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Umar adalah khalifah Kekhalifahan Rasyidin kedua dan memerintah selama 634–644. Kekhalifahan Umar terkenal karena penaklukan yang luas. Dengan dibantu oleh komandan lapangan yang brilian, ia mampu menggabungkan Irak , Iran , Azerbaijan , Armenia , Georgia , Suriah , Yordania , Palestina , Lebanon , Mesir , dan bagian dari Afghanistan , Turkmenistan dan Pakistan barat daya ke dalam Khilafah. Selama masa pemerintahannya, Bizantium kehilangan lebih dari tiga perempat wilayah mereka dan di Persia, dan Umar adalah raja (penguasa) Kekaisaran Sassaniyah sebelum gelar itu dihapuskan.[ 1]
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