa, tetapi tidak menggunakan Euro sebagai mata uang, setelah referendum yang dilaksanakan mengindikasikan keengganan penduduk negara ini untuk menggunakan mata uang Euro. Negara Uni Eropa lainnya yang tidak menggunakan Euro adalah Denmark dan Swedia.

Sterling adalah mata uang tertua di dunia yang masih digunakan dan terus digunakan sejak awal. [1] Saat ini mata uang keempat yang paling banyak diperdagangkan di pasar valuta asing , setelah dolar Amerika Serikat , euro , dan yen Jepang . [1] Bersama dengan ketiga mata uang tersebut dan Renminbi , mata uang tersebut membentuk keranjang mata uang yang menghitung nilai hak penarikan khusus IMF . Pada pertengahan 2021, sterling juga merupakan mata uang cadangan keempat yang paling banyak dipegang dalam cadangan global . [5]

Bank of England adalah bank sentral untuk sterling, menerbitkan uang kertasnya sendiri, dan mengatur penerbitan uang kertas oleh bank-bank swasta di Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara. Uang kertas sterling yang diterbitkan oleh yurisdiksi lain tidak diatur oleh Bank of England; pemerintah mereka menjamin konvertibilitas setara . Secara historis, sterling juga digunakan untuk berbagai tingkat oleh koloni dan wilayah Kerajaan Britania .

Nama

Nama resmi penuh pound sterling (jamak: pounds sterling), digunakan terutama dalam konteks formal dan juga ketika diperlukan untuk membedakan mata uang Britania Raya dari mata uang lain dengan nama yang sama. Selain itu, istilah pound juga biasa digunakan. Nama mata uang terkadang disingkat menjadi hanya sterling, khususnya di pasar keuangan grosir, tetapi tidak ketika merujuk pada jumlah tertentu; misalnya, "Pembayaran diterima dalam sterling" tetapi tidak pernah "Ini biaya lima sterling". Singkatan "ster." dan "stg." terkadang digunakan. Istilah "pound Inggris" kadang-kadang digunakan dalam konteks yang kurang formal, tetapi itu bukan nama resmi mata uang tersebut.

"Sterling" adalah nama mata uang secara keseluruhan sedangkan "pound" dan "sen" adalah unit akun. Ini analog dengan perbedaan antara " renminbi " dan " yuan " ketika membahas mata uang resmi Republik Rakyat Tiongkok . Namun untuk kasus mata uang Republik Tiongkok/Taiwan, nama mata uangnya berubah dari Yuan menjadi Dolar setelah Daratan Tiongkok dan lain-lainnya dianeksasi oleh Republik Rakyat Tiongkok sehingga hanya tersisa Pulau Formosa dan pulau-pulau kecil disekitarnya yang masih dipertahankan oleh Republik Tiongkok/Taiwan.

Etimologi

atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Perak sterling Etimologi.

Ada berbagai teori mengenai asal usul istilah "pound sterling". Kamus Bahasa Inggris Oxford atau Oxford English Dictionary (dan sumber-sumber yang berasal darinya)[6][7] menyatakan bahwa etimologi "paling masuk akal" adalah turunan dari steorra Inggris Kuno untuk "bintang" dengan tambahan akhiran kecil "-ling", yang berarti "bintang kecil" dan untuk merujuk pada satu sen perak dari Normandia Inggris.[8] [1]

Argumen lain bahwa Liga Hanseatic adalah asal mula definisi dan pembuatannya, dan atas namanya adalah bahwa nama Jerman untuk Baltik adalah "Ostsee", atau "Laut Timur", dan dari sini para pedagang Baltik dipanggil "Osterlings", atau "Easterlings". [1] [1] Pada tahun 1260, Henry III memberi mereka piagam perlindungan dan tanah untuk Kontor mereka, Steelyard of London, yang pada 1340-an juga disebut "Easterlings Hall", atau Esterlingeshalle. [1] Karena uang Liga tidak sering direndahkan seperti uang Inggris, pedagang Inggris menetapkan untuk dibayar dalam pound dari "Easterlings", yang dikontrak menjadi "sterling". [1]

Encyclopedia Britannica menyatakan kerajaan (pra-Norman) Anglo-Saxon memiliki koin perak yang disebut 'sterlings' dan bahwa kata benda compound 'pound sterling' berasal dari satu pon (berat) sterlings ini. [1]

Simbol

atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Tanda pound.

Tanda mata uang untuk pound adalah £, yang biasanya ditulis dengan palang tunggal (seperti pada uang kertas modern secara eksklusif sejak 1975).[9] Variasi dengan bilah palang ganda (₤) telah digunakan berselang dengan £ sejak uang kertas paling awal tahun 1725 ketika keduanya digunakan. Secara historis, huruf L sederhana digunakan di koran, buku, dan surat. Simbol ini berasal dari dokumen-dokumen Latin abad pertengahan: "L" adalah singkatan untuk libra, satuan berat dasar Romawi, diambil setara dengan pound pada hari terakhir. Dalam sistem mata uang pra-desimal (duodecimal) Britania, istilah £ sd (atau Lsd) untuk pound, shilling, dan pence mengacu pada kata libra kata Romawi, solidus, dan dinar.

Tanda mata uang untuk satuan pound sterling adalah £ , yang (tergantung pada jenis huruf) dapat digambar dengan satu atau dua batang : [1] Bank of England secara eksklusif menggunakan varian batang tunggal sejak tahun 1975. [1] [1] Secara historis, huruf besar L sederhana (dalam jenis huruf hitam bersejarah ,) ditempatkan sebelum angka, atau huruf miring l. setelah mereka, digunakan di koran, buku, dan surat. [1] Royal Mint masih menggunakan gaya notasi ini hingga akhir tahun 1939. [1] Mesin terbang dan kadang - kadang dapat ditemukan. [1] Penggunaan huruf L⟩ untuk pound berasal dari dokumen Latin abad pertengahan: "L" adalah singkatan untuk libra , pound Romawi (berat), yang kemudian menjadi satuan berat Inggris yang didefinisikan sebagai pound menara . "Pound sterling" secara harfiah adalah satu pon menara (berat) perak murni .[1] [1] Dalam sistem mata uang pra-desimal ( duodesimal ) Britania, istilah £sd (atau Lsd) untuk pound, shilling , dan pence mengacu pada libra Romawi, solidus , dan denarius . [1]

Panduan gaya terkemuka merekomendasikan bahwa tanda pound digunakan tanpa singkatan atau kualifikasi untuk menunjukkan sterling (misalnya, £ 12.000). [1] [1] [1] Notasi dengan singkatan sterling yang lebih eksplisit seperti £ [...] stg. (misalnya, £12.000 stg.), [1] £stg. (misalnya, £stg. 12.000), [1] stg atau STG (misalnya, Stg. 12.000 atau STG 12.000), [1] atau kode ISO 4217 GBP (misalnya, 12.000 GBP) mungkin terlihat, tetapi biasanya tidak digunakan kecuali disambiguasi mutlak diperlukan.

Kode mata uang

Kode mata uang ISO 4217 untuk Sterling adalah GBP, dibentuk dari "GB", kode ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 untuk Britania Raya, dan huruf pertama "pound". Perbankan dan keuangan sering menggunakan singkatan stg atau kode pseudo-ISO STG . Terkadang, singkatan "UKP" digunakan tetapi ini tidak standar karena kode negara ISO 3166 untuk Inggris Raya adalah GB. Ketergantungan Mahkota menggunakan singkatan atau kode mereka sendiri (non-ISO): GGP (Pound Guernsey), JEP (Pound Jersey) dan IMP (Pound Isle of Man). Harga saham sering dikutip dalam pence, sehingga pedagang dapat merujuk ke pence sterling, GBX (kadang-kadang GBp), ketika mendaftar harga saham atau saat mencantumkan harga saham.

Kabel

atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Kabel (Valuta Asing)

Nilai tukar pound sterling terhadap dolar AS disebut sebagai "cable" atau "kabel" di pasar valuta asing grosir. [1] Asal usul istilah ini dikaitkan dengan fakta bahwa pada 1800-an atau sejak pertengahan abad ke-19, nilai tukar GBP/USD atau sterling/dolar ditransmisikan melalui kabel transatlantik. [1] Pedagang valas GBP/USD terkadang disebut sebagai "dealer kabel". GBP/USD adalah satu-satunya pasangan mata uang dengan namanya sendiri di pasar valuta asing.

Istilah gaul

Secara historis hampir setiap koin Britania memiliki nama panggilan yang dikenal luas, seperti "tanner" untuk enam pence dan "bob" untuk shilling . [1] Sejak desimalisasi, ini sebagian besar tidak digunakan kecuali sebagai bagian dari peribahasa.

Istilah slang umum untuk pound sterling atau pound adalah quid, yang (tunggal dan jamak, kecuali dalam frasa umum "quids in!"). [1] Istilah ini mungkin datang melalui imigran Italia dari "scudo", nama untuk sejumlah koin yang digunakan di Italia hingga abad ke-19; atau dari bahasa Latin 'quid' melalui frasa umum quid pro quo, secara harfiah, "untuk apa", atau, secara kiasan, "Pertukaran atau penggantian yang setara". [1] Istilah "nicker" (juga tunggal dan jamak) juga dapat merujuk pada pound.

Ketergantungan Mahkota dan Wilayah Luar Negeri Britania

Mata uang dari semua Dependensi Mahkota dan sebagian besar Wilayah Seberang Laut Inggris adalah sterling atau dipatok ke sterling pada nilai nominal. Ini adalah Jersey , Guernsey , Pulau Man , Kepulauan Falkland , Gibraltar , Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan , Saint Helena dan Wilayah Antartika Britania , [1] [1] dan Tristan da Cunha . [10]

Beberapa Wilayah Luar Negeri Britania memiliki mata uang lokal yang dipatok ke dolar A.S. atau dolar Selandia Baru . Area Pangkalan Berdaulat Akrotiri dan Dhekelia (di Siprus ) menggunakan euro.

Subdivisi dan unit lainnya

Koin desimal

Sejak desimalisasi pada Hari Desimal pada tahun 1971, pound telah dibagi menjadi 100 pence (dinyatakan pada mata uang, hingga 1981, sebagai "pence baru"). Simbol untuk sen adalah "p"; karenanya jumlah seperti 50p (£ 0,50) yang diucapkan "lima puluh pence" cukup sering, diucapkan "fifty pee" /fɪfti pi/ dalam bahasa sehari-hari. Penyebutan ini juga membantu membedakan antara jumlah pence baru dan lama selama pergantian ke sistem desimal. Halfpenny desimal dikeluarkan sampai 1984, tetapi dihapus karena memiliki biaya yang lebih tinggi untuk memproduksi daripada nilai nominalnya.

Sejak desimalisasi pada Hari Desimal pada tahun 1971, pound telah dibagi menjadi 100 pence (dilambangkan pada mata uang, hingga 1981, sebagai "penny baru"). Simbol untuk sen adalah "p"; maka jumlah seperti 50p (£0,50) yang diucapkan dengan benar "fifty pence" sering diucapkan "fifty pee" /fɪfti piː/. Tanda lama d tidak digunakan kembali untuk sen baru untuk menghindari kebingungan antara dua unit. Setengah sen desimal (1/2p, senilai 1,2 sen lama) dikeluarkan hingga 1984 tetapi ditarik karena inflasi . [11]

Pra-desimal

Sebelum desimalisasi pada tahun 1971, pound dibagi menjadi 20 shilling dan masing-masing shilling menjadi 12 pence, membuat 240 pence ke pound. Simbol untuk shilling adalah "s." - bukan dari huruf pertama "shilling", tetapi dari solidus Latin. Simbol untuk sen adalah "d.", Dari denier Prancis, dari denarius Latin (solidus dan denarius adalah koin Romawi). Sejumlah campuran shilling dan pence, seperti 3 shilling dan 6 pence, ditulis sebagai "3/6" atau "3s. 6d." dan diucapkan sebagai "tiga dan enam" atau "tiga dan enampensi" kecuali untuk "1/1," "2/1" dll., yang diucapkan sebagai "satu dan satu sen", "dua dan satu sen", dll. 5 shilling, misalnya, ditulis sebagai "5s." atau, lebih umum, "5 / -". Dalam beberapa kasus, berbagai denominasi koin memiliki nama-nama khusus, seperti crown, farthing, sovereign, dan guinea.

Pada 1950-an, koin Raja George III, George IV dan William IV telah hilang dari peredaran, tetapi koin (setidaknya satu sen) yang memuat kepala setiap raja atau ratu Inggris dari Ratu Victoria dan seterusnya dapat ditemukan dalam peredaran. Koin perak digantikan oleh koin tembaga pada tahun 1947, dan pada tahun 1960 koin perak jarang terlihat. Shilling perak/kupro-nikel (dari periode setelah 1816) dan florin (2 shilling) tetap menjadi alat bayar sah setelah desimalisasi (masing-masing 5p dan 10p) hingga 1990 dan 1993, masing-masing, namun sekarang secara resmi didemetisasi.

Berkas:One pound coin.jpg
Koin satu Pound
Sterling pra-desimal
Koin 1d dikeluarkan pada tahun 1967Koin 1s dikeluarkan pada tahun 1963
Denominasi
Supersatuan
 1Pound
Subsatuan
1⁄20Shilling
1⁄240Penny
Bentuk jamakPounds
ShillingShillings
PennyPence
Simbol£
Shillings atau /–
Pennyd
Uang kertas
 Sering digunakan
 Jarang digunakan
Uang koin
  • ¼d
  • ½d
  • 1d
  • 3d
  • 6d
  • 1/–
  • 2/–
  • 2/6
  • 5/–
Demografi

atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia: £sd

Topi si Hatter menunjukkan contoh notasi pra-desimal lama: topi itu berharga 10/6 ( sepuluh shilling dan enam pence, setengah guinea ).

Sebelum desimalisasi pada tahun 1971 , pound dibagi menjadi 20 shilling , dan setiap shilling menjadi 12 pence , menghasilkan 240 pence ke pound. Simbol untuk shilling adalah " s ."—bukan dari huruf pertama "shilling", tetapi dari bahasa Latin solidus . Simbol untuk sen adalah " d .", dari denier Prancis, dari denarius Latin (solidus dan denarius adalah koin Romawi). Jumlah campuran shilling dan pence, seperti 3 shilling dan 6 pence, ditulis sebagai "3/6" atau "3 s . 6 d." dan diucapkan sebagai "tiga dan enam" atau "tiga dan enam pence" kecuali untuk "1/1", "2/1" dll., yang diucapkan sebagai "satu dan satu sen", "dua dan satu sen", dll. 5 shilling, misalnya, ditulis sebagai "5 s ." atau, lebih umum, "5/–". Berbagai denominasi koin memiliki, dan dalam beberapa kasus terus memiliki, nama khusus—seperti florin (2/– ), mahkota (5/–), setengah mahkota (2/6 d ), farthing ( 1 4 d ), kedaulatan (£1) dan guinea ( qv ) .Lihat Koin pound sterling dan Daftar koin dan uang kertas Inggris untuk detailnya.

Pada 1950-an, koin Raja George III , George IV , dan William IV telah menghilang dari peredaran, tetapi koin (setidaknya satu sen) bergambar kepala setiap raja Inggris dari Ratu Victoria dan seterusnya dapat ditemukan beredar. Koin perak digantikan oleh koin tembaga-nikel pada tahun 1947, dan pada tahun 1960-an koin perak jarang terlihat. Shilling perak/cupro-nikel (dari periode mana pun setelah tahun 1816) dan florin (2 shilling) tetap merupakan alat pembayaran yang sah setelah desimalisasi (masing-masing sebagai 5p dan 10p) hingga tahun 1990 dan 1993, tetapi sekarang secara resmi didemonetisasi. [13] [14]

Sejarah (600 hingga 1945)

Satu pon = 20 shilling = 240 sen perak (sebelumnya)

Pound sterling muncul setelah adopsi sistem moneter Carolingian di Inggris c.  800 . Berikut rangkuman perubahan nilainya dari segi perak atau emas hingga tahun 1914. [15] [16]

Nilai £1 sterling dalam gram dan troy ons
tahun perak emas
gram troy ons gram troy ons
800 3.499 g 112,5 ozt
1158 3.237 g 104,1 ozt
1351 2.589 g 83,2 ozt 2.321 g 74,6 ozt
1412 2.158 g 69,4 ozt 2.089 g 67,2 ozt
1464 1.726 g 55,5 ozt 1.547 g 49,7 ozt
1551 1.151 g 37,0 ozt 1.031 g 33,1 ozt
1601 1.114 g 35,8 ozt variabel
1717 1.114 g 35,8 ozt 732.238 g 23.542,0 ozt
1816 732.238 g 23.542,0 ozt

Anglo-Saxon

atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Sejarah sen Inggris (c. 600 – 1066).

Penny Raja Offa (abad kedelapan) [17]

Pound adalah unit akun di Inggris Anglo-Saxon . Pada abad kesembilan itu sama dengan 240 pence perak . [18]

Sistem akuntansi untuk membagi satu pon menjadi dua puluh shilling , satu shilling menjadi dua belas pence, dan satu sen menjadi empat farthing diadopsi [ kapan? ] dari yang diperkenalkan oleh Charlemagne ke Kekaisaran Frank (lihat livre carolingienne ). [ rujukan? ] Penny disingkat menjadi "d", dari denarius , padanan Romawi untuk penny; shilling menjadi "s" dari solidus (kemudian berkembang menjadi sederhana / ); dan pound menjadi "L" (selanjutnya £ ) dari Libra atau Livre. [ kapan? ] [per kapan?]

Asal usul sterling terletak pada masa pemerintahan Raja Offa dari Mercia (757–796), yang memperkenalkan koin "sterling" yang dibuat dengan membagi secara fisik satu pon Menara (5.400 butir, 349,9 gram) perak menjadi 240 bagian. [1] Dalam praktiknya, berat koin tidak konsisten, 240 di antaranya jarang ditambahkan hingga satu pon penuh; tidak ada koin shilling atau pound dan unit ini hanya digunakan sebagai kemudahan akuntansi . [19]

Halfpennies dan farthings senilai 1 2 dan 1 4 sen masing -masing juga dicetak, tetapi uang receh lebih sering dihasilkan dengan memotong satu sen utuh. [20]

Abad Pertengahan, 1158

Penny dari Henry III, abad ke-13

Uang awal dibuat dari perak halus (semurni yang tersedia). Pada tahun 1158, sebuah mata uang baru diperkenalkan oleh Raja Henry II (dikenal sebagai sen Tealby ), dengan Pound Menara (5.400 butir, 349,9 g) dari 92,5% perak dicetak menjadi 240 sen, setiap sen berisi 20,82 butir (1,349 g) perak halus. [1] Disebut perak murni , paduannya lebih keras daripada perak halus 99,9% yang digunakan secara tradisional, dan koin perak murni tidak cepat aus seperti perak halus.

Pengenalan koin gros tournois Prancis yang lebih besar pada tahun 1266, dan popularitasnya berikutnya, menyebabkan denominasi tambahan dalam bentuk menir senilai empat pence dan setengah menir senilai dua pence. [1] Sebuah sen emas dengan berat dua kali sen perak dan senilai 20 pence perak juga dikeluarkan pada tahun 1257 tetapi tidak berhasil. [21]

Penny Inggris tetap hampir tidak berubah dari 800 dan merupakan pengecualian yang menonjol dalam penurunan nilai mata uang progresif yang terjadi di seluruh Eropa. The Tower Pound, awalnya dibagi menjadi 240 pence, diturunkan nilainya menjadi 243 pence pada 1279. [22]

Edward III, 1351

Edward III noble (80 pence), 1354–55

During the reign of King Edward III, the introduction of gold coins received from Flanders as payment for English wool provided substantial economic and trade opportunities but also unsettled the currency for the next 200 years.[15]:41 The first monetary changes in 1344 consisted of

  • English pennies reduced to 20 ¼ grains (131,218 g; 4,219 ozt) of sterling silver (or 20.25gr @ 0.925 fine = 18.73 gr pure silver) and
  • Gold double florins weighing 108 gr (6,998 g; 0,225 ozt) and valued at 6 shillings (or 72 pence).[15] (or 108gr @ 0.9948 fine = 107.44 gr pure gold).

The resulting gold-silver ratio of 1:12.55 was much higher than the ratio of 1:11 prevailing in the Continent, draining England of its silver coinage and requiring a more permanent remedy in 1351 in the form of

  • Pennies reduced further to 18 gr (1,2 g; 0,038 ozt) of sterling silver (or 18 @ 0.925 fine = 15.73 gr pure silver) and
  • New gold nobles weighing 120 grain (7,776 gram; 0,250 troy ons) of the finest gold possible at the time (191/192 or 99.48% fine),[23] (meaning 120gr @ 0.9948 fine = 119.38 gr pure gold) and valued at 6 shillings and 8 pence (80 pence, or rd of a pound). The pure gold-silver ratio was thus 1:(80 × 15.73 / 119.38) = 1:10.5.

These gold nobles, together with half-nobles (40 pence) and farthings or quarter-nobles (20 pence),[23] would become the first English gold coins produced in quantity.[24]

Henry IV, 1412

The exigencies of the Hundred Years' War during the reign of King Henry IV resulted in further debasements toward the end of his reign, with the English penny reduced to 15 grains sterling silver (0.899 g fine silver)[butuh klarifikasi] and the half-noble reduced to 54 grains (3.481 g fine gold).[butuh klarifikasi][15] The gold-silver ratio went down to 40 × 0.899 / 3.481 = 10.3.

After the French monetary reform of 1425, the gold half-noble (th pound, 40 pence) was worth close to one Livre Parisis (French pound) or 20 sols, while the silver half-groat (2 pence, fine silver 1.798 g) was worth close to 1 sol parisis (1.912 g).[25] Also, after the Flemish monetary reform of 1434, the new Dutch florin was valued close to 40 pence while the Dutch stuiver (shilling) of 1.63 g fine silver was valued close to 2 pence sterling at 1.8 g.[26] This approximate pairing of English half-nobles and half-groats to Continental livres and sols persisted up to the 1560s.

Great slump, 1464

The Great Bullion Famine and the Great Slump of the mid-15th century resulted in another reduction in the English penny to 12 grains sterling silver (0.719 g fine silver) and the introduction of a new half-angel gold coin of 40 grains (2.578 g), worth th pound or 40 pence.[15] The gold-silver ratio rose again to 40 × 0.719⁄2.578 = 11.2. The reduction in the English penny approximately matched those with the French sol Parisis and the Flemish stuiver; furthermore, from 1469 to 1475 an agreement between England and the Burgundian Netherlands made the English groat (4-pence) mutually exchangeable with the Burgundian double patard (or 2-stuiver) minted under Charles the Rash.[27][28]

40 pence or th pound sterling made one Troy Ounce (480 grains, 31.1035 g) of sterling silver. It was approximately on a par with France's livre parisis of one French ounce (30.594 g), and in 1524 it would also be the model for a standardised German currency in the form of the Guldengroschen, which also weighed 1 German ounce of silver or 29.232 g (939,8 ozt).[15]:361

Tudor, 1551

Crown (5/–) of Edward VI, 1551

The last significant depreciation in sterling's silver standard occurred amidst the 16th century influx of precious metals from the Americas arriving through the Habsburg Netherlands. Enforcement of monetary standards amongst its constituent provinces was loose, spending under King Henry VIII was extravagant, and England loosened the importation of cheaper continental coins for exchange into full-valued English coins.[27][29] All these contributed to The Great Debasement which resulted in a significant rd reduction in the bullion content of each pound sterling in 1551.[30][16]

The troy ounce of sterling silver was henceforth raised in price by 50% from 40 to 60 silver pennies (each penny weighing 8 grains sterling silver and containing 04.795 g (154,2 ozt) fine silver).[16] The gold half-angel of 40 grains (2.578 g (82,9 ozt) fine gold) was raised in price from 40 pence to 60 pence (5 shillings or ¼ pound) and was henceforth known as the Crown.

Prior to 1551, English coin denominations closely matched with corresponding sol (2d) and livre (40d) denominations in the Continent, namely:

After 1551 new denominations were introduced,[31] weighing similarly to 1464-issued coins but increased in value 1 ½ times, namely:

1601 to 1816

A golden guinea coin minted during the reign of King James II in 1686. The "Elephant and Castle" motif below his head is the symbol of the Royal African Company, Britain's foremost slave trading company.[32] The RAC transported the gold used in the coin from West Africa to England after purchasing it from African merchants in the Guinea region, who in turn sourced it from the Ashanti Empire.[33]

The silver basis of sterling remained essentially unchanged until the 1816 introduction of the Gold Standard, save for the increase in the number of pennies in a troy ounce from 60 to 62 (hence, 0.464 g fine silver in a penny). Its gold basis remained unsettled, however, until the gold guinea was fixed at 21 shillings in 1717.

The guinea was introduced in 1663 with 44 ½ guineas minted out of 12 troy ounces of 22-karat gold (hence, 7.6885 g fine gold) and initially worth £1 or 20 shillings. While its price in shillings was not legally fixed at first, its persistent trade value above 21 shillings reflected the poor state of clipped underweight silver coins tolerated for payment. Milled shillings of full weight were hoarded and exported to the Continent, while clipped, hand-hammered shillings stayed in circulation (as Gresham's law describes).[34]

In the 17th century, English merchants tended to pay for imports in silver but were generally paid for exports in gold.[butuh rujukan] This effect was notably driven by trade with the Far East, as the Chinese insisted on payments for their exports being settled in silver. From the mid-17th century, around 28,000 ton metrik (0 ton panjang) of silver were received by China, principally from European powers, in exchange for Chinese tea and other goods. In order to be able to purchase Chinese exports in this period, England initially had to export to other European nations and request payment in silver,[butuh rujukan] until the British East India Company was able to foster the indirect sale of opium to the Chinese.[35]

Domestic demand for silver bullion in Britain further reduced silver coinage in circulation, as the improving fortunes of the merchant class led to increased demand for tableware. Silversmiths had always regarded coinage as a source of raw material, already verified for fineness by the government. As a result, sterling silver coins were being melted and fashioned into "sterling silverware" at an accelerating rate. An Act of the Parliament of England in 1697 tried to stem this tide by raising the minimum acceptable fineness on wrought plate from sterling's 92.5% to a new Britannia silver standard of 95.83%. Silverware made purely from melted coins would be found wanting when the silversmith took his wares to the assay office, thus discouraging the melting of coins.[butuh rujukan]

During the time of Sir Isaac Newton, Master of the Mint, the gold guinea was fixed at 21 shillings (£1/1/-) in 1717. But without addressing the problem of underweight silver coins, and with the high resulting gold-silver ratio of 15.2, it gave sterling a firmer footing in gold guineas rather than silver shillings, resulting in a de facto gold standard. Silver and copper tokens issued by private entities partly relieved the problem of small change until the Great Recoinage of 1816.[36]

Establishment of modern currency

The Bank of England was founded in 1694, followed by the Bank of Scotland a year later. Both began to issue paper money.

Currency of Great Britain (1707) and the United Kingdom (1801)

In the 17th century Scots currency was pegged to sterling at a value of £12 Scots = £1 sterling.[37]

In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland merged into the Kingdom of Great Britain. In accordance with the Treaty of Union, the currency of Great Britain was sterling, with the pound Scots soon being replaced by sterling at the pegged value.

In 1801, Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland were united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. However, the Irish pound was not replaced by sterling until January 1826.[38] The conversion rate had long been £13 Irish to £12 sterling.[butuh rujukan] In 1928, six years after the Anglo-Irish Treaty restored Irish autonomy within the British Empire, the Irish Free State established a new Irish pound, pegged at par to sterling.[39]

Use in the Empire

Sterling circulated in much of the British Empire. In some areas it was used alongside local currencies. For example, the gold sovereign was legal tender in Canada despite the use of the Canadian dollar. Several colonies and dominions adopted the pound as their own currency. These included Australia, Barbados,[40] British West Africa, Cyprus, Fiji, British India, the Irish Free State, Jamaica, New Zealand, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. Some of these retained parity with sterling throughout their existence (e.g. the South African pound), while others deviated from parity after the end of the gold standard (e.g. the Australian pound). These currencies and others tied to sterling constituted the core of the sterling area.

The original English colonies on mainland North America were not party to the sterling area because the above-mentioned silver shortage in England coincided with these colonies' formative years. As a result of equitable trade (and rather less equitable piracy), the Spanish milled dollar became the most common coin within the English colonies.

Gold standard

"Shield reverse" sovereign of Queen Victoria, 1842

During the American War of Independence and the Napoleonic wars, Bank of England notes were legal tender, and their value floated relative to gold. The Bank also issued silver tokens to alleviate the shortage of silver coins. In 1816, the gold standard was adopted officially,[butuh rujukan] with silver coins minted at a rate of 66 shillings to a troy pound (weight) of sterling silver, thus rendering them as "token" issues (i.e. not containing their value in precious metal). In 1817, the sovereign was introduced, valued at 20/–. Struck in 22‑carat gold, it contained 113 grains or 732.238 g (23.542,0 ozt) of fine gold and replaced the guinea as the standard British gold coin without changing the gold standard.

By the 19th century, sterling notes were widely accepted outside Britain. The American journalist Nellie Bly carried Bank of England notes on her 1889–1890 trip around the world in 72 days.[41] During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many other countries adopted the gold standard. As a consequence, conversion rates between different currencies could be determined simply from the respective gold standards. £1 sterling was equal to US$4.87 in the United States, Can$4.87 in Canada, ƒ12.11 in Dutch territories, F 25.22 in French territories (or equivalent currencies of the Latin Monetary Union), 20 43 in Germany, Rbls 9.46 in Russia or K 24.02 in Austria-Hungary.[butuh rujukan] After the International Monetary Conference of 1867 in Paris, the possibility of the UK joining the Latin Monetary Union was discussed, and a Royal Commission on International Coinage examined the issues,[42] resulting in a decision against joining monetary union.

First world war: suspension of the gold standard

The gold standard was suspended at the outbreak of First World War in 1914, with Bank of England and Treasury notes becoming legal tender. Before that war, the United Kingdom had one of the world's strongest economies, holding 40% of the world's overseas investments. But after the end of the war, the country was highly indebted: Britain owed £850 million (about £40.7 miliar today)[43] with interest costing the country some 40% of all government spending.[44] The British government under Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Chancellor of the Exchequer Austen Chamberlain tried to make up for the deficit with a deflationary policy, but this only led to the Depression of 1920–21.[45]

By 1917, production of gold sovereigns had almost halted (the remaining production was for collector's sets and other very specific occasions), and by 1920, the silver coinage was debased from its original .925 fine to just .500 fine.[butuh rujukan] That was due to a drastic increase in silver prices from an average 27/6d. [£1.375] per troy pound in the period between 1894 and 1913, to 89/6d. [£4.475] in August 1920.[46]

Interwar period: gold standard reinstated

To try to resume stability, a version of the gold standard was reintroduced in 1925, under which the currency was fixed to gold at its pre-war peg, but one could only exchange currency for gold bullion, not for coins. On 21 September 1931, this was abandoned during the Great Depression, and sterling suffered an initial devaluation of some 25%.[47]

Since the suspension of the gold standard in 1931, sterling has been a fiat currency, with its value determined by its continued acceptance in the national and international economy.

World War II

In 1940, an agreement with the US pegged sterling to the US dollar at a rate of £1 = US$4.03. (Only the year before, it had been US$4.86.)[48] This rate was maintained through the Second World War and became part of the Bretton Woods system which governed post-war exchange rates.

Sejarah (1946 hingga sekarang)

Koin

Nominal koin yang saat ini beredar di Inggris:

  • 1 penny
  • 2 pence
  • 5 pence
  • 10 pence
  • 20 pence
  • 50 pence
  • 1 pound
  • 2 pound

Saat ini, koin beredar tertua di Inggris adalah koin tembaga 1p dan 2p diperkenalkan pada tahun 1971. Tidak ada koin lain dari sebelum 1982 yang beredar. Sebelum penarikan dari peredaran 10p yang lebih besar pada tahun 1993, koin yang beredar tertua berasal dari tahun 1947. Meskipun koin yang lebih tua (shilling; florin, sixpence hingga 1980) masih menjadi alat bayar sah, inflasi menandakan bahwa kandungan peraknya bernilai lebih dari nilai nominal koin tersebut, yang berarti bahwa koin tersebut cenderung dikeluarkan dari peredaran. Sebelum desimalisasi pada tahun 1971, beberapa perubahan mungkin mengandung koin yang berusia 100 tahun atau lebih, bertuliskan salah satu dari kepala lima raja, terutama dalam koin tembaga.

Berikut adalah uang koin pound sterling:

Gambar Pecahan Warna Dominan Diameter

(mm)

Massa

(g)

Komposisi Tahun pengeluaran
Bagian Depan Bagian Belakang
1p Tembaga 20,3 3,56 Baja berlapis tembaga 1992
2p 25,9 7,12
5p Perak 18 3,25 Baja berlapis nikel 2012
10p 24,5 6,6
20p 21,4 5 Cupronickel 2008
50p 27,3 8
Berkas:2016 £1 coin.jpg Berkas:One pound head side.jpg £1 Emas 23,4 8,75 Dalam: Paduan berlapis nikel

Luar: Kuningan-nikel

2017
£2 28,4 12 Dalam: Cupronickel

Luar: Kuningan-nikel

2015

Uang Kertas

Uang kertas sterling pertama dikeluarkan oleh Bank of England tak lama setelah bank tersebut didirikan pada tahun 1694. Denominasi pada awalnya ditulis tangan pada uang kertas pada saat penerbitan. Dari 1745, uang kertas dicetak dalam denominasi antara £20 dan £1000. Uang kertas £10 ditambahkan pada tahun 1759, diikuti oleh £5 pada tahun 1793 dan £1 dan £2 pada tahun 1797. Dua denominasi terendah ditarik setelah berakhirnya perang Napoleon. Pada tahun 1855, uang kertas dikonversi menjadi seluruhnya dicetak, dengan denominasi £5, £10, £20, £50, £100, £200, £300, £500 dan £1000 dikeluarkan.

Bank Skotlandia mulai menerbitkan uang kertas pada tahun 1695. Meskipun pound Skotlandia masih menjadi mata uang Skotlandia, uang kertas ini berdenominasi sterling dengan nilai hingga £100. Dari 1727, Royal Bank of Scotland juga mengeluarkan catatan. Kedua bank mengeluarkan beberapa uang kertas dalam guinea dan pound. Pada abad ke-19, peraturan membatasi uang kertas terkecil yang dikeluarkan oleh bank-bank Skotlandia sebagai denominasi £1, uang kertas yang tidak diizinkan di Inggris.

Dengan perpanjangan sterling ke Irlandia pada tahun 1825, Bank Irlandia mulai menerbitkan uang sterling, kemudian diikuti oleh bank-bank Irlandia lainnya. Catatan ini termasuk denominasi luar biasa 30/- dan £3. Denominasi tertinggi yang dikeluarkan oleh bank-bank Irlandia adalah £100.

Pada tahun 1826, bank setidaknya 65 mil (105 km) dari London diberi izin untuk mengeluarkan uang kertas mereka sendiri. Dari tahun 1844, bank-bank baru dikeluarkan dari penerbitan uang kertas di Inggris dan Wales tetapi tidak di Skotlandia dan Irlandia. Akibatnya, jumlah uang kertas privat berkurang di Inggris dan Wales tetapi berkembang biak di Skotlandia dan Irlandia. Uang kertas privat Inggris terakhir dikeluarkan pada tahun 1921.

Pada tahun 1914, Departemen Keuangan memperkenalkan uang kertas untuk 10/- dan £1 untuk menggantikan koin emas. Uang kertas ini beredar sampai 1928 ketika mereka digantikan oleh catatan Bank of England. Kemerdekaan Irlandia mengurangi jumlah bank Irlandia yang menerbitkan uang kertas menjadi lima yang beroperasi di Irlandia Utara. Perang Dunia Kedua memiliki efek drastis pada catatan produksi Bank of England. Takut akan pemalsuan massal oleh Nazi, produksi seluruh uang kertas seharga £10 ke atas dihentikan, sehingga bank hanya mengeluarkan uang kertas 10/-, £1 dan £5. Isu-isu Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara tidak terpengaruh, dengan isu-isu dalam denominasi £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 dan £100.

Bank of England memperkenalkan kembali uang kertas £10 pada tahun 1964. Pada tahun 1969, uang kertas 10/- digantikan oleh koin 50p untuk mempersiapkan desimalisasi. Uang kertas Bank of England £20 diperkenalkan kembali pada tahun 1970, diikuti oleh £50 pada tahun 1981. Koin £1 diperkenalkan pada tahun 1983, dan uang kertas Bank of England £1 ditarik pada tahun 1988. Bank-bank Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara mengikuti, dengan hanya Bank Royal Skotlandia yang terus mengeluarkan denominasi ini.

Catatan Inggris mencakup cetakan yang ditinggikan (misal pada tulisan "Bank of England"); tanda air; benang logam tertanam; hologram; dan tinta neon yang hanya terlihat di bawah lampu UV. Tiga teknik pencetakan terlibat: offset litho, intaglio dan letterpress; dan catatan tersebut menggabungkan total 85 tinta khusus.

Bank of England menghasilkan catatan bernama "giant" dan "titan". Giant adalah uang kertas satu juta pound, dan titan adalah uang kertas seratus juta pound, di antaranya ada sekitar 40. Giants dan titans hanya digunakan dalam sistem perbankan.

Uang kertas polimer

Uang kertas Northern Bank £5, dikeluarkan oleh Northern Bank (Irlandia Utara) (sekarang Danske Bank) pada tahun 2000, adalah satu-satunya uang kertas polimer yang beredar sampai 2016. Bank of England memperkenalkan £5 uang kertas polimer pada bulan September 2016, dan kertas £5 uang kertas ditarik pada 5 Mei 2017. Uang kertas polimer £10 diperkenalkan pada 14 September 2017, dan uang kertas ditarik pada 1 Maret 2018. Uang kertas polimer £20 akan diperkenalkan pada 20 Februari 2020, diikuti oleh uang kertas £50 pada 2021.

Berikut adalah uang kertas pound sterling (seri F):

Gambar Pecahan Warna Dominan Gambar Tahun Pengeluaran
Bagian Depan Bagian Belakang Depan Belakang
£5 Toska Ratu Elizabeth II Winston Churchill 2016
£10 Oranye Jane Austen 2017
£20 Ungu Joseph Mallord William Turner 2020
£50 Merah Alan Turing 2021

Alat bayar sah dan isu nasional

Alat bayar sah atau legal tender di Inggris didefinisikan sebagai "seorang debitur tidak bisa digugat karena tidak membayar apabila ia membayar ke pengadilan dalam alat bayar sah." Sebagai alternatif, pihak terkait dapat melunasi utang dengan cara lain dengan persetujuan bersama. Debitur harus menawarkan jumlah yang tepat karena tidak ada kewajiban bagi pihak lain untuk memberikan perubahan.

Di seluruh wilayah Inggris, koin £1 dan £2 adalah alat bayar untuk jumlah berapapun, dengan koin lainnya menjadi alat bayar hanya untuk jumlah terbatas. Uang kertas Bank of England adalah alat bayar sah untuk jumlah berapa pun di Inggris dan Wales, tetapi tidak di Skotlandia atau Irlandia Utara. (Bank of England 10 / - dan nota legal £1, seperti uang kertas Skotlandia, selama Perang Dunia II di bawah Undang-Undang Mata Uang (Pertahanan) 1939, yang dicabut pada 1 Januari 1946). Uang kertas Kepulauan Channel dan Isle of Man merupakan alat bayar yang hanya sah di yurisdiksi masing-masing.

Uang kertas Bank of England, Skotlandia, Irlandia Utara, Kepulauan Channel, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, dan Falkland dapat ditawarkan di mana saja di Inggris, meskipun tidak ada kewajiban untuk menerimanya sebagai alat pembayaran, dan penerimaan bervariasi. Misalnya, pedagang di Inggris umumnya menerima uang kertas Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara, tetapi beberapa yang tidak terbiasa dengan uang kertas tersebut mungkin menolaknya. Namun, uang kertas Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara keduanya cenderung diterima di Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara. Pedagang di Inggris umumnya tidak menerima Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, dan Falkland, tetapi Isle of Man umumnya diterima di Irlandia Utara. Uang kertas Bank of England umumnya diterima di Falklands dan Gibraltar, tetapi misalnya, uang kertas Skotlandia dan Irlandia Utara tidak. Karena semua tagihan dalam denominasi pound sterling, bank akan menukarnya dengan tagihan yang diterbitkan secara lokal dengan nilai nominal, meskipun beberapa di Inggris mengalami kesulitan menukar pound Kepulauan Falkland.

Koin peringatan £5 dan 25p (crown), jarang terlihat dalam sirkulasi, merupakan alat pembayaran yang sah, seperti halnya koin emas batangan yang dikeluarkan oleh Mint.

Koin Nilai maksimum yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai alat bayar sah[49]
£100 (diproduksi dari 2015) tidak terbatas
£20 (diproduksi dari 2013) tidak terbatas
£5 (pasca crown 1990) tidak terbatas
£2 tidak terbatas
£1 tidak terbatas
50p £10
25p (sebelum crown 1990) £10
20p £10
10p £5
5p £5
2p 20p
1p 20p

Nilai

Pada tahun 2006, the House of Commons Library menerbitkan sebuah makalah penelitian yang menyertakan indeks harga dalam pound untuk setiap tahun antara 1750 dan 2005, di mana tahun 1974 diindeks pada 100.[50]

Perihal periode 1750–1914, dokumen itu menyatakan: "Meskipun terjadi fluktuasi tingkat harga tahun ke tahun sebelum tahun 1914 (yang mencerminkan kualitas panen, perang, dan lain-lain), Tidak ada kenaikan harga jangka panjang yang stabil terkait dengan periode sejak 1945." Lebih lanjut dikatakan bahwa "Sejak 1945 harga telah meningkat setiap tahun dengan kenaikan agregat lebih dari 27 kali."

Nilai indeks pada 1751 adalah 5,1, memuncak hingga 16,3 pada 1813 sebelum akhirnya menurun menjadi sekitar 10,0 setelah akhir Perang Napoleon dan tetap dalam kisaran 8,5-10,0 pada akhir abad ke-19. Indeks tersebut 9,8 pada 1914 dan memuncak pada 25,3 pada 1920, sebelum turun menjadi 15,8 pada 1933 dan 1934 — harga hanya sekitar tiga kali lebih tinggi dari 180 tahun sebelumnya.

Inflasi memiliki efek dramatis selama dan setelah Perang Dunia II: indeksnya yaitu 20,2 pada 1940, 33,0 pada 1950, 49,1 pada 1960, 73,1 pada 1970, 263,7 pada 1980, 497,5 pada 1990, 671,8 pada 2000, dan 757,3 pada 2005.

Tabel berikut menunjukkan jumlah barang dan jasa yang setara, yang pada tahun tertentu, dapat dibeli dengan £1.[51]

Tabel tersebut menunjukkan bahwa dari tahun 1971 hingga 2015 pound Inggris kehilangan sekitar 92 persen daya belinya.

Daya beli satu pound Inggris dibandingkan dengan 1971
Tahun Daya beli ekuivalen Tahun Daya beli ekuivalen Tahun Daya beli ekuivalen Tahun Daya beli ekuivalen Tahun Daya beli ekuivalen
1971 £1.00 1981 £0.271 1991 £0.152 2001 £0.117 2011 £0.0900
1972 £0.935 1982 £0.250 1992 £0.146 2002 £0.115 2012 £0.0850
1973 £0.855 1983 £0.239 1993 £0.144 2003 £0.112 2013 £0.0826
1974 £0.735 1984 £0.227 1994 £0.141 2004 £0.109 2014 £0.0800
1975 £0.592 1985 £0.214 1995 £0.136 2005 £0.106 2015 £0.0780
1976 £0.510 1986 £0.207 1996 £0.133 2006 £0.102 2016 £0.0777
1977 £0.439 1987 £0.199 1997 £0.123 2007 £0.0980 2017 £0.0744
1978 £0.407 1988 £0.190 1998 £0.125 2008 £0.0943 2018 £0.0726
1979 £0.358 1989 £0.176 1999 £0.123 2009 £0.0952
1980 £0.303 1990 £0.161 2000 £0.119 2010 £0.0910

Koin terkecil pada tahun 1971 adalah 1⁄2p, bernilai sekitar 6.4p pada tahun 2015.

Lihat pula

Referensi

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Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "lower-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="lower-alpha"/> yang berkaitan