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Revisi per 10 Mei 2021 02.24

Konsensus Beijing (kadang disebut "Model Tiongkok" atau "Model Ekonomi Tiongkok"^[1]) adalah istilah yang mengacu pada kebijakan politik dan ekonomi Republik Rakyat Tiongkok^[2] setelah wafatnya Mao Zedong dan naiknya Deng Xiaoping (1976). Kebijakan ini ikut berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan produk nasional bruto Tiongkok yang naik delapan kali lipat dalam kurun dua dasawarsa.^[3]^[4] Frasa "Konsensus Beijing" diciptakan oleh Joshua Cooper Ramo dengan tujuan menjadikan model pembangunan ekonomi Tiongkok sebuah alternatif — khususnya untuk negara berkembang — bagi kebijakan ramah pasar a la Konsensus Washington yang didukung oleh IMF, Bank Dunia, dan Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat.^[5]^[6]

Istilah ini sering disebut sebagai pemanfaatan inovasi dan eksperimentasi secara pragmatis demi meraih "pertumbuhan berkualitas tinggi yang setara dan damai" dan "ketahanan perbatasan dan kepentingan nasional";^[4] penerapan "politik yang stabil, meski represif, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cepat".^[7] Pihak lain menyatakan bahwa tampaknya "tidak ada kesepakatan mengenai tujuan [konsensus ini]" selain menjadi alternatif bagi Konsensus Washington yang neoliberal;^[8] dan istilah ini "berlaku bagi semua peristiwa yang terjadi di Beijing, entah itu ada hubungannya dengan 'model pembangunan Tiongkok' atau Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) per se."^[9]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Zhang, Jiakun Jack. "Seeking the Beijing Consensus in Asia: An Empirical Test of Soft Power" (PDF). 4/15/2011. DUKE UNIVERSITY. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2014. This paper re presents a first-cut effort at operationalizing and measuring the so-called Beijing Consensus (or China Model), a form of state capitalism which some see as an ideological alternative to the Washington Consensus and a challenge to American soft power.
^ The allure of the Chinese model ZHANG Weiwei / International Herald Tribune, 2 November 2006
^ "Commentator doubts efficacy of "Chinese model" for Iran"| BBC Monitoring Middle East - Political [London] 4 May 2002: 1.
^ ^a ^b Ramo, Joshua Cooper. "The Beijing Consensus" (PDF). May 2004. The Foreign Policy Centre. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-08-24. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2014.
^ International Political Economy Zone: Is There a Beijing Consensus?
^ Turin, Dustin R. (2010). "China and the Beijing Consensus: An Alternative Model for Development". Student Pulse Academic Journal. 2 (1): 13.
^ Kurlantzick, Joshua (January 23, 2014). "The Rise of Elected Autocrats Threatens Democracy". Bloomberg Businessweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-14. Diakses tanggal January 28, 2014. China’s stable, if repressive, politics and high-speed economic growth—the “Beijing Consensus”—have impressed elites in places such as Thailand, where democracy seems to have produced only graft, muddled economic planning, and political strife
^ No consensus on the Beijing Consensus - How the World Works - Salon.com
^ Dirlik, Arif. University of Oregon. "Beijing Consensus: Beijing 'Gongshi.' Diarsipkan 2014-02-02 di Wayback Machine."

Bacaan lanjutan

Ramo, Joshua The Beijing Consensus Diarsipkan 2013-08-24 di Wayback Machine. (Foreign Policy Centre, May 2004)
Huang, Yasheng, Rethinking the Beijing Consensus (Asia Policy, January 2011)
Williamson, John, Is the “Beijing Consensus” Now Dominant? (Asia Policy, January 2012)

[Zhang-1] Zhang, Jiakun Jack. "Seeking the Beijing Consensus in Asia: An Empirical Test of Soft Power" (PDF). 4/15/2011. DUKE UNIVERSITY. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2014. This paper re presents a first-cut effort at operationalizing and measuring the so-called Beijing Consensus (or China Model), a form of state capitalism which some see as an ideological alternative to the Washington Consensus and a challenge to American soft power.

[zhang-2] The allure of the Chinese model ZHANG Weiwei / International Herald Tribune, 2 November 2006

[monitoring-3] "Commentator doubts efficacy of "Chinese model" for Iran"| BBC Monitoring Middle East - Political [London] 4 May 2002: 1.

[Ramo-4] Ramo, Joshua Cooper. "The Beijing Consensus" (PDF). May 2004. The Foreign Policy Centre. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-08-24. Diakses tanggal 28 January 2014.

[IPEZ-5] International Political Economy Zone: Is There a Beijing Consensus?

[6] Turin, Dustin R. (2010). "China and the Beijing Consensus: An Alternative Model for Development". Student Pulse Academic Journal. 2 (1): 13.

[Kurlantzick-7] Kurlantzick, Joshua (January 23, 2014). "The Rise of Elected Autocrats Threatens Democracy". Bloomberg Businessweek. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-14. Diakses tanggal January 28, 2014. China’s stable, if repressive, politics and high-speed economic growth—the “Beijing Consensus”—have impressed elites in places such as Thailand, where democracy seems to have produced only graft, muddled economic planning, and political strife

[salon-8] No consensus on the Beijing Consensus - How the World Works - Salon.com

[Dirlik-9] Dirlik, Arif. University of Oregon. "Beijing Consensus: Beijing 'Gongshi.' Diarsipkan 2014-02-02 di Wayback Machine."

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{Kotak sistem ekonomi|expanded=model kawasan}}
-'''Konsensus Beijing''' (kadang disebut "Model Tiongkok" atau "Model Ekonomi Tiongkok"<ref name=Zhang>{{cite web|last=Zhang|first=Jiakun Jack|title=Seeking the Beijing Consensus in Asia: An Empirical Test of Soft Power|url=http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/5383/Duke%20Honors%20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1|work=4/15/2011|publisher=DUKE UNIVERSITY|accessdate=28 January 2014|quote=This paper re presents a first-cut effort at operationalizing and measuring the so-called Beijing Consensus (or China Model), a form of state capitalism which some see as an ideological alternative to the Washington Consensus and a challenge to American soft power.}}</ref>) adalah istilah yang mengacu pada kebijakan politik dan ekonomi [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]<ref name=zhang>[http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/articles/2006/20061102_zhang.weiwei_chinese.model-en.pdf The allure of the Chinese model] ZHANG Weiwei / International Herald Tribune, 2 November 2006</ref> setelah wafatnya [[Mao Zedong]] dan naiknya [[Deng Xiaoping]] (1976). Kebijakan ini ikut berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan produk nasional bruto Tiongkok yang naik delapan kali lipat dalam kurun dua dasawarsa.<ref name=monitoring>"Commentator doubts efficacy of "Chinese model" for Iran"| BBC Monitoring Middle East - Political [London] 4 May 2002: 1.</ref><ref name=Ramo>{{cite web|last=Ramo|first=Joshua Cooper|title=The Beijing Consensus|url=http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/244.pdf|work=May 2004|publisher=The Foreign Policy Centre|accessdate=28 January 2014}}</ref> Frasa "Konsensus Beijing" diciptakan oleh Joshua Cooper Ramo dengan tujuan menjadikan model pembangunan ekonomi Tiongkok sebuah alternatif — khususnya untuk negara berkembang — bagi kebijakan ramah pasar a la [[Konsensus Washington]] yang didukung oleh [[Dana Moneter Internasional|IMF]], [[Bank Dunia]], dan [[Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat]].<ref name="IPEZ">[http://ipezone.blogspot.com/2007/02/is-there-beijing-consensus.html International Political Economy Zone: Is There a Beijing Consensus?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Turin, Dustin R. | title=China and the Beijing Consensus: An Alternative Model for Development | journal=Student Pulse Academic Journal | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=13 |year=2010 |url=http://studentpulse.com/articles/134/china-and-the-beijing-consensus-an-alternative-model-for-development}}</ref>
+'''Konsensus Beijing''' (kadang disebut "Model Tiongkok" atau "Model Ekonomi Tiongkok"<ref name=Zhang>{{cite web|last=Zhang|first=Jiakun Jack|title=Seeking the Beijing Consensus in Asia: An Empirical Test of Soft Power|url=http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/5383/Duke%20Honors%20Thesis.pdf?sequence=1|work=4/15/2011|publisher=DUKE UNIVERSITY|accessdate=28 January 2014|quote=This paper re presents a first-cut effort at operationalizing and measuring the so-called Beijing Consensus (or China Model), a form of state capitalism which some see as an ideological alternative to the Washington Consensus and a challenge to American soft power.}}</ref>) adalah istilah yang mengacu pada kebijakan politik dan ekonomi [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]<ref name=zhang>[http://www.sinoptic.ch/textes/articles/2006/20061102_zhang.weiwei_chinese.model-en.pdf The allure of the Chinese model] ZHANG Weiwei / International Herald Tribune, 2 November 2006</ref> setelah wafatnya [[Mao Zedong]] dan naiknya [[Deng Xiaoping]] (1976). Kebijakan ini ikut berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan produk nasional bruto Tiongkok yang naik delapan kali lipat dalam kurun dua dasawarsa.<ref name=monitoring>"Commentator doubts efficacy of "Chinese model" for Iran"| BBC Monitoring Middle East - Political [London] 4 May 2002: 1.</ref><ref name=Ramo>{{cite web|last=Ramo|first=Joshua Cooper|title=The Beijing Consensus|url=http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/244.pdf|work=May 2004|publisher=The Foreign Policy Centre|accessdate=28 January 2014|archive-date=2013-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824150344/http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/244.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Frasa "Konsensus Beijing" diciptakan oleh Joshua Cooper Ramo dengan tujuan menjadikan model pembangunan ekonomi Tiongkok sebuah alternatif — khususnya untuk negara berkembang — bagi kebijakan ramah pasar a la [[Konsensus Washington]] yang didukung oleh [[Dana Moneter Internasional|IMF]], [[Bank Dunia]], dan [[Departemen Keuangan Amerika Serikat]].<ref name="IPEZ">[http://ipezone.blogspot.com/2007/02/is-there-beijing-consensus.html International Political Economy Zone: Is There a Beijing Consensus?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Turin, Dustin R. | title=China and the Beijing Consensus: An Alternative Model for Development | journal=Student Pulse Academic Journal | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=13 |year=2010 |url=http://studentpulse.com/articles/134/china-and-the-beijing-consensus-an-alternative-model-for-development}}</ref>
-Istilah ini sering disebut sebagai pemanfaatan inovasi dan eksperimentasi secara pragmatis demi meraih "pertumbuhan berkualitas tinggi yang setara dan damai" dan "ketahanan perbatasan dan kepentingan nasional";<ref name=Ramo/> penerapan "politik yang stabil, meski represif, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cepat".<ref name=Kurlantzick>{{cite journal|last=Kurlantzick|first=Joshua|title=The Rise of Elected Autocrats Threatens Democracy|journal=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=January 23, 2014|url=http://mobile.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-23/the-rise-of-elected-autocrats-threatens-democracy|accessdate=January 28, 2014|quote=China’s stable, if repressive, politics and high-speed economic growth—the “Beijing Consensus”—have impressed elites in places such as Thailand, where democracy seems to have produced only graft, muddled economic planning, and political strife}}</ref> Pihak lain menyatakan bahwa tampaknya "tidak ada kesepakatan mengenai tujuan [konsensus ini]" selain menjadi alternatif bagi Konsensus Washington yang neoliberal;<ref name="salon">[http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2006/09/15/beijing_consensus/ No consensus on the Beijing Consensus - How the World Works - Salon.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> dan istilah ini "berlaku bagi semua peristiwa yang terjadi di Beijing, entah itu ada hubungannya dengan 'model pembangunan Tiongkok' atau Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) per se."<ref name=Dirlik>Dirlik, Arif. University of Oregon. "[http://www.ids-uva.nl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/9_Dirlik1.pdf Beijing Consensus: Beijing 'Gongshi.'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185837/http://www.ids-uva.nl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/9_Dirlik1.pdf |date=2014-02-02 }}"</ref>
+Istilah ini sering disebut sebagai pemanfaatan inovasi dan eksperimentasi secara pragmatis demi meraih "pertumbuhan berkualitas tinggi yang setara dan damai" dan "ketahanan perbatasan dan kepentingan nasional";<ref name=Ramo/> penerapan "politik yang stabil, meski represif, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cepat".<ref name=Kurlantzick>{{cite journal|last=Kurlantzick|first=Joshua|title=The Rise of Elected Autocrats Threatens Democracy|journal=Bloomberg Businessweek|date=January 23, 2014|url=http://mobile.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-23/the-rise-of-elected-autocrats-threatens-democracy|accessdate=January 28, 2014|quote=China’s stable, if repressive, politics and high-speed economic growth—the “Beijing Consensus”—have impressed elites in places such as Thailand, where democracy seems to have produced only graft, muddled economic planning, and political strife|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714154647/http://mobile.businessweek.com/articles/2014-01-23/the-rise-of-elected-autocrats-threatens-democracy|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pihak lain menyatakan bahwa tampaknya "tidak ada kesepakatan mengenai tujuan [konsensus ini]" selain menjadi alternatif bagi Konsensus Washington yang neoliberal;<ref name="salon">[http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2006/09/15/beijing_consensus/ No consensus on the Beijing Consensus - How the World Works - Salon.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> dan istilah ini "berlaku bagi semua peristiwa yang terjadi di Beijing, entah itu ada hubungannya dengan 'model pembangunan Tiongkok' atau Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) per se."<ref name=Dirlik>Dirlik, Arif. University of Oregon. "[http://www.ids-uva.nl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/9_Dirlik1.pdf Beijing Consensus: Beijing 'Gongshi.'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202185837/http://www.ids-uva.nl/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/9_Dirlik1.pdf |date=2014-02-02 }}"</ref>
 == Lihat pula ==
@@ Baris 22: / Baris 22: @@
 == Bacaan lanjutan ==
-* Ramo, Joshua [http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/244.pdf The Beijing Consensus] (''Foreign Policy Centre'', May 2004)
+* Ramo, Joshua [http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/244.pdf The Beijing Consensus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824150344/http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/244.pdf |date=2013-08-24 }} (''Foreign Policy Centre'', May 2004)
 * Huang, Yasheng, [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=481 Rethinking the Beijing Consensus] (''Asia Policy'', January 2011)
 * Williamson, John, [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=571 Is the “Beijing Consensus” Now Dominant?] (''Asia Policy'', January 2012)