Irak: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Irak infobox}} |
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{{Infobox_Country| |
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native_name = الجمهورية العراقية<br />Al-Jumhuriyah Al-Iraqiyah<br />كۆماری عێراق <br />Komara Iraqê | |
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'''Irak''',{{Efn|{{lang-ar|الْعِرَاق|translit=al-ʿIrāq}}; {{lang-ku|عێراق|translit=Êraq}}, {{lang-arc|ܥܝܪܐܩ}}}} dengan nama resmi '''Republik Irak''',{{Efn|{{lang-ar|جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق}} ''{{transliteration|ar|{{Audio|Ar-Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq.oga|Jumhūrīyat al-ʿIrāq|help=no}}}}''; {{lang-ku|کۆماری عێراق|translit=Komarî Êraq}}}} adalah sebuah negara di Timur Tengah atau Asia Barat Daya, yang meliputi sebagian terbesar daerah [[Mesopotamia]] serta ujung barat laut dari [[Pegunungan Zagros]] dan bagian timur dari [[Gurun Suriah]]. Negara ini berbatasan dengan [[Kuwait]] dan [[Arab Saudi]] di selatan, [[Yordania]] di barat, [[Suriah]] di barat laut, [[Türkiye]] di utara, dan [[Iran]] di timur. Irak mempunyai bagian yang sangat sempit dari garis pantai di [[Umm Qashr]] di [[Teluk Persia]]. |
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common_name = Irak | |
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image_flag = Flag of Iraq.svg | |
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image_coat = Iraq-COA.png| |
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image_map = LocationIraq.svg | |
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national_motto = '''[[Allahu Akbar]]''' <br />([[Bahasa Arab|Arab]]: "Allah Maha Besar") | |
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national_anthem = [[Mawtini]] <sup>1</sup> | |
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official_languages = [[Bahasa Arab|Arab]], [[Bahasa Kurdi|Kurdi]] <sup>3</sup>, [[Assyria Neo-Aramaic|Assyria]] | |
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capital = [[Bagdad]]<sup>2</sup> | |
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capitals_coordinates = [http://kvaleberg.com/extensions/mapsources/index.php?params=33_20_N_44_26_E_ 33°20' LU 44°26' BT] | |
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largest_city = [[Bagdad]] | |
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government_type = [[Republik]] | |
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leader_titles = [[Presiden Irak|Presiden]]<br />[[Perdana Menteri Irak|Perdana Menteri]] | |
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leader_names = [[Jalal Talabani]]<br />[[Nouri al-Maliki]] | |
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area_rank = 58 | |
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area_magnitude = | |
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area = 437.072 | |
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percent_water = 1,1% | |
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population_estimate = 26.074.906 | |
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population_estimate_year = 2005 | |
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population_estimate_rank = 45 | |
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population_census =-| |
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population_census_year =-| |
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population_density = 59 | |
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population_density_rank = 112 | |
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GDP_PPP_year = 2005 | |
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GDP_PPP = US$89,8 miliar | |
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GDP_PPP_rank = 58 | |
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GDP_PPP_per_capita = US$3.500 | |
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GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122 | |
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sovereignty_type = [[Kemerdekaan]] | |
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established_events = - Dari [[Kerajaan Ottoman]]<br />- Dari [[Britania Raya]]<br />- Kedaulatan dari [[Otoritas Sementara Koalisi|CPA]] | |
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established_dates = <br />[[1 Oktober]] [[1919]]<br />[[3 Oktober]] [[1932]]<br />[[28 Juni]] [[2004]] | |
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currency = [[Dinar Irak|Dinar]] | |
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currency_code = IQD | |
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time_zone = | |
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utc_offset = +3 | |
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time_zone_DST = | |
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utc_offset_DST = +4 | |
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cctld = .iq | |
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calling_code = 964 | |
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footnotes= |
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1. Etnis Kurdi menggunakan [[Ey Reqîb]]. |
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2. Ibu kota Daerah Otonomi Kurdi adalah [[Arbil]]. |
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3. Bahasa utama di tiga daerah Kurdi. |
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}} |
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'''Republik Irak''' (nama lokal: ''Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah'' - nama lokal singkat: '''Al Iraq''' <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/iz.html CIA World Factbook]</ref> ([[bahasa Arab|Arab]]: {{Audio|Ar-al Gumhuriyah al Iraqiya.ogg|العراق}}, [[bahasa Turki|Turki]]: '''Irak''', [[bahasa Kurdi|Kurdi]]: '''عيَراق'''), adalah sebuah negara di [[Timur Tengah]] atau [[Asia Barat Daya]], yang meliputi sebagian terbesar daerah [[Mesopotamia]] serta ujung barat laut dari [[Pegunungan Zagros]] dan bagian timur dari [[Gurun Suriah]]. Negara ini berbatasan dengan [[Kuwait]] dan [[Arab Saudi]] di selatan, [[Yordania]] di barat, [[Suriah]] di barat laut, [[Turki]] di utara, dan [[Iran]] di timur. Irak mempunyai bagian yang sangat sempit dari garis pantai di [[Umm Qashr]] di [[Teluk Persia]]. |
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Irak mempunyai sejarah yang kaya. Kini Irak termasuk [[negara berkembang]] di tengah-tengah [[Perang saudara Irak|perang saudara]]. |
Irak mempunyai sejarah yang kaya. Kini Irak termasuk [[negara berkembang]] di tengah-tengah [[Perang saudara Irak|perang saudara]]. |
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== Etimologi == |
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Ada beberapa pendapat tentang asal |
Ada beberapa pendapat tentang asal usul nama ''Irak''; – satu di antaranya berasal dari kota [[Uruk]] (atau Erech) dari masa Kerajaan [[Sumer]]. Pendapat lainnya mengatakan bahwa ''Irak''<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.arah.com/article/13770/republik-ceko-ikut-misi-ke-irak-untuk-perangi-isis.html|title=Republik Ceko Ikut Misi ke Irak Untuk Perangi ISIS {{!}} News {{!}} Arah.Com|last=divertal|newspaper=arah.com|access-date=2016-10-21|archive-date=2016-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021210251/http://www.arah.com/article/13770/republik-ceko-ikut-misi-ke-irak-untuk-perangi-isis.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> berasal dari [[bahasa Aram]], yang berarti "tanah sepanjang tepian sungai." Pendapat lainnya mengatakan bahwa ''Irak'' adalah sebuah rujukan kepada akar pohon palma, karena jumlahnya banyak sekali di negara itu. |
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Di bawah [[ |
Di bawah [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah]] dinamai "Erak Arabi" yang merujuk ke bagian dari wilayah barat daya [[Kekaisaran Persia]], yang kini merupakan bagian dari Irak selatan. Al-Iraq adalah nama yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Arab sendiri untuk daerah ini sejak abad ke-6. |
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== Sejarah == |
== Sejarah == |
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=== Sejarah kuno === |
=== Sejarah kuno === |
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{{main|Sumeria}} |
{{main|Sumeria}} |
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[[Berkas:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg| |
[[Berkas:Milkau Oberer Teil der Stele mit dem Text von Hammurapis Gesetzescode 369-2.jpg|jmpl|kiri|150px|Bagian atas dari stela [[Codex Hammurabi|aturan hukum]] [[Hammurabi]].]] |
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Secara historis Irak dikenal sebagai [[Mesopotamia]], yang secara harafiah berarti "di antara |
Secara historis Irak dikenal sebagai [[Mesopotamia]], yang secara harafiah berarti "di antara dua sungai" dalam [[bahasa Yunani]]. Tanah ini menjadi tempat kelahiran peradaban pertama dunia yang dikenal, budaya [[Sumeria]], diikuti dengan budaya [[Akkadia]], [[Babilonia]] dan [[Asyur]] yang pengaruhnya meluas ke daerah-daerah tetangganya sejak sekitar 5000 SM. Peradaban-peradaban ini menghasilkan [[tulisan]] tertua dan sebagian dari [[ilmu pengetahuan]], [[matematika]], [[hukum]] dan [[filsafat]] yang pertama di dunia, hingga menjadikan wilayah ini pusat dari apa yang umumnya dikenal sebagai "[[Buaian Peradaban]]". [[Peradaban]] Mesopotamia kuno mendominasi peradaban-peradaban lainnya pada zamannya. |
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Pada [[abad ke-6 SM]], wilayah ini menjadi bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Persia]] di bawah [[Koresy Agung]] selama hampir 4 abad, sebelum ditaklukkan oleh [[Alexander Agung]] dan tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan [[ |
Pada [[abad ke-6 SM]], wilayah ini menjadi bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Persia]] di bawah [[Koresy Agung]] selama hampir 4 abad, sebelum ditaklukkan oleh [[Alexander Agung]] dan tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Kerajaan Makedonia]] selama hampir dua abad. Sebuah suku [[bangsa Iran]] dari Asia Tengah yang bernama [[Parthia]] kemudian merebut wilayah ini, diikuti dengan [[Dinasti Sassanid]] Persia selama 9 abad, hingga [[abad ke-7]]. |
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Di awal [[abad ke-7]], [[Islam]] menyebar ke daerah yang sekarang bernama Irak. Sepupu sekaligus menantu [[Nabi Muhammad]] memindahkan |
Di awal [[abad ke-7]], [[Islam]] menyebar ke daerah yang sekarang bernama Irak. Sepupu sekaligus menantu [[Nabi Muhammad]], yaitu [[Ali bin Abi Thalib]] memindahkan ibu kota di Kufah "fi al-Iraq" di mana ia menjadi [[Khulafaur Rasyidin]] yang ke-4. [[Bani Umayyah]] yang berkuasa dari [[Damaskus]] pada abad ke-7 menguasai Provinsi Irak. |
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[[Baghdad]], |
[[Baghdad]], ibu kota [[Khilafah]] [[Abbasiyah]], adalah kota utama bagi dunia Arab dan Islam selama 5 abad. |
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=== Kesultanan Utsmaniyah === |
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{{utama|Kesultanan |
{{utama|Kesultanan Utsmaniyah}} |
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Pada tahun 1258, Baghdad dihancurkan oleh [[bangsa Mongol]]. |
Pada tahun 1258, Baghdad dihancurkan oleh [[bangsa Mongol]]. Kesultanan Utsmaniyah mengambil alih Baghdad dari [[Persia]] pada tahun 1535. Utsmaniyah kehilangan Baghdad ke [[Dinasti Safawiyah|Dinasti Safawi]] [[Kekaisaran Persia|Persia]] pada tahun 1509, dan mengambilnya kembali pada tahun 1632. Kekuasaan Utsmani atas Irak berlangsung hingga [[Perang Dunia I]] saat Kesultanan Utsmaniyah berada bersama [[Kekaisaran Jerman]] dan [[Blok Sentral]]. |
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====World War One==== |
====World War One==== |
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===British Mandate of Mesopotamia=== |
===British Mandate of Mesopotamia=== |
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{{Main|British Mandate of Mesopotamia}} |
{{Main|British Mandate of Mesopotamia}} |
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At the end of World War I, the [[League of Nations]] granted the area to the United Kingdom as a [[League of Nations Mandate|mandate]]. It was formed out of three former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[vilayet]]s'' (regions): [[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]], [[Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire|Baghdad]], and [[Basra Province, Ottoman Empire|Basra]]. |
At the end of World War I, the [[League of Nations]] granted the area to the United Kingdom as a [[League of Nations Mandate|mandate]]. It was formed out of three former [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ''[[vilayet]]s'' (regions): [[Mosul Province, Ottoman Empire|Mosul]], [[Baghdad Province, Ottoman Empire|Baghdad]], and [[Basra Province, Ottoman Empire|Basra]]. |
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For three out of four centuries of [[Ottomans|Ottoman]] rule, the vilayets of Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra were administered from Baghdad. During the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia|British mandate]], the country was ruled by British colonial administrators who used the British armed forces to put down rebellions against the government. They selected the [[Hashemite]] king, Faisal, who had been forced out of [[Syria]] by the French, to be their client ruler.Also, the government and ministries' officers were likewise appointed by the British authorities.They were selected according to belonging to the Sunni Arab elite in the region<ref>Tripp,Charles:''A History of Iraq'',Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000</ref>. |
For three out of four centuries of [[Ottomans|Ottoman]] rule, the vilayets of Baghdad, Mosul, and Basra were administered from Baghdad. During the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia|British mandate]], the country was ruled by British colonial administrators who used the British armed forces to put down rebellions against the government. They selected the [[Hashemite]] king, Faisal, who had been forced out of [[Syria]] by the French, to be their client ruler.Also, the government and ministries' officers were likewise appointed by the British authorities.They were selected according to belonging to the Sunni Arab elite in the region<ref>Tripp,Charles:''A History of Iraq'',Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000</ref>. |
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===Republic of Iraq=== |
===Republic of Iraq=== |
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The reinstalled [[Hashemite]] monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a [[coup d'etat]] by the [[Iraqi Army]], known as the [[14 July Revolution]]. The coup brought [[Brigadier General]] [[Abdul Karim Qassim]] to power. He withdrew from the [[Baghdad Pact]] and established friendly relations with the [[Soviet Union]] but his government lasted only until 1963, when it was overthrown by [[Colonel]] [[Abdul Salam Arif]]. Salam Arif died in 1966 and his brother, [[Abdul Rahman Arif]], assumed the presidency. In 1968, Rahman Arif was overthrown by the Arab Socialist [[Baath Party]]. This movement gradually came under the control of [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein al-Majid al Tikriti]] who acceded to the presidency and control of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), then Iraq's supreme executive body, in July 1979, killing off many of his opponents in the process. Many feel that all or at least some of these changes in the government beginning in [[1958]] were at least partially orchestrated by Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] as part of his goal to draw Iraq into the [[United Arab Republic]]. |
The reinstalled [[Hashemite]] monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a [[coup d'etat]] by the [[Iraqi Army]], known as the [[14 July Revolution]]. The coup brought [[Brigadier General]] [[Abdul Karim Qassim]] to power. He withdrew from the [[Baghdad Pact]] and established friendly relations with the [[Soviet Union]] but his government lasted only until 1963, when it was overthrown by [[Colonel]] [[Abdul Salam Arif]]. Salam Arif died in 1966 and his brother, [[Abdul Rahman Arif]], assumed the presidency. In 1968, Rahman Arif was overthrown by the Arab Socialist [[Baath Party]]. This movement gradually came under the control of [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein al-Majid al Tikriti]] who acceded to the presidency and control of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), then Iraq's supreme executive body, in July 1979, killing off many of his opponents in the process. Many feel that all or at least some of these changes in the government beginning in [[1958]] were at least partially orchestrated by Egyptian President [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] as part of his goal to draw Iraq into the [[United Arab Republic]]. |
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====Saddam Hussein==== |
====Saddam Hussein==== |
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{{main|Iraq War}} |
{{main|Iraq War}} |
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Iraq was [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded]] in March 2003 by a United States-organized coalition with the stated reasons that Iraq had not abandoned its nuclear and chemical weapons development program according to [[United Nations]] '''resolution 687'''. When Iraq invaded Kuwait, United Nations Security Council, under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, adopted '''resolution 678, authorizing armed action against Iraq'''. Resolution 678 contained vague language authorizing U.N. member states to use "all necessary means" to "restore international peace and security in the area." After Iraq was expelled from Kuwait, the United Nations passed a cease-fire resolution 687. The agreement included provisions obligating Iraq to discontinue its nuclear weapons program. United States asserted that because Iraq was in "material breach" of resolution 687, the armed forces authorization of resolution 678 was revived. |
Iraq was [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded]] in March 2003 by a United States-organized coalition with the stated reasons that Iraq had not abandoned its nuclear and chemical weapons development program according to [[United Nations]] '''resolution 687'''. When Iraq invaded Kuwait, United Nations Security Council, under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, adopted '''resolution 678, authorizing armed action against Iraq'''. Resolution 678 contained vague language authorizing U.N. member states to use "all necessary means" to "restore international peace and security in the area." After Iraq was expelled from Kuwait, the United Nations passed a cease-fire resolution 687. The agreement included provisions obligating Iraq to discontinue its nuclear weapons program. United States asserted that because Iraq was in "material breach" of resolution 687, the armed forces authorization of resolution 678 was revived. |
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[[Berkas:BaghdadSign.jpg|thumb|right|290px|Downtown [[Baghdad]] monument of [[Saddam Hussein]] vandalized by Iraqis shortly after the Occupation of Coalition Forces in April 2003.]] |
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The public justifications given for invasion included purported Iraqi government links to [[Al Qaeda]], claims that Iraq had [[weapons of mass destruction]], the opportunity to remove an oppressive dictator from power, and the bringing of democracy to Iraq.In his State of Union Address on January 29, 2002, the American President George W. Bush declares Iraq as being a member of the "axis of evil".Like North Korea and Iran, Iraq's attempt to aquire weapons of mass destruction gave credentials to claim that the Iraqi government causes a serious threat to America's national security."Iraq continues to flaunt its hostilities toward America and to support terror.The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade...This is a regime that agreed to international inspections--then kicked out inspectors.This a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world...By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes[Iran,Iraq and Norht Korea] pose a grave and growig danger.They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred."<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html,The President State of Union Address, January 29,2002,Washington,D.C.</ref> |
The public justifications given for invasion included purported Iraqi government links to [[Al Qaeda]], claims that Iraq had [[weapons of mass destruction]], the opportunity to remove an oppressive dictator from power, and the bringing of democracy to Iraq.In his State of Union Address on January 29, 2002, the American President George W. Bush declares Iraq as being a member of the "axis of evil".Like North Korea and Iran, Iraq's attempt to aquire weapons of mass destruction gave credentials to claim that the Iraqi government causes a serious threat to America's national security."Iraq continues to flaunt its hostilities toward America and to support terror.The Iraqi regime has plotted to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade...This is a regime that agreed to international inspections--then kicked out inspectors.This a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world...By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes[Iran,Iraq and Norht Korea] pose a grave and growig danger.They could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred."<ref>http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html,The President State of Union Address, January 29,2002,Washington,D.C.</ref> |
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The Iraqi diaspora is the dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries. There have been many large-scale waves of emigration from Iraq, beginning early in the regime of Saddam Hussein and continuing through 2007. The [[UN High Commission for Refugees]] has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis have fled the country in recent years, mostly to Jordan and Syria. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm] Although some expatriates returned to Iraq after the 2003 invasion, the flow had virtually stopped by 2006. [http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/456320748.pdf] |
The Iraqi diaspora is the dispersion of native Iraqis to other countries. There have been many large-scale waves of emigration from Iraq, beginning early in the regime of Saddam Hussein and continuing through 2007. The [[UN High Commission for Refugees]] has estimated that nearly two million Iraqis have fled the country in recent years, mostly to Jordan and Syria. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6286129.stm] Although some expatriates returned to Iraq after the 2003 invasion, the flow had virtually stopped by 2006. [http://www.unhcr.org/publ/PUBL/456320748.pdf] |
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== Pemerintahan == |
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== Geografi == |
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{{main|Geografi Irak}} |
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[[Berkas:IRAQ map black nad white.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Peta Irak]] |
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Irak terletak di antara garis lintang 29° dan 38° N, dan garis bujur 39° dan 49° E. Wilayahnya memiliki luas 437.072 km2 (168.754 sq mi), menjadikannya sebagai negara ke-58 terbesar di dunia. Luasnya sebanding dengan ukuran negara bagian AS [[California]], dan agak lebih besar dari [[Paraguay]]. |
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Wilayah Irak sebagian besar terdiri dari padang pasir, namun di sekitar [[Sungai Eufrat]] dan [[Sungai Tigris|Tigris]] terdapat daratan aluvial yang subur. Bagian utara negara tersebut sebagian besar terdiri dari pegunungan; titik tertinggi negara ini berada di [[Gunung Cheekha Dar|Chekha Dar]] dengan ketinggian 3.611 m (11.847 ft). Irak memiliki garis pantai kecil berukuran 58 km (36 mil) di sepanjang [[Teluk Persia]]. Dekat dengan pantai dan sepanjang [[Shatt al-Arab]] (dikenal sebagai arvandrūd: اروندرود antara [[Iran]]) dahulu pernah ada rawa, tetapi banyak yang dikeringkan pada 1990-an. |
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=== Iklim === |
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{{main|Iklim Irak}} |
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Sebagian besar wilayah Irak memiliki iklim yang kering dengan pengaruh subtropis. Suhu musim panas rata-rata di atas 40 °C (104 °F) di sebagian besar wilayah dan sering melebihi 48 °C (118,4 °F). Suhu musim dingin jarang melebihi 21 °C (69,8 °F) dengan suhu maksimal sekitar 15 sampai 19 °C (59,0-66,2 °F) dan pada waktu malam suhu antara 2 sampai 5 °C (35,6-41,0 °F). Biasanya curah hujan rendah; sebagian besar tempat memiliki curah hujan 250 mm (9,8 in) per tahun, dengan curah hujan maksimum terjadi selama bulan-bulan musim dingin. Hujan selama musim panas sangat jarang, kecuali di ujung utara negara itu. Daerah pegunungan utara memiliki musim dingin dengan salju dalam jumlah besar yang kadang-kadang menyebabkan banjir besar. |
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== Politik == |
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[[Berkas:Iraq-CIA WFB Map.png|jmpl|ka|200px|Peta Irak]] |
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{{utama|Politik di Irak}}<!-- |
{{utama|Politik di Irak}}<!-- |
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Iraq was under [[Baath Party]] rule from 1968 to 2003; in 1979 [[Saddam Hussein]] took control and remained president until 2003 after which he was unseated by a US-led [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion]]. |
Iraq was under [[Baath Party]] rule from 1968 to 2003; in 1979 [[Saddam Hussein]] took control and remained president until 2003 after which he was unseated by a US-led [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|invasion]]. |
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On [[October 15]], [[2005]], more than 63% of eligible Iraqis came out across the country to vote on whether to accept or reject the new [[Constitution of Iraq|constitution]]. On October 25, the vote was certified and the constitution passed with a 78% overall majority, with the percentage of support varying widely between the country's territories.<ref>Wagner, Thomas, (October 25, 2005), [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677 <u>"Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters"<u>], ''ABC News'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> The new constitution had overwhelming backing among the Shia and Ķurdish communities, but was overwhelmingly rejected by Arab Sunnis. Three majority Arab Sunni provinces rejected it ([[Salah ad Din]] with 82% against, [[Ninawa]] with 55% against, and [[Al Anbar]] with 97% against). |
On [[October 15]], [[2005]], more than 63% of eligible Iraqis came out across the country to vote on whether to accept or reject the new [[Constitution of Iraq|constitution]]. On October 25, the vote was certified and the constitution passed with a 78% overall majority, with the percentage of support varying widely between the country's territories.<ref>Wagner, Thomas, (October 25, 2005), [http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=1248677 <u>"Iraq's Constitution Adopted by Voters"<u>], ''ABC News'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> The new constitution had overwhelming backing among the Shia and Ķurdish communities, but was overwhelmingly rejected by Arab Sunnis. Three majority Arab Sunni provinces rejected it ([[Salah ad Din]] with 82% against, [[Ninawa]] with 55% against, and [[Al Anbar]] with 97% against). |
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Iraqi politicians have been under significant threat by the various factions that have promoted violence as a political weapon. The ongoing violence in Iraq has been incited by an amalgam of religious extremists that believe an Islamic [[Caliphate]] should rule, old sectarian regime members that had ruled under Saddam that want back the power they had, and Iraqi nationalists that are fighting the U.S. military presence. |
Iraqi politicians have been under significant threat by the various factions that have promoted violence as a political weapon. The ongoing violence in Iraq has been incited by an amalgam of religious extremists that believe an Islamic [[Caliphate]] should rule, old sectarian regime members that had ruled under Saddam that want back the power they had, and Iraqi nationalists that are fighting the U.S. military presence. |
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=== Kebijakan minoritas === |
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{{utama|Kebijakan minoritas di Irak}}<!-- |
{{utama|Kebijakan minoritas di Irak}}<!-- |
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There are a number of ethnic minority groups in Iraq: [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Mandeans]], [[Iraqi Turkmen]], [[Shabak people|Shabaks]] and [[Roma people|Roma]]. These groups have not enjoyed equal status with the majority Arab populations throughout Iraq's eighty-five year history. Since the establishment of the "no-fly zones" following the [[Gulf War]] of 1990-1991, the situation of the Kurds has changed as they have established their own autonomous region. The remainder of these ethnic groups continue to suffer discrimination on religious or ethnic grounds.--> |
There are a number of ethnic minority groups in Iraq: [[Kurdish people|Kurds]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Mandeans]], [[Iraqi Turkmen]], [[Shabak people|Shabaks]] and [[Roma people|Roma]]. These groups have not enjoyed equal status with the majority Arab populations throughout Iraq's eighty-five year history. Since the establishment of the "no-fly zones" following the [[Gulf War]] of 1990-1991, the situation of the Kurds has changed as they have established their own autonomous region. The remainder of these ethnic groups continue to suffer discrimination on religious or ethnic grounds.--> |
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=== Pembagian |
=== Pembagian administratif === |
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{{ |
{{utama|Pembagian administratif Irak}} |
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:''Lihat pula: [[Distrik di Irak]]'' |
:''Lihat pula: [[Distrik di Irak]]'' |
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Irak dibagi ke dalam 18 [[ |
Irak dibagi ke dalam 18 [[kegubernuran]] (atau [[provinsi]]) (bahasa Arab: محافظات ''muhafadhat'', tunggal - محافظة ''muhafadhah'', bahasa Kurdi: پاریزگه ''Pârizgah''). Governorat dibagi lagi ke dalam sejumlah ''qadhas'' (atau [[distrik]]). |
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{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" |
{| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" align="center" |
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#[[Governorat Baghdad|Baghdad]] |
# [[Governorat Baghdad|Baghdad]] |
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#[[Governorat Salah ad Din|Salah ad Din]] |
# [[Governorat Salah ad Din|Salah ad Din]] |
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#[[Governorat Diyala|Diyala]] |
# [[Governorat Diyala|Diyala]] |
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#[[Governorat Wasit|Wasit]] |
# [[Governorat Wasit|Wasit]] |
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#[[Governorat Maysan|Maysan]] |
# [[Governorat Maysan|Maysan]] |
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#[[Governorat Basra|Al Basrah]] |
# [[Governorat Basra|Al Basrah]] |
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#[[Governorat Dhi Qar|Dhi Qar]] |
# [[Governorat Dhi Qar|Dhi Qar]] |
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#[[Governorat Al Muthanna|Al Muthanna]] |
# [[Governorat Al Muthanna|Al Muthanna]] |
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#[[Governorat Al-Qādisiyyah|Al-Qādisiyyah]] |
# [[Governorat Al-Qādisiyyah|Al-Qādisiyyah]] |
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<ol start="10"> |
<ol start="10"> |
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Baris 177: | Baris 143: | ||
<li>[[Governorat At-Ta'mim|At Ta'mim]] (Kirkuk) |
<li>[[Governorat At-Ta'mim|At Ta'mim]] (Kirkuk) |
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<li>[[Governorat As Sulaymaniyah|As Sulaymaniyah]] |
<li>[[Governorat As Sulaymaniyah|As Sulaymaniyah]] |
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||[[Berkas:IraqNumberedRegions.png|200px| |
||[[Berkas:IraqNumberedRegions.png|200px|ka|Peta dengan angka-angka yang menunjukkan Governorat di Irak]] |
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|} |
|} |
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{{utama|Federalisme di Irak}} |
{{utama|Federalisme di Irak}} |
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Baris 183: | Baris 149: | ||
[[Konstitusi Irak]] yang baru mempersiapkan pembentukan sejumlah region dengan menggabungkan 1 governorat atau lebih. Sekarang baru ada 1 region - [[Kurdistan Irak]] - dan ada usulan agar lebih banyak lagi region yang dibentuk di selatan. |
[[Konstitusi Irak]] yang baru mempersiapkan pembentukan sejumlah region dengan menggabungkan 1 governorat atau lebih. Sekarang baru ada 1 region - [[Kurdistan Irak]] - dan ada usulan agar lebih banyak lagi region yang dibentuk di selatan. |
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{{Meso Labelled Map|float=right}} |
{{Meso Labelled Map|float=right}} |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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Baris 188: | Baris 155: | ||
At 168,743 sq.mi (437,072 km²), Iraq is the 58th-largest country in the world, after [[Morocco]]. It is comparable in size to the US state of [[California]], and somewhat larger than [[Paraguay]]. |
At 168,743 sq.mi (437,072 km²), Iraq is the 58th-largest country in the world, after [[Morocco]]. It is comparable in size to the US state of [[California]], and somewhat larger than [[Paraguay]]. |
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Large parts of Iraq consist of [[desert]], but the area between the two major rivers ([[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]]) is fertile, with the rivers carrying about 60 million cubic metres (78 million [[cubic yard|cu. yd]]) of [[silt]] annually to the [[River delta|delta]]. The north of the country is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 metres (11,847 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) point, unnamed on the map opposite, but known locally as [[Cheekah Dar]] (black tent). Iraq has a small coastline with the [[Persian Gulf]]. Close to the coast and along the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (known as ''arvandrūd'': اروندرود among Iranians) there used to be marshlands, but many of these were drained in the 1990s. |
Large parts of Iraq consist of [[desert]], but the area between the two major rivers ([[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]]) is fertile, with the rivers carrying about 60 million cubic metres (78 million [[cubic yard|cu. yd]]) of [[silt]] annually to the [[River delta|delta]]. The north of the country is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 metres (11,847 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) point, unnamed on the map opposite, but known locally as [[Cheekah Dar]] (black tent). Iraq has a small coastline with the [[Persian Gulf]]. Close to the coast and along the [[Shatt al-Arab]] (known as ''arvandrūd'': اروندرود among Iranians) there used to be marshlands, but many of these were drained in the 1990s. |
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The local [[climate]] is mostly [[desert]] with mild to cool winters and dry, hot, cloudless summers. The northern mountainous regions experience cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding. The capital of [[Baghdad]] is situated in the centre of the country, on the banks of the Tigris. Other major cities include [[Basra]] in the south and [[Mosul]] in the north. |
The local [[climate]] is mostly [[desert]] with mild to cool winters and dry, hot, cloudless summers. The northern mountainous regions experience cold winters with occasional heavy snows, sometimes causing extensive flooding. The capital of [[Baghdad]] is situated in the centre of the country, on the banks of the Tigris. Other major cities include [[Basra]] in the south and [[Mosul]] in the north. |
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Baris 196: | Baris 163: | ||
==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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{{main|Economy of Iraq}} |
{{main|Economy of Iraq}} |
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[[ |
[[Berkas:Iraq 50 dinars Rewers.JPG|thumb|left|250px|An old 50 dinar bill]] |
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Iraq's economy is dominated by the [[Petroleum|oil]] sector, which has traditionally provided about 95 percent of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the [[Iran-Iraq War|eight-year war]] with [[Iran]] and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments. Iraq suffered economic losses from the war of at least [[US dollar|US$]]100 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]. After hostilities ended in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. A combination of low oil prices, repayment of war debts (estimated at around [[US dollar|US$]]3 billion a year) and the costs of reconstruction resulted in a serious financial crisis which was the main short term motivation for the [[Gulf War|invasion of Kuwait]]. |
Iraq's economy is dominated by the [[Petroleum|oil]] sector, which has traditionally provided about 95 percent of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the [[Iran-Iraq War|eight-year war]] with [[Iran]] and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments. Iraq suffered economic losses from the war of at least [[US dollar|US$]]100 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]]. After hostilities ended in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. A combination of low oil prices, repayment of war debts (estimated at around [[US dollar|US$]]3 billion a year) and the costs of reconstruction resulted in a serious financial crisis which was the main short term motivation for the [[Gulf War|invasion of Kuwait]]. |
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[[ |
[[Berkas:Tahrir_Sq-3D1.jpg|thumb|right|225px|A Rendering of Tahrir Square, the first phase of the [[Reconstruction of Iraq#The Proposed Baghdad Renaissance Plan|Baghdad Renaissance Plan]], a private investment reconstruction effort.]] |
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On [[November 20]] [[2004]], the [[Paris Club]] of creditor nations agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the 2003 invasion, and had grown by $5 billion by 2004. The debt relief will be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<ref>Bohsem, Guido & Somerville, Glen, (November 20, 2004), [http://web.archive.org/web/20041121210518/http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713 <u>"G7, Paris Club Agree on Iraq Debt Relief"<u>], ''Reuters'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> <!--This needs to be updated: "By the end of 2005, some $75 billion of Iraq's debt should have been cancelled." --> |
On [[November 20]] [[2004]], the [[Paris Club]] of creditor nations agreed to write off 80% ($33 billion) of Iraq's $42 billion debt to Club members. Iraq's total external debt was around $120 billion at the time of the 2003 invasion, and had grown by $5 billion by 2004. The debt relief will be implemented in three stages: two of 30% each and one of 20%.<ref>Bohsem, Guido & Somerville, Glen, (November 20, 2004), [http://web.archive.org/web/20041121210518/http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml?type=worldNews&storyID=6874713 <u>"G7, Paris Club Agree on Iraq Debt Relief"<u>], ''Reuters'', Accessed Sep 17 2006</ref> <!--This needs to be updated: "By the end of 2005, some $75 billion of Iraq's debt should have been cancelled." --> |
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Baris 208: | Baris 175: | ||
Reconstruction of Iraq has been difficult mainly due to the amount of damage done to Iraq's basic infrastructure, the influx of the US invasion and strife among factions within the native populace. Large-scale reconstruction efforts have had, at best, limited success. |
Reconstruction of Iraq has been difficult mainly due to the amount of damage done to Iraq's basic infrastructure, the influx of the US invasion and strife among factions within the native populace. Large-scale reconstruction efforts have had, at best, limited success. |
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--> |
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== Demografi == |
== Demografi == |
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{{Historical populations |
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|source = <ref name="Issawi1988">{{cite book|author=Charles Philip Issawi|title=The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2TGkO7G43oC&pg=PA17|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-504951-0|page=17|accessdate=2016-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Census|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/test.htm|publisher=Central Organization for Statistics|accessdate=30 Oktober 2017|archive-date=2016-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629144853/http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/test.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Of Iraq For The Years 1977 – 2011 (000)|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm|publisher=Central Organization for Statistics|accessdate=2016-08-17|archive-date=2016-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629144714/http://cosit.gov.iq/AAS/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref> |
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|title = Sejarah populasi dalam jutaan |
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|percentages = pagr |
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|1878 |2.0 |
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|1947 |4.8 |
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|1957 |6.3 |
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|1977 |12.0 |
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|1987 |16.3 |
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|1997 |22.0 |
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|2009 |31.6 |
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|2015 | 37 |
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}} |
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{{main|Demografi Irak}} |
{{main|Demografi Irak}} |
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Perkiraan 2016 dari total penduduk Irak adalah 37.202.527. Populasi Irak diperkirakan 2 juta pada tahun 1878. Pada 2013, populasi Irak mencapai 35 juta jiwa di tengah ledakan populasi pasca perang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.aswataliraq.info/(S(s0hfzsnuvqwhq445fuqqwg55))/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |title=Iraqi population reaches about 35 million |publisher=Aswat Al Iraq |date=2013-04-27 |accessdate=2013-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114203319/http://en.aswataliraq.info/%28S%28j2xgdq450hsdyz455nf0n125%29%29/Default1.aspx?page=article_page&id=153148&l=1 |archivedate=January 14, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |
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Diperkirakan pada bulan Juli 2006 jumlah semua penduduk Irak ialah 26.783.383. |
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75-80% penduduk Irak adalah [[bangsa Arab]]; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah [[orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[orang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Orang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah [[orang Persia]] dan [[orang Armenia|Armenia]] (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[orang Arab |
75-80% penduduk Irak adalah [[bangsa Arab]]; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah [[orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[orang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Orang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah [[orang Persia]] dan [[orang Armenia|Armenia]] (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[Arab Rawa-Rawa|orang Arab Rawa-Rawa]] tinggal di selatan Irak. |
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=== Bahasa === |
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[[Bahasa Arab]] dan [[bahasa Kurdi|Kurdi]] adalah bahasa resmi. [[Neo-Aram Asiria|Bahasa Asiria]] dan [[bahasa Turkmen|Turkmen]] adalah bahasa resmi di daerah-daerah yang berturut-turut ditinggali oleh orang Asiria dan Turkmen. [[Bahasa Armenia]] dan [[bahasa Persia|Persia]] juga dituturkan namun jarang. [[Bahasa Inggris]] adalah bahasa Barat yang umum dituturkan. |
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[[Bahasa Arab]] dan [[bahasa Kurdi|Kurdi]] adalah bahasa resmi. [[Bahasa Neo-Aram Assyria|Bahasa Asiria]] dan [[bahasa Turkmen|Turkmen]] adalah bahasa resmi di daerah-daerah yang berturut-turut ditinggali oleh orang Asiria dan Turkmen. [[Bahasa Armenia]] dan [[bahasa Persia|Persia]] juga dituturkan namun jarang. [[Bahasa Inggris]] adalah bahasa Barat yang umum dituturkan. |
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=== Kelompok Etnis dan Agama === |
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Komposisi etnis: |
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Diperkirakan 75-80% penduduk Irak adalah [[bangsa Arab]]; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah [[orang Kurdi|Kurdi]] (15-20%), [[orang Asiria|Asiria]], [[Orang Turkmen Irak|Turkmen Irak]] dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah [[orang Persia]] dan [[orang Armenia|Armenia]] (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 [[Arab Rawa-Rawa|orang Arab Rawa-Rawa]] tinggal di selatan Irak. |
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Komposisi etnis: |
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* Kelompok etnis: [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], 75–80%; [[suku Kurdi]], 15-20%; Turkoman, Assyria atau lainnya 5%. |
* Kelompok etnis: [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], 75–80%; [[suku Kurdi]], 15-20%; Turkoman, Assyria atau lainnya 5%. |
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* Agama: Islam, 97%; Kristen atau lainnya, 3%. |
* Agama: Islam, 97%; Kristen atau lainnya, 3%. |
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Baris 224: | Baris 208: | ||
Sumber: [[Britannica]]: Syi'ah 60%, Sunni 40% |
Sumber: [[Britannica]]: Syi'ah 60%, Sunni 40% |
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Sumber: [[CIA World Fact Book]]: Syi'ah 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37% |
Sumber: [[CIA World Fact Book]]: Syi'ah 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37% |
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* [[Syi'ah]]: umumnya [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] dengan sebagian [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] dan [[Kurdi Faili]] hampir semuanya adalah pengikut aliran [[Dua Belas Imam]] |
* [[Syi'ah]]: umumnya [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]] dengan sebagian [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] dan [[Kurdi Faili]] hampir semuanya adalah pengikut aliran [[Dua Belas Imam]] |
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* [[Sunni]]: terdiri dari orang-orang [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] yang menganut [[Mazhab Hanafi]] dan orang-orang [[Kurdi]] yang memeluk [[Mazhab Syafi'i]] |
* [[Sunni]]: terdiri dari orang-orang [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Turkmen Irak|Turkmen]] yang menganut [[Mazhab Hanafi]] dan orang-orang [[Kurdi]] yang memeluk [[Mazhab Syafi'i]] |
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Menurut kebanyakan sumber-sumber barat, mayoritas bangsa Irak adalah orang Arab [[Muslim]] [[Syi'ah]] (sekitar 60%), dan [[Sunni]] yang mewakili sekitar 40% dari seluruh populasi yang terdiri dari suku [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Kurdi]] dan [[Turkmen]]. Orang-orang Sunni menyangkal keras angka-angka ini, termasuk seorang bekas duta besar Irak |
Menurut kebanyakan sumber-sumber barat, mayoritas bangsa Irak adalah orang Arab [[Muslim]] [[Syi'ah]] (sekitar 60%), dan [[Sunni]] yang mewakili sekitar 40% dari seluruh populasi yang terdiri dari suku [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Kurdi]] dan [[Turkmen]]. Orang-orang Sunni menyangkal keras angka-angka ini, termasuk seorang bekas duta besar Irak,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/ziada12272006.html|title="Iraqis By the Numbers" oleh FARUQ ZIADA|access-date=2007-03-20|archive-date=2011-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806215548/http://www.counterpunch.org/ziada12272006.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> yang mengacu ke sumber-sumber Amerika.<ref>Peta tentang distribusi kelompok-kelompok agama, dari laporan Komisi Baker-Hamilton, hlm. 102</ref> Mereka mengklaim bahwa banyak laporan atau sumber hanya mencantumkan Sunni Arab hanya sebagai 'Sunni', dan tidak memperhitungkan orang-orang Sunni Kurdi dan Sunni Turkmen. Sebagian berpendapat bahwa [[Sensus Irak 2003]] memperlihatkan bahwa orang-orang Sunni lebih banyak (mendominasi Irak).<ref>"Iraq 2003 Census: Sunnis 59%, Shiites 40%" oleh Mohammed Alomari (faair.org) [https://web.archive.org/web/20061029111039/http://cytations.blogspot.com/2006/03/iraq-2003-census-sunnis-59-shiites-40.html]</ref> Etnis Assyria (kebanyakan daripadanya adalah pemeluk [[Gereja Katolik Khaldea]] dan [[Gereja Assyria di Timur]]) mewakili sebagian terbesar penduduk [[Kristen]] Irak yang cukup besar, bersama-sama dengan orang Armenia. [[Bahá'í|Pemeluk Bahá'í]], [[Mandeanisme]], [[Shabak]], dan [[Yezidi]] juga ada. Kebanyakan orang Kurdi adalah pemeluk Muslim Sunni, meskipun kaum Kurdi Faili (Feyli) umumnya adalah Syi'ah. |
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== Budaya == |
== Budaya == |
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{{main|Kebudayaan Irak}} |
{{main|Kebudayaan Irak}} |
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[[Berkas:Iraqi girl smiles.jpg| |
[[Berkas:Iraqi girl smiles.jpg|jmpl|200px|Seorang gadis Irak yang tinggal dekat Penyulingan Minyak Al Daura.]] |
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Dalam milenium yang paling mutakhir, Irak telah dibagi menjadi lima daerah budaya: Kurdi di utara yang berpusat di [[Arbil]], Arab Islam Sunni di tengah sekitar Baghdad, Arab Islam Syi'ah di selatan yang berpusat di Basra, Assyria, sekelompok orang Kristen, yang tinggal di berbagaikota di utara, dan Arab Rawa, sekelompok orang yang berpindah-pindah, yang tinggal di daerah berawa-rawa di sungai tengah. Pasar dan barter adalah bentung perdagangan yang lazim mereka lakukan. |
Dalam milenium yang paling mutakhir, Irak telah dibagi menjadi lima daerah budaya: Kurdi di utara yang berpusat di [[Arbil]], Arab Islam Sunni di tengah sekitar Baghdad, Arab Islam Syi'ah di selatan yang berpusat di Basra, Assyria, sekelompok orang Kristen, yang tinggal di berbagaikota di utara, dan Arab Rawa, sekelompok orang yang berpindah-pindah, yang tinggal di daerah berawa-rawa di sungai tengah. Pasar dan barter adalah bentung perdagangan yang lazim mereka lakukan. |
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Baris 237: | Baris 221: | ||
{{main|Musik Irak|Musik Kurdi|Musik Assyria}} |
{{main|Musik Irak|Musik Kurdi|Musik Assyria}} |
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Irak dikenal terutama karena alat musik yang disebut ''[[oud]]'' (mirip dengan [[lute]]) dan ''[[rebab]]''; bintang-bintangnya termasuk [[Ahmed Mukhtar]] dan [[Munir Bashir]], seorang Assyria. Hingga kejatuhan Saddam Hussein, stasiun radio yang paling populer adalah Suara Pemuda. Stasiun ini memainkan campuran musik [[rock]] barat, [[hip hop]] dan [[musik pop]], yang semuanya harus diimpor lewat [[Yordania]] karena adanya sanksi ekonomi internasional. Irak juga memproduksi seorang bintang pop |
Irak dikenal terutama karena alat musik yang disebut ''[[oud]]'' (mirip dengan [[lute]]) dan ''[[rebab]]''; bintang-bintangnya termasuk [[Ahmed Mukhtar]] dan [[Munir Bashir]], seorang Assyria. Hingga kejatuhan Saddam Hussein, stasiun radio yang paling populer adalah Suara Pemuda. Stasiun ini memainkan campuran musik [[rock]] barat, [[hip hop]] dan [[musik pop]], yang semuanya harus diimpor lewat [[Yordania]] karena adanya sanksi ekonomi internasional. Irak juga memproduksi seorang bintang pop |
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pan-Arab penting yang hidup di pengasingan yaitu [[Kazem al Saher]], yang lagu-lagunya mencakup ''Ladghat E-Hayya,'' yang dilarang karena kata-katanya yang terlalu keras. |
pan-Arab penting yang hidup di pengasingan yaitu [[Kazem al Saher]], yang lagu-lagunya mencakup ''Ladghat E-Hayya,'' yang dilarang karena kata-katanya yang terlalu keras. |
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== |
== Galeri == |
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<center> |
<center> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Berkas:Tigris river Mosul.jpg|'''Sungai [[Tigris]] dekat [[Mosul]]''' |
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Berkas:Ihstar Gate RB.JPG|'''[[Gerbang Ishtar]] (Bab Ishtar) 604-562 SM Babilonia Kuno''' |
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Berkas:Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg|'''Menara [[Masjid Agung Samarra|Malwiya]] di [[Samarra]]''' |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Berkas:Hatra ruins.jpg|'''Reruntuhan [[Hatra]]''' |
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Berkas:Meshed ali usnavy (PD).jpg|'''[[Masjid Imam Ali|Tempat ziarah Imam Ali]] di [[Najaf]]''' |
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Berkas:Boat on Euphrates.jpg|'''Perahu di Sungai [[Eufrat]]''' |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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</center> |
</center> |
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Baris 256: | Baris 240: | ||
== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
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* [[Pembangunan kembali Irak]] |
* [[Pembangunan kembali Irak]] |
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* [[Pembangunan kembali Irak#Usul Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad|Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad]] |
* [[Pembangunan kembali Irak#Usul Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad|Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad]] |
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* Ekonomi: [[Bursa Saham Irak]], [[Dinar Irak]], [[Ekonomi Irak]] |
* Ekonomi: [[Bursa Saham Irak]], [[Dinar Irak]], [[Ekonomi Irak]] |
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* Kejadian: [[2005 di Irak]], [[2004 di Irak]], [[Invasi Irak 2003]], [[Irak pasca-invasi, 2003–sekarang]], [[Pemberontakan di Irak]], [[Perang Irak]] |
* Kejadian: [[2005 di Irak]], [[2004 di Irak]], [[Invasi Irak 2003]], [[Irak pasca-invasi, 2003–sekarang]], [[Pemberontakan di Irak]], [[Perang Irak]] |
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* Geografi: [[Daftar tempat di Irak]], [[Komunikasi di Irak]], [[Transportasi di Irak]] |
* Geografi: [[Daftar tempat di Irak]], [[Komunikasi di Irak]], [[Transportasi di Irak]] |
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* Kelompok: |
* Kelompok: [[Suku Kurdi|Kurdi]], [[Syi’ah]], [[Sunni]], [[Asyur]], [[Suku Arab di Irak]], [[Maslawi]] |
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* Politik: [[Politik Irak]], [[Irak dan Demokrasi]], [[Tentara Irak Baru]], [[Hubungan luar negeri Irak]], [[Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Irak]], [[Pemberontakan di Irak]], [[Perang saudara di Irak]], M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Religion and Politik in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism dan Resistance'', dengan pengantar oleh Profesor Hamid Algar of the University of California at Berkeley. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2004 (ISBN 9971-77-513-1) |
* Politik: [[Politik Irak]], [[Irak dan Demokrasi]], [[Tentara Irak Baru]], [[Hubungan luar negeri Irak]], [[Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Irak]], [[Pemberontakan di Irak]], [[Perang saudara di Irak]], M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Religion and Politik in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism dan Resistance'', dengan pengantar oleh Profesor Hamid Algar of the University of California at Berkeley. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2004 (ISBN 9971-77-513-1) |
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* Sejarah: [[Daftar raja Irak]], [[Daftar presiden Irak]], [[Daftar perdana menteri Irak]], [[Mandat Britania atas Irak]], [[Sejarah Yahudi di Irak]], [[Perang Iran-Irak]], [[Sejarah astrologi]], [[Bulan sabit subur]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Babilonia]] |
* Sejarah: [[Daftar raja Irak]], [[Daftar presiden Irak]], [[Daftar perdana menteri Irak]], [[Mandat Britania atas Irak]], [[Sejarah Yahudi di Irak]], [[Perang Iran-Irak]], [[Sejarah astrologi]], [[Bulan sabit subur]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Babilonia]] |
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* Literatur: |
* Literatur: [[Epos Gilgames]], [[Enuma Elish]], [[Atra-Hasis]] |
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* Lainnya: [[Perangko dan sejarah pos di Irak]], [[Hak kaum homoseksual di Irak]], [[Mitologi Mesopotamia]] |
* Lainnya: [[Perangko dan sejarah pos di Irak]], [[Hak kaum homoseksual di Irak]], [[Mitologi Mesopotamia]] |
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* [[Kuburan massal#Irak|Kuburan massal di Irak]] |
* [[Kuburan massal#Irak|Kuburan massal di Irak]] |
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== Catatan == |
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{{Notelist}} |
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== |
== Referensi == |
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<div class="references-small"> |
<div class="references-small"> |
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{{reflist}} |
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<references /> |
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</div> |
</div> |
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ekonomi irak April 2008 prediksinya gimana? |
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== Bacaan lebih lanjut == |
== Bacaan lebih lanjut == |
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* Wawancara dengan Sean Garcia dari Refugees International, tentang penderitaan ratusan ribu pengungsi Irak [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262] |
* Wawancara dengan Sean Garcia dari Refugees International, tentang penderitaan ratusan ribu pengungsi Irak [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313185923/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2262 |date=2007-03-13 }} |
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* Shadid, Anthony 2005. ''Night Draws Near''. Henry Holt and Co., [[New York]], [[ |
* Shadid, Anthony 2005. ''Night Draws Near''. Henry Holt and Co., [[New York]], [[Amerika Serikat]]. ISBN 0-8050-7602-6 |
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*Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978 |
* Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978 |
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*Irak adalah salah satu setting utama untuk novel fiksi ilmiah John J. Rust "Epsilon" |
* Irak adalah salah satu setting utama untuk novel fiksi ilmiah John J. Rust "Epsilon" |
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*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/ A Dweller in Mesopotamia], petualangan seorang seniman resmi di Taman Eden, oleh Donald Maxwell, 1921. ''(faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf layered PDF] format)'' |
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/ A Dweller in Mesopotamia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/ds49x2xm465d/ |date=2005-05-25 }}, petualangan seorang seniman resmi di Taman Eden, oleh Donald Maxwell, 1921. ''(faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906055955/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)'' |
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*[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ By Desert Ways to Baghdad], oleh Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) Dengan ilustrasi dan peta, 1908 (edisi 1909). ''(faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf layered PDF] format)'' |
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ By Desert Ways to Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ |date=2005-04-02 }}, oleh Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) Dengan ilustrasi dan peta, 1908 (edisi 1909). ''(faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf layered PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050906060015/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf |date=2005-09-06 }} format)'' |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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{{sisterlinks|Iraq}} |
{{sisterlinks|Iraq}} |
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=== Pemerintah === |
=== Pemerintah === |
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{{commons |
{{commons}} |
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{{ |
{{wikivoyage|Iraq}} |
||
*{{ar}} {{en}} [http://www.iraqigovernment.org/ Situs resmi] |
* {{ar}} {{en}} [http://www.iraqigovernment.org/ Situs resmi] |
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*{{en}} [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Situs Otoritas Sementara Koalisi] (arsip) |
* {{en}} [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Situs Otoritas Sementara Koalisi] (arsip) |
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*{{en}} [http://www.iraqanalysis.org/ Iraq Analysis Group] |
* {{en}} [http://www.iraqanalysis.org/ Iraq Analysis Group] |
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*{{en}} [http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf Struktur pemerintahan baru Irak (PDF)] (sejak 17 Juli 2006) |
* {{en}} [http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf Struktur pemerintahan baru Irak (PDF)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815210023/http://dev.epic-usa.org/files/EPIC/IRAQ_Government.pdf |date=2006-08-15 }} (sejak 17 Juli 2006) |
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*{{en}} [http://www.krg.org/ Pemerintahan Regional Kurdistan] |
* {{en}} [http://www.krg.org/ Pemerintahan Regional Kurdistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506173827/http://www.krg.org/ |date=2016-05-06 }} |
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*{{en}} [http://www.industry.gov.iq/ Departemen Perindustrian dan Mineral] |
* {{en}} [http://www.industry.gov.iq/ Departemen Perindustrian dan Mineral] |
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== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
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*[[Daftar negara-negara di dunia]] |
* [[Daftar negara-negara di dunia]] |
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*[[Daftar tokoh Irak]] |
* [[Daftar tokoh Irak]] |
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*[[Saddam Hussein]] |
* [[Saddam Hussein]] |
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=== Tinjauan === |
=== Tinjauan === |
||
*[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html ''Encarta Encyclopedia''] |
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html ''Encarta Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028042959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567303/Iraq.html |date=2009-10-28 }} |
||
*[http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm al-Bab - ''Iraq''] |
* [http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm al-Bab - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610185602/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/countries/iraq.htm |date=2016-06-10 }} |
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*[http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iraq Encyclopaedia Britannica ''Iraq'' Country Page] |
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Iraq Encyclopaedia Britannica ''Iraq'' Country Page] |
||
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791014.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Iraq''] |
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791014.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Iraq''] |
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*[https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/iz.html CIA World Factbook - ''Iraq''] |
* [https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/iz.html CIA World Factbook - ''Iraq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314143019/https://www.cia.gov/cia//publications/factbook/geos/iz.html |date=2007-03-14 }} |
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*[http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c3212.htm US State Department - ''Iraq''] termasuk Catatan Latar belakang, Studi negara, dan laporan-laporan penting |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020216031159/http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c3212.htm US State Department - ''Iraq''] termasuk Catatan Latar belakang, Studi negara, dan laporan-laporan penting |
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*[http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Laporan Congressional Research Service (CRS) tentang Irak] |
* [http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form Laporan Congressional Research Service (CRS) tentang Irak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502204638/http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/search.tkl?q=iraq&search_crit=subject&search=Search&date1=Anytime&date2=Anytime&type=form |date=2008-05-02 }} |
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*[http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/216595.htm Iraq Country Profile] dari Reuters AlertNet |
* [http://www.alertnet.org/thefacts/countryprofiles/216595.htm Iraq Country Profile] dari Reuters AlertNet |
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*[http://www.economist.com/countries/Iraq/ Country Briefing: Iraq] dari [[The Economist]] |
* [http://www.economist.com/countries/Iraq/ Country Briefing: Iraq] dari [[The Economist]] |
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=== Berita === |
=== Berita === |
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*[http://electroniciraq.net Iraq News and Iraqi views] from Electronic Iraq |
* [http://electroniciraq.net Iraq News and Iraqi views] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218204038/http://electroniciraq.net/ |date=2018-02-18 }} from Electronic Iraq |
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*[http://news.ft.com/indepth/iraq News in Depth] from the Financial Times |
* [http://news.ft.com/indepth/iraq News in Depth] from the Financial Times |
||
*[http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq Diplomacy Monitor-Iraq] |
* [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq Diplomacy Monitor-Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415113230/http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Iraq |date=2013-04-15 }} |
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*[http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp IPS Inter Press Service] Independent news about Iraq |
* [http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp IPS Inter Press Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610182557/http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/iraq/index.asp |date=2008-06-10 }} Independent news about Iraq |
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*[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html |
* [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html Iraqis react with joy, anger to Hussein death sentence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113081326/http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/11/05/dujail.saddam/index.html |date=2006-11-13 }} CNN story on Hussein's death sentence |
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=== Lainnya === |
=== Lainnya === |
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*[http://www.juancole.com Juan Cole], a leading scholar and public intellectual |
* [http://www.juancole.com Juan Cole], a leading scholar and public intellectual |
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*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] -- |
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926182404/http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 |date=2006-09-26 }}—A series of exclusive interviews and other resources capturing the voices of Iraqis, aid workers, military personnel and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq. |
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*{{ |
* {{wikivoyage|Iraq}} |
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*[http://www.epic-usa.org/ Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC)] |
* [http://www.epic-usa.org/ Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC)]—A Washington DC-based nonprofit organization promoting a free and secure Iraq |
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*[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE140082001?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIESIRAQ Amnesty International Report on Iraq] |
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20060103215437/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engMDE140082001?OpenDocument&of=COUNTRIESIRAQ Amnesty International Report on Iraq] |
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*[http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Coalition Provisional Authority] Now-defunct occupation authority; site is archived |
* [http://www.cpa-iraq.org/ Coalition Provisional Authority] Now-defunct occupation authority; site is archived |
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*[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/iraq.htm Iraq Law] from the University of Pittsburgh’s Jurist project |
* [http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/iraq.htm Iraq Law] from the University of Pittsburgh’s Jurist project |
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*[http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/iraq-1900-2000/ 1900 - 2000 a history of Iraq] |
* [http://www.libcom.org/history/articles/iraq-1900-2000/ 1900 - 2000 a history of Iraq] |
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*[http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ US Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq] |
* [http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ US Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820055028/http://baghdad.usembassy.gov/ |date=2008-08-20 }} |
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*[http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/iraqi/fam_ir_slide/iraq.pdf Iraqi Familiarization Guide] - ''(546 kilobyte PDF file)'' |
* [http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/iraqi/fam_ir_slide/iraq.pdf Iraqi Familiarization Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201010110/http://fieldsupport.lingnet.org/Iraqi/fam_ir_slide/Iraq.pdf |date=2007-12-01 }} - ''(546 kilobyte PDF file)'' |
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{{Timur Tengah}} |
{{Timur Tengah}} |
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{{OKI}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Link FA|ja}} |
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[[Kategori:Irak| ]] |
[[Kategori:Irak| ]] |
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[[Kategori:Negara di Timur Tengah]] |
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[[Kategori:Negara berbahasa Arab]] |
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[[zh-yue:伊拉克]] |
Revisi terkini sejak 22 Mei 2024 09.13
Republik Irak | |
---|---|
Ibu kota | Bagdad 33°20′N 44°26′E / 33.333°N 44.433°E |
Bahasa resmi | |
Bahasa daerah yang diakui | |
Pemerintahan | Federal parlementer republik konstitusional |
• Presiden | Abdul Latif Rashid |
Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani | |
Legislatif | مجلس النواب Majlis an-Nuwwāb |
Kemerdekaan dari Britania Raya | |
• Kerajaan | 3 Oktober 1932 |
• Republik | 14 Juli 1958 |
• Konstitusi saat ini | 15 Oktober 2005 |
Luas | |
- Total | 437.072 km2 (59) |
1,1 | |
Populasi | |
- Perkiraan 2022 | 40.462.701[1] (36) |
82,7/km2 (125) | |
PDB (KKB) | 2022 |
- Total | $512,926 miliar[2] (48) |
$12.141[3] (114) | |
PDB (nominal) | 2022 |
- Total | $297,341 miliar[3] (47) |
$7.038 [4] (111) | |
Gini (2012) | ▼ 29,5[5] rendah |
IPM (2021) | 0,686[6] sedang · 121 |
Mata uang | Dinar Irak (د.ع) ( IQD ) |
Zona waktu | Waktu Standar Arab (UTC+3) |
Lajur kemudi | kanan |
Kode telepon | +964 |
Kode ISO 3166 | IQ |
Ranah Internet | .iq عراق. |
Irak,[a] dengan nama resmi Republik Irak,[b] adalah sebuah negara di Timur Tengah atau Asia Barat Daya, yang meliputi sebagian terbesar daerah Mesopotamia serta ujung barat laut dari Pegunungan Zagros dan bagian timur dari Gurun Suriah. Negara ini berbatasan dengan Kuwait dan Arab Saudi di selatan, Yordania di barat, Suriah di barat laut, Türkiye di utara, dan Iran di timur. Irak mempunyai bagian yang sangat sempit dari garis pantai di Umm Qashr di Teluk Persia.
Irak mempunyai sejarah yang kaya. Kini Irak termasuk negara berkembang di tengah-tengah perang saudara.
Etimologi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Ada beberapa pendapat tentang asal usul nama Irak; – satu di antaranya berasal dari kota Uruk (atau Erech) dari masa Kerajaan Sumer. Pendapat lainnya mengatakan bahwa Irak[7] berasal dari bahasa Aram, yang berarti "tanah sepanjang tepian sungai." Pendapat lainnya mengatakan bahwa Irak adalah sebuah rujukan kepada akar pohon palma, karena jumlahnya banyak sekali di negara itu.
Di bawah Kekaisaran Sasaniyah dinamai "Erak Arabi" yang merujuk ke bagian dari wilayah barat daya Kekaisaran Persia, yang kini merupakan bagian dari Irak selatan. Al-Iraq adalah nama yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Arab sendiri untuk daerah ini sejak abad ke-6.
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Sejarah kuno
[sunting | sunting sumber]Secara historis Irak dikenal sebagai Mesopotamia, yang secara harafiah berarti "di antara dua sungai" dalam bahasa Yunani. Tanah ini menjadi tempat kelahiran peradaban pertama dunia yang dikenal, budaya Sumeria, diikuti dengan budaya Akkadia, Babilonia dan Asyur yang pengaruhnya meluas ke daerah-daerah tetangganya sejak sekitar 5000 SM. Peradaban-peradaban ini menghasilkan tulisan tertua dan sebagian dari ilmu pengetahuan, matematika, hukum dan filsafat yang pertama di dunia, hingga menjadikan wilayah ini pusat dari apa yang umumnya dikenal sebagai "Buaian Peradaban". Peradaban Mesopotamia kuno mendominasi peradaban-peradaban lainnya pada zamannya.
Pada abad ke-6 SM, wilayah ini menjadi bagian dari Kekaisaran Persia di bawah Koresy Agung selama hampir 4 abad, sebelum ditaklukkan oleh Alexander Agung dan tetap berada di bawah kekuasaan Kerajaan Makedonia selama hampir dua abad. Sebuah suku bangsa Iran dari Asia Tengah yang bernama Parthia kemudian merebut wilayah ini, diikuti dengan Dinasti Sassanid Persia selama 9 abad, hingga abad ke-7.
Di awal abad ke-7, Islam menyebar ke daerah yang sekarang bernama Irak. Sepupu sekaligus menantu Nabi Muhammad, yaitu Ali bin Abi Thalib memindahkan ibu kota di Kufah "fi al-Iraq" di mana ia menjadi Khulafaur Rasyidin yang ke-4. Bani Umayyah yang berkuasa dari Damaskus pada abad ke-7 menguasai Provinsi Irak.
Baghdad, ibu kota Khilafah Abbasiyah, adalah kota utama bagi dunia Arab dan Islam selama 5 abad.
Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pada tahun 1258, Baghdad dihancurkan oleh bangsa Mongol. Kesultanan Utsmaniyah mengambil alih Baghdad dari Persia pada tahun 1535. Utsmaniyah kehilangan Baghdad ke Dinasti Safawi Persia pada tahun 1509, dan mengambilnya kembali pada tahun 1632. Kekuasaan Utsmani atas Irak berlangsung hingga Perang Dunia I saat Kesultanan Utsmaniyah berada bersama Kekaisaran Jerman dan Blok Sentral.
Geografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Irak terletak di antara garis lintang 29° dan 38° N, dan garis bujur 39° dan 49° E. Wilayahnya memiliki luas 437.072 km2 (168.754 sq mi), menjadikannya sebagai negara ke-58 terbesar di dunia. Luasnya sebanding dengan ukuran negara bagian AS California, dan agak lebih besar dari Paraguay.
Wilayah Irak sebagian besar terdiri dari padang pasir, namun di sekitar Sungai Eufrat dan Tigris terdapat daratan aluvial yang subur. Bagian utara negara tersebut sebagian besar terdiri dari pegunungan; titik tertinggi negara ini berada di Chekha Dar dengan ketinggian 3.611 m (11.847 ft). Irak memiliki garis pantai kecil berukuran 58 km (36 mil) di sepanjang Teluk Persia. Dekat dengan pantai dan sepanjang Shatt al-Arab (dikenal sebagai arvandrūd: اروندرود antara Iran) dahulu pernah ada rawa, tetapi banyak yang dikeringkan pada 1990-an.
Iklim
[sunting | sunting sumber]Sebagian besar wilayah Irak memiliki iklim yang kering dengan pengaruh subtropis. Suhu musim panas rata-rata di atas 40 °C (104 °F) di sebagian besar wilayah dan sering melebihi 48 °C (118,4 °F). Suhu musim dingin jarang melebihi 21 °C (69,8 °F) dengan suhu maksimal sekitar 15 sampai 19 °C (59,0-66,2 °F) dan pada waktu malam suhu antara 2 sampai 5 °C (35,6-41,0 °F). Biasanya curah hujan rendah; sebagian besar tempat memiliki curah hujan 250 mm (9,8 in) per tahun, dengan curah hujan maksimum terjadi selama bulan-bulan musim dingin. Hujan selama musim panas sangat jarang, kecuali di ujung utara negara itu. Daerah pegunungan utara memiliki musim dingin dengan salju dalam jumlah besar yang kadang-kadang menyebabkan banjir besar.
Politik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kebijakan minoritas
[sunting | sunting sumber]Pembagian administratif
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Lihat pula: Distrik di Irak
Irak dibagi ke dalam 18 kegubernuran (atau provinsi) (bahasa Arab: محافظات muhafadhat, tunggal - محافظة muhafadhah, bahasa Kurdi: پاریزگه Pârizgah). Governorat dibagi lagi ke dalam sejumlah qadhas (atau distrik).
Konstitusi Irak yang baru mempersiapkan pembentukan sejumlah region dengan menggabungkan 1 governorat atau lebih. Sekarang baru ada 1 region - Kurdistan Irak - dan ada usulan agar lebih banyak lagi region yang dibentuk di selatan. Templat:Meso Labelled Map
Demografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Sejarah populasi dalam jutaan | ||
---|---|---|
Tahun | Jumlah Pend. | ±% p.a. |
1878 | 20 | — |
1947 | 48 | +1.28% |
1957 | 63 | +2.76% |
1977 | 120 | +3.27% |
1987 | 163 | +3.11% |
1997 | 220 | +3.04% |
2009 | 316 | +3.06% |
2015 | 37 | −30.06% |
Sumber: [8][9][10] |
Perkiraan 2016 dari total penduduk Irak adalah 37.202.527. Populasi Irak diperkirakan 2 juta pada tahun 1878. Pada 2013, populasi Irak mencapai 35 juta jiwa di tengah ledakan populasi pasca perang.[11]
75-80% penduduk Irak adalah bangsa Arab; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah Kurdi (15-20%), Asiria, Turkmen Irak dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah orang Persia dan Armenia (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 orang Arab Rawa-Rawa tinggal di selatan Irak.
Bahasa
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bahasa Arab dan Kurdi adalah bahasa resmi. Bahasa Asiria dan Turkmen adalah bahasa resmi di daerah-daerah yang berturut-turut ditinggali oleh orang Asiria dan Turkmen. Bahasa Armenia dan Persia juga dituturkan namun jarang. Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa Barat yang umum dituturkan.
Kelompok Etnis dan Agama
[sunting | sunting sumber]Diperkirakan 75-80% penduduk Irak adalah bangsa Arab; kelompok etnis utama lainnya adalah Kurdi (15-20%), Asiria, Turkmen Irak dll (5%), yang kebanyakan tinggal di utara dan timur laut negeri. Kelompok lainnya adalah orang Persia dan Armenia (kemungkinan keturunan budaya Mesopotamia kuno). ±25.000–60.000 orang Arab Rawa-Rawa tinggal di selatan Irak. Komposisi etnis:
- Kelompok etnis: Arab, 75–80%; suku Kurdi, 15-20%; Turkoman, Assyria atau lainnya 5%.
- Agama: Islam, 97%; Kristen atau lainnya, 3%.
Proporsi: Tidak ada angka resmi yang tersedia, terutama karena sifatnya yang sangat politis. Sumber: Britannica: Syi'ah 60%, Sunni 40% Sumber: CIA World Fact Book: Syi'ah 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%
- Syi'ah: umumnya Arab dengan sebagian Turkmen dan Kurdi Faili hampir semuanya adalah pengikut aliran Dua Belas Imam
- Sunni: terdiri dari orang-orang Arab, Turkmen yang menganut Mazhab Hanafi dan orang-orang Kurdi yang memeluk Mazhab Syafi'i
Menurut kebanyakan sumber-sumber barat, mayoritas bangsa Irak adalah orang Arab Muslim Syi'ah (sekitar 60%), dan Sunni yang mewakili sekitar 40% dari seluruh populasi yang terdiri dari suku Arab, Kurdi dan Turkmen. Orang-orang Sunni menyangkal keras angka-angka ini, termasuk seorang bekas duta besar Irak,[12] yang mengacu ke sumber-sumber Amerika.[13] Mereka mengklaim bahwa banyak laporan atau sumber hanya mencantumkan Sunni Arab hanya sebagai 'Sunni', dan tidak memperhitungkan orang-orang Sunni Kurdi dan Sunni Turkmen. Sebagian berpendapat bahwa Sensus Irak 2003 memperlihatkan bahwa orang-orang Sunni lebih banyak (mendominasi Irak).[14] Etnis Assyria (kebanyakan daripadanya adalah pemeluk Gereja Katolik Khaldea dan Gereja Assyria di Timur) mewakili sebagian terbesar penduduk Kristen Irak yang cukup besar, bersama-sama dengan orang Armenia. Pemeluk Bahá'í, Mandeanisme, Shabak, dan Yezidi juga ada. Kebanyakan orang Kurdi adalah pemeluk Muslim Sunni, meskipun kaum Kurdi Faili (Feyli) umumnya adalah Syi'ah.
Budaya
[sunting | sunting sumber]Dalam milenium yang paling mutakhir, Irak telah dibagi menjadi lima daerah budaya: Kurdi di utara yang berpusat di Arbil, Arab Islam Sunni di tengah sekitar Baghdad, Arab Islam Syi'ah di selatan yang berpusat di Basra, Assyria, sekelompok orang Kristen, yang tinggal di berbagaikota di utara, dan Arab Rawa, sekelompok orang yang berpindah-pindah, yang tinggal di daerah berawa-rawa di sungai tengah. Pasar dan barter adalah bentung perdagangan yang lazim mereka lakukan.
Musik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Irak dikenal terutama karena alat musik yang disebut oud (mirip dengan lute) dan rebab; bintang-bintangnya termasuk Ahmed Mukhtar dan Munir Bashir, seorang Assyria. Hingga kejatuhan Saddam Hussein, stasiun radio yang paling populer adalah Suara Pemuda. Stasiun ini memainkan campuran musik rock barat, hip hop dan musik pop, yang semuanya harus diimpor lewat Yordania karena adanya sanksi ekonomi internasional. Irak juga memproduksi seorang bintang pop pan-Arab penting yang hidup di pengasingan yaitu Kazem al Saher, yang lagu-lagunya mencakup Ladghat E-Hayya, yang dilarang karena kata-katanya yang terlalu keras.
Galeri
[sunting | sunting sumber]-
Gerbang Ishtar (Bab Ishtar) 604-562 SM Babilonia Kuno
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Pembangunan kembali Irak
- Rancangan Renaisanse Baghdad
- Ekonomi: Bursa Saham Irak, Dinar Irak, Ekonomi Irak
- Kejadian: 2005 di Irak, 2004 di Irak, Invasi Irak 2003, Irak pasca-invasi, 2003–sekarang, Pemberontakan di Irak, Perang Irak
- Geografi: Daftar tempat di Irak, Komunikasi di Irak, Transportasi di Irak
- Kelompok: Kurdi, Syi’ah, Sunni, Asyur, Suku Arab di Irak, Maslawi
- Politik: Politik Irak, Irak dan Demokrasi, Tentara Irak Baru, Hubungan luar negeri Irak, Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Irak, Pemberontakan di Irak, Perang saudara di Irak, M. Ismail Marcinkowski, Religion and Politik in Iraq. Shiite Clerics between Quietism dan Resistance, dengan pengantar oleh Profesor Hamid Algar of the University of California at Berkeley. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2004 (ISBN 9971-77-513-1)
- Sejarah: Daftar raja Irak, Daftar presiden Irak, Daftar perdana menteri Irak, Mandat Britania atas Irak, Sejarah Yahudi di Irak, Perang Iran-Irak, Sejarah astrologi, Bulan sabit subur, Mesopotamia, Babilonia
- Literatur: Epos Gilgames, Enuma Elish, Atra-Hasis
- Lainnya: Perangko dan sejarah pos di Irak, Hak kaum homoseksual di Irak, Mitologi Mesopotamia
- Kuburan massal di Irak
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ bahasa Arab: الْعِرَاق, translit. al-ʿIrāq; bahasa Kurdi: عێراق, translit. Êraq, bahasa Aram: ܥܝܪܐܩ
- ^ bahasa Arab: جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاق ⓘ; bahasa Kurdi: کۆماری عێراق, translit. Komarî Êraq
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "Explore all countries–Iraq". World Fact Book. Diakses tanggal 24 Oktober 2022.
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022".
- ^ a b "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022".
- ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022".
- ^ "Gini Index - Iraq". World Bank. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 8 December 2015. Diakses tanggal 9 October 2022.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Diakses tanggal 9 October 2022.
- ^ divertal. "Republik Ceko Ikut Misi ke Irak Untuk Perangi ISIS | News | Arah.Com". arah.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-10-21. Diakses tanggal 2016-10-21.
- ^ Charles Philip Issawi (1988). The Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History. Oxford University Press. hlm. 17. ISBN 978-0-19-504951-0. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-17.
- ^ "Population Census". Central Organization for Statistics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-29. Diakses tanggal 30 Oktober 2017.
- ^ "Population Of Iraq For The Years 1977 – 2011 (000)". Central Organization for Statistics. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-29. Diakses tanggal 2016-08-17.
- ^ "Iraqi population reaches about 35 million". Aswat Al Iraq. 2013-04-27. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal January 14, 2015. Diakses tanggal 2013-07-01.
- ^ ""Iraqis By the Numbers" oleh FARUQ ZIADA". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2011-08-06. Diakses tanggal 2007-03-20.
- ^ Peta tentang distribusi kelompok-kelompok agama, dari laporan Komisi Baker-Hamilton, hlm. 102
- ^ "Iraq 2003 Census: Sunnis 59%, Shiites 40%" oleh Mohammed Alomari (faair.org) [1]
Bacaan lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Wawancara dengan Sean Garcia dari Refugees International, tentang penderitaan ratusan ribu pengungsi Irak [2] Diarsipkan 2007-03-13 di Wayback Machine.
- Shadid, Anthony 2005. Night Draws Near. Henry Holt and Co., New York, Amerika Serikat. ISBN 0-8050-7602-6
- Hanna Batatu, "The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq", Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978
- Irak adalah salah satu setting utama untuk novel fiksi ilmiah John J. Rust "Epsilon"
- A Dweller in Mesopotamia Diarsipkan 2005-05-25 di Wayback Machine., petualangan seorang seniman resmi di Taman Eden, oleh Donald Maxwell, 1921. (faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; DjVu & layered PDF Diarsipkan 2005-09-06 di Wayback Machine. format)
- By Desert Ways to Baghdad Diarsipkan 2005-04-02 di Wayback Machine., oleh Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins) Dengan ilustrasi dan peta, 1908 (edisi 1909). (faksimili yang dapat dicari di Perpustakaan Universitas Georgia; DjVu & layered PDF Diarsipkan 2005-09-06 di Wayback Machine. format)
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Cari tahu mengenai Iraq pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: | |
Definisi dan terjemahan dari Wiktionary | |
Gambar dan media dari Commons | |
Berita dari Wikinews | |
Kutipan dari Wikiquote | |
Teks sumber dari Wikisource | |
Buku dari Wikibuku |
Pemerintah
[sunting | sunting sumber]- (Arab) (Inggris) Situs resmi
- (Inggris) Situs Otoritas Sementara Koalisi (arsip)
- (Inggris) Iraq Analysis Group
- (Inggris) Struktur pemerintahan baru Irak (PDF) Diarsipkan 2006-08-15 di Wayback Machine. (sejak 17 Juli 2006)
- (Inggris) Pemerintahan Regional Kurdistan Diarsipkan 2016-05-06 di Wayback Machine.
- (Inggris) Departemen Perindustrian dan Mineral
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tinjauan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Encarta Encyclopedia Diarsipkan 2009-10-28 di Wayback Machine.
- al-Bab - Iraq Diarsipkan 2016-06-10 di Wayback Machine.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Iraq Country Page
- BBC News Country Profile - Iraq
- CIA World Factbook - Iraq Diarsipkan 2007-03-14 di Wayback Machine.
- US State Department - Iraq termasuk Catatan Latar belakang, Studi negara, dan laporan-laporan penting
- Laporan Congressional Research Service (CRS) tentang Irak Diarsipkan 2008-05-02 di Wayback Machine.
- Iraq Country Profile dari Reuters AlertNet
- Country Briefing: Iraq dari The Economist
Berita
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Iraq News and Iraqi views Diarsipkan 2018-02-18 di Wayback Machine. from Electronic Iraq
- News in Depth from the Financial Times
- Diplomacy Monitor-Iraq Diarsipkan 2013-04-15 di Wayback Machine.
- IPS Inter Press Service Diarsipkan 2008-06-10 di Wayback Machine. Independent news about Iraq
- Iraqis react with joy, anger to Hussein death sentence Diarsipkan 2006-11-13 di Wayback Machine. CNN story on Hussein's death sentence
Lainnya
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Juan Cole, a leading scholar and public intellectual
- The Ground Truth Project Diarsipkan 2006-09-26 di Wayback Machine.—A series of exclusive interviews and other resources capturing the voices of Iraqis, aid workers, military personnel and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq.
- Education for Peace in Iraq Center (EPIC)—A Washington DC-based nonprofit organization promoting a free and secure Iraq
- Amnesty International Report on Iraq
- Coalition Provisional Authority Now-defunct occupation authority; site is archived
- Iraq Law from the University of Pittsburgh’s Jurist project
- 1900 - 2000 a history of Iraq
- US Embassy in Baghdad, Iraq Diarsipkan 2008-08-20 di Wayback Machine.
- Iraqi Familiarization Guide Diarsipkan 2007-12-01 di Wayback Machine. - (546 kilobyte PDF file)