Kesenjangan digital

Kesenjangan digital adalah kesenjangan ekonomi dan sosial terkait akses, penggunaan, atau dampak teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK).^[1] Kesenjangan antara antarnegara (seperti kesenjangan digital di Amerika Serikat) dapat mengacu kepada kesenjangan antar individu, rumah tangga, bisnis, atau wilayah geografis, biasanya dengan tingkat sosial-ekonomi yang berbeda atau kategori demografi lain. Kesenjangan antarnegara atau kawasan dunia disebut kesenjangan digital global,^[1]^[2] yaitu kesenjangan teknologi antara negara berkembang dan negara maju di tingkat internasional.^[3]

Lihat pula

Wadah pemikir bidang kesenjangan digital

Referensi

^ ^a ^b U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). (1995). Falling through the net: A survey of the have nots in rural and urban America.. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html.
^ Norris, P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge University Press.
^ Chinn, Menzie D. and Robert W. Fairlie. (2004). The Determinants of the Global Digital Divide: A Cross-Country Analysis of Computer and Internet Penetration. Economic Growth Center. Retrieved from http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp881.pdf.

Daftar pustaka

Azam, M. (2007). "Working together toward the inclusive digital world". Digital Opportunity Forum. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved July 17, 2009, from http://www.dof.or.kr/pdf/Bangladesh%5BPPT%5D.pdf ^{[pranala nonaktif]}
Borland, J. (1998, April 13). "Move Over Megamalls, Cyberspace Is the Great Retailing Equalizer". Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News.
Brynjolfsson, Erik and Michael D. Smith (2000). "The great equalizer? Consumer choice behavior at Internet shopbots". Sloan Working Paper 4208-01. eBusiness@MIT Working Paper 137. July 2000. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
James, J. (2004). Information Technology and Development: A new paradigm for delivering the Internet to rural areas in developing countries. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32632-X (print). ISBN 0-203-32550-8 (e-book).
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 2005. "What's the state of ICT access around the world?" Retrieved July 17, 2009.
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 2008. "ICTs in Africa: Digital Divide to Digital Opportunity". Retrieved July 17, 2009.

Bacaan lanjutan

"Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide" (PDF), NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce, July 1999.
DiMaggio, P. & Hargittai, E. (2001). "From the 'Digital Divide' to 'Digital Inequality': Studying Internet Use as Penetration Increases", Working Paper No. 15, Center for Arts and Cultural Policy Studies, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University. Retrieved May 31, 2009.
Foulger, D. (2001). "Seven bridges over the global digital divide". IAMCR & ICA Symposium on Digital Divide, November 2001. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Chen, W.; Wellman, B. (2004). "The global digital divide within and between countries". IT & Society. 1 (7): 39–45.
"A Nation Online: Entering the Broadband Age", NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce, September 2004.
James, J (2005). "The global digital divide in the Internet: developed countries constructs and Third World realities". Journal of Information Science. 31 (2): 114–23. doi:10.1177/0165551505050788.
Rumiany, D. (2007). "Reducing the Global Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa". Posted on Global Envision with permission from Development Gateway, January 8, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
Madon, S., Reinhard, N., Roode, D., & Walsham, G. (2007). "Digital inclusion projects in developing countries: Processes of institutionalization". Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries, São Paulo, Brazil, May 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2009.
"Telecom use at the Bottom of the Pyramid 2 (use of telecom services and ICTs in emerging Asia)", LIRNEasia, 2007.
"Telecom use at the Bottom of the Pyramid 3 (Mobile2.0 applications, migrant workers in emerging Asia)", LIRNEasia, 2008-09.
"São Paulo Special: Bridging Brazil's digital divide", Digital Planet, BBC World Service, 2 October 2008.
Graham, M. (2009). "Global Placemark Intensity: The Digital Divide Within Web 2.0 Data", Floatingsheep Blog.
Graham, M (2011). "Time Machines and Virtual Portals: The Spatialities of the Digital Divide". Progress in Development Studies. 11 (3): 211–227. doi:10.1177/146499341001100303.

Pranala luar

E-inclusion, an initiative of the European Commission to ensure that "no one is left behind" in enjoying the benefits of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).
eEurope - An information society for all, a political initiative of the European Union.
Digital Inclusion Network, an online exchange on topics related to the digital divide and digital inclusion, E-Democracy.org.
Profiles of Innovators and Leaders Who Make a Difference (PDF). Expanding Digital Opportunity in New York City Public Schools. Committee on Technology in Government, New York City Council. June 2004.
"The Digital Divide Within Education Caused by the Internet", Benjamin Todd, Acadia University, Nova Scotia, Canada, Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences, Volume 11 (2012).
Statistics from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
Mobile Phones and Access is an animated video produced by TechChange and USAID which explores issues of access related to global mobile phone usage.
§ Digital Divide Measure

Templat:Studi sains dan teknologi Templat:Generasi

Templat:Pengelompokan ekonomi global

[NTIA95-1] U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). (1995). Falling through the net: A survey of the have nots in rural and urban America.. Retrieved from http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/fallingthru.html.

[2] Norris, P. (2001). Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide. Cambridge University Press.

[ChinnFairlie-3] Chinn, Menzie D. and Robert W. Fairlie. (2004). The Determinants of the Global Digital Divide: A Cross-Country Analysis of Computer and Internet Penetration. Economic Growth Center. Retrieved from http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp881.pdf.

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