Islamofobia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Islam}}'''Islamofobia''' adalah suatu [[fobia]] atau bentuk ketakutan dan kegelisan yang dialami seseorang terhadap [[Islam]] atau [[Muslim]] secara umum,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Islamophobia|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/islamophobia|dictionary=[[Oxford Dictionaries]]|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Dictionary.com|islamophobia|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Islamophobia|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/islamophobia|dictionary=[[Collins Dictionary]]|access-date=10 November 2016}}</ref> khususnya bila dipandang dari sisi [[Islamisasi]] dan sumber [[terorisme]].{{sfn|Miles|Brown|2003|p=166}}<ref name="egorova" /><ref name="Pew3">{{cite report|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/07/Pew-Research-Center-EU-Refugees-and-National-Identity-Report-FINAL-July-11-2016.pdf|title=Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs|last1=Wike|first1=Richard|last2=Stokes|first2=Bruce|last3=Simmons|first3=Katie|date=July 2016|publisher=Pew Research Center|page=4|access-date=27 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127220309/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/07/Pew-Research-Center-EU-Refugees-and-National-Identity-Report-FINAL-July-11-2016.pdf|archive-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> |
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{{Islam}}'''Islamofobia''' adalah istilah kontroversial<ref>* "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the ''The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades)'' By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200 |
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* "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199 |
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Cakupan dan definisi yang tepat dari istilah Islamofobia, termasuk hubungannya dengan [[Ras manusia|ras]], telah menjadi bahan perdebatan. Sejumlah [[ulama]] menganggapnya sebagai bentuk [[xenofobia]] atau [[rasisme]], sementara pendapat yang lain membantah adanya hubungan di antaranya; terutama dengan basis bahwa agama tidaklah sama dengan ras. |
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* "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - [http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html The "Islamophobia" scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142319/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html|date=2007-09-27}}, [[Oliver Kamm]] |
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* "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - [[Dave Green (journalist)|David Green]], [http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/bad-faith-2/ Bad Faith VI] |
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* "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." [[Kenan Malik|Malik, Kenan.]] [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679|date=2007-01-02}}, Prospect, [[February 2005]]. |
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* "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." [[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006</ref> yang merujuk pada [[prasangka]], [[diskriminasi]], [[ketakutan]] dan [[kebencian]] terhadap [[Islam]] dan [[Muslim]].<ref>* Sandra Fredman, ''Discrimination and Human Rights'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924603-3, p.121. |
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* Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ''Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514806-1, p.19 |
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* ''Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All'', [[Runnymede Trust]], 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. ''Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study'', Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60. ISBN 0-7546-4233-X. Early in 1997, the Commission on [[British Muslims]] and Islamophobia, at that time part of the Runnymede Trust, issued a consultative document on Islamophobia under the chairmanship of Professor Gordon Conway, [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Sussex]]. The final report, ''Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All'', was launched in November 1997 by [[Home Secretary]] [[Jack Straw (politician)|Jack Straw]]. |
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* Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, ''A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations'', [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 0-521-82692-6 p.429. |
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* Abduljalil Sajid. "Islamophobia: A New Word for an Old Fear" in ''Islamophobia and Antisemitism'', Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006, p. 1: defines the term as "anti-Muslim prejudice." |
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* Social Inequalities in Comparative Perspective By Mary C. Waters, Fiona Devine, pg. 106 |
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* Muslims in Western Europe By Jørgen S. Nielsen, pg. 169</ref> Istilah ini sudah ada sejak tahun [[1980-an]],<ref>''Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All'', [[Runnymede Trust]], 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. ''Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study'', Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60; [[Kofi Annan|Annan, Kofi]]. [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9637.doc.htm "Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar on confronting Islamophobia"], [[United Nations]] press release, [[December 7]] [[2004]].</ref> tetapi menjadi lebih populer setelah peristiwa [[Serangan 11 September 2001]].<ref> |
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* Casciani, Dominic. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3768327.stm "Islamophobia pervades UK - report"], BBC News, [[June 2]] [[2004]]. |
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* Rima Berns McGowan writes in ''Muslims in the Diaspora'' (University of Toronto Press, 1991, p. 268) that the term "Islamophobia" was first used in an unnamed American periodical in 1991.</ref> Pada tahun [[1997]], [[Runnymede Trust]] dari [[Inggris]] mendefinisikan islamofobia sebagai "rasa takut dan kebencian terhadap Islam dan oleh karena itu juga pada semua Muslim," dinyatakan bahwa hal tersebut juga merujuk pada praktik [[diskriminasi]] terhadap Muslim dengan memisahkan mereka dari [[kehidupan]] [[ekonomi]], sosial, dan [[masyarakat]] serta [[kebangsaan]]. Di dalamnya juga ada persepsi bahwa Islam tidak mempunyai [[norma sosial]] yang sesuai dengan [[budaya]] lain, lebih rendah dibanding [[budaya Barat]] dan lebih berupa [[ideologi politik]] yang bengis daripada berupa suatu [[agama]].<ref name=Runnymede5>Runnymede 1997, p. 5, cited in Quraishi 2005, p. 60.</ref> Langkah-langkah telah diambil untuk peresmian istilah ini dalam [[Bulan (penanggalan)|bulan]] Januari 2001 di ''Stockholm International Forum on Combating Intolerance''. Di sana islamofobia dikenal sebagai bentuk [[intoleransi keberagamaan]] seperti [[xenofobia]] dan [[antisemitisme]].<ref>New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts - p. 53, Brill 2004</ref> |
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Penyebab dari Islamofobia juga menjadi topik perdebatan, terutama di antara para komentator yang mengusulkan argumennya masing-masing. Beberapa penyebab yang diajukan adalah [[Serangan 11 September 2001|serangan 11 September]], kebangkitan kelompok militan seperti [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam|ISIS]], serangan teror di berbagai tempat, meningkatnya penduduk muslim di [[Eropa]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]] karena pemerintah mereka menerima pengungsi-pengungsi dari wilayah konflik di [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Afrika]], pemaksaan penerapan [[Syariat islam|hukum islam]], dan lain-lain. |
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Berbagai sumber telah men[[sugesti]]<nowiki/>kan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan dalam islamofobia, sebagian diakibatkan serangan 11 September 2001.<ref>Benn, Jawad (2004) p. 111</ref> Sementara yang lainnya berhubungan dengan semakin banyaknya Muslim di [[dunia Barat]].<ref>Steven Vertovec, "Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain"; in Haddad (2002) pp. 32-33</ref> Pada bulan [[Mei 2002]], [[European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia]] (EUMC) mengeluarkan [[laporan]] berjudul "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", yang menggambarkan peningkatan islamofobia di [[Eropa]] setelah tanggal 11 September.<ref>See: |
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* Greaves (2004) p. 133 |
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* Allen, Chris; Nielsen, Jorgen S.; Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 (May 2002), EUMC.</ref> |
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Sejumlah pihak menolak konsep Islamofobia dengan mengatakan bahwa istilah ini adalah usaha untuk membungkam [[kritik terhadap Islam]].<ref name="Malik">Malik, Kenan. [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679|date=2007-01-02}}, Prospect, [[February 2005]],</ref><ref>* "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the ''The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades)'' By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200 |
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* "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199 |
* "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199 |
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* "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - [http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html The "Islamophobia" scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142319/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html|date=2007-09-27}}, [[Oliver Kamm]] |
* "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - [http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html The "Islamophobia" scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142319/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html|date=2007-09-27}}, [[Oliver Kamm]] |
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* "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - [[Dave Green (journalist)|David Green]], [http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/bad-faith-2/ Bad Faith VI] |
* "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - [[Dave Green (journalist)|David Green]], [http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/bad-faith-2/ Bad Faith VI] |
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* "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." [[Kenan Malik|Malik, Kenan.]] [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679|date=2007-01-02}}, Prospect, [[February 2005]]. |
* "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." [[Kenan Malik|Malik, Kenan.]] [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679|date=2007-01-02}}, Prospect, [[February 2005]]. |
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* "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." [[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006.</ref> |
* "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." [[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006.</ref> Novelis ternama, [[Salman Rushdie]] dan sejumlah koleganya menandatangani sebuah [[manifesto]] berjudul ''"Bersama melawan bentuk baru dari totalitarianisme"'' di bulan [[Maret 2006]], menyebut islamofobia adalah "konsep absurd yang mencampurkan adukkan kritik terhadap Islam sebagai agama dengan [[stigmatisasi]] terhadap para penganutnya."<ref name="Rushdie">[[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006.</ref> |
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== Kasus politik == |
== Kasus politik == |
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Revisi per 4 Juni 2022 00.54
| Bagian dari seri |
| Islam |
|---|
 |
Islamofobia adalah suatu fobia atau bentuk ketakutan dan kegelisan yang dialami seseorang terhadap Islam atau Muslim secara umum,[1][2][3] khususnya bila dipandang dari sisi Islamisasi dan sumber terorisme.[4][5][6]
Cakupan dan definisi yang tepat dari istilah Islamofobia, termasuk hubungannya dengan ras, telah menjadi bahan perdebatan. Sejumlah ulama menganggapnya sebagai bentuk xenofobia atau rasisme, sementara pendapat yang lain membantah adanya hubungan di antaranya; terutama dengan basis bahwa agama tidaklah sama dengan ras.
Penyebab dari Islamofobia juga menjadi topik perdebatan, terutama di antara para komentator yang mengusulkan argumennya masing-masing. Beberapa penyebab yang diajukan adalah serangan 11 September, kebangkitan kelompok militan seperti ISIS, serangan teror di berbagai tempat, meningkatnya penduduk muslim di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat karena pemerintah mereka menerima pengungsi-pengungsi dari wilayah konflik di Timur Tengah dan Afrika, pemaksaan penerapan hukum islam, dan lain-lain.
Sejumlah pihak menolak konsep Islamofobia dengan mengatakan bahwa istilah ini adalah usaha untuk membungkam kritik terhadap Islam.[7][8] Novelis ternama, Salman Rushdie dan sejumlah koleganya menandatangani sebuah manifesto berjudul "Bersama melawan bentuk baru dari totalitarianisme" di bulan Maret 2006, menyebut islamofobia adalah "konsep absurd yang mencampurkan adukkan kritik terhadap Islam sebagai agama dengan stigmatisasi terhadap para penganutnya."[9]
Kasus politik
Penolakaan keanggotaan Turki oleh Uni Eropa
Permintaan Turki untuk menjadi anggota Uni Eropa telah diadakan sejak tahun 1987, tetapi tidak terwujud karena adanya permasalahan pada kepala pemerintahan. Pada masa itu, Turki berada dalam pemerintahan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Uni Eropa menolak permintaan Turki untuk bergabung karena Erdoğan memiliki kekuasaan yang otoriter dan mempunyai masalah terkait hak asasi manusia.[10]
Dalam pandangan wacana kritis, penolakan keanggotan Turki dalam Uni Eropa juga dipengaruhi oleh menyebarnya islamofobia di pikiran masyarakat Eropa. Selain itu, masyarakat Eropa secara umum belum menerima komunitas muslim secara menyeluruh. Pandangan wacana kritis mengaitkan persoalan agama sebagai penyebab penolakan Turki dalam keanggotaan Uni Eropa. Penolakan ini juga dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan sejarah negara anggota Uni Eropa dengan sejarah Turki. Selain itu, hegemoni kekristenan dan hegemoni gereja di Eropa dan hegemoni demokrasi liberal menjadi faktor yang membuat Turki belum dapat diterima sebagai anggota Uni Eropa.[11]
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Islamophobia.
Catatan
- ^ "Islamophobia". Oxford Dictionaries. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.
- ^ "islamophobia". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.
- ^ "Islamophobia". Collins Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2016.
- ^ Miles & Brown 2003, hlm. 166.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaegorova - ^ Wike, Richard; Stokes, Bruce; Simmons, Katie (July 2016). Europeans Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs (PDF) (Laporan). Pew Research Center. hlm. 4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 27 November 2016. Diakses tanggal 27 November 2016.
- ^ Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005,
- ^ * "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
- "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199
- "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm
- "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI
- "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005.
- "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.
- ^ Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.
- ^ McGlinchey, S., Walters, R., dan Scheinpflug, C. (2017). International Relation Theory [Dasar-Dasar Kajian Teori Hubungan Internasional] (PDF). Diterjemahkan oleh Mukti, Takdir Ali. Bristol: E-International Relation Publishing. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-1-910814-20-8.
- ^ Arif, Muhammad Qobidl 'Ainul (2014). Politik Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi Sentimental Anti-Islam dalam Isu Keanggotaan Turki. Sleman: Deepublish. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-602-280-730-8.