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Islamofobia adalah istilah kontroversial^[1] yang merujuk pada prasangka, diskriminasi, ketakutan dan kebencian terhadap Islam dan Muslim.^[2] Istilah ini sudah ada sejak tahun 1980-an,^[3] tetapi menjadi lebih populer setelah peristiwa Serangan 11 September 2001.^[4] Pada tahun 1997, Runnymede Trust dari Inggris mendefinisikan islamofobia sebagai "rasa takut dan kebencian terhadap Islam dan oleh karena itu juga pada semua Muslim," dinyatakan bahwa hal tersebut juga merujuk pada praktik diskriminasi terhadap Muslim dengan memisahkan mereka dari kehidupan ekonomi, sosial, dan masyarakat serta kebangsaan. Di dalamnya juga ada persepsi bahwa Islam tidak mempunyai norma sosial yang sesuai dengan budaya lain, lebih rendah dibanding budaya Barat dan lebih berupa ideologi politik yang bengis daripada berupa suatu agama.^[5] Langkah-langkah telah diambil untuk peresmian istilah ini dalam bulan Januari 2001 di Stockholm International Forum on Combating Intolerance. Di sana islamofobia dikenal sebagai bentuk intoleransi keberagamaan seperti xenofobia dan antisemitisme.^[6]

Berbagai sumber telah mensugestikan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan dalam islamofobia, sebagian diakibatkan serangan 11 September 2001.^[7] Sementara yang lainnya berhubungan dengan semakin banyaknya Muslim di dunia Barat.^[8] Pada bulan Mei 2002, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) mengeluarkan laporan berjudul "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", yang menggambarkan peningkatan islamofobia di Eropa setelah tanggal 11 September.^[9]

Para penyanggah mengkritik konsep itu, diduga ada penyalahgunaan saat menggali kritik terhadap Islam yang sah,^[10]^[11] dan menyebutnya sebagai "mitos".^[10] Penulis novel bernama Salman Rushdie dan teman-temannya menandatangani manifesto berjudul "Together facing the new totalitarianism" di bulan Maret 2006 menyebut islamofobia adalah "konsep buruk yang mencampurkan kritik terhadap Islam sebagai agama dengan stigmatisasi terhadap para penganutnya."^[12]

Kasus politik

Penolakaan keanggotaan Turki oleh Uni Eropa

Permintaan Turki untuk menjadi anggota Uni Eropa telah diadakan sejak tahun 1987, tetapi tidak terwujud karena adanya permasalahan pada kepala pemerintahan. Pada masa itu, Turki berada dalam pemerintahan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Uni Eropa menolak permintaan Turki untuk bergabung karena Erdoğan memiliki kekuasaan yang otoriter dan mempunyai masalah terkait hak asasi manusia.^[13]

Dalam pandangan wacana kritis, penolakan keanggotan Turki dalam Uni Eropa juga dipengaruhi oleh menyebarnya islamofobia di pikiran masyarakat Eropa. Selain itu, masyarakat Eropa secara umum belum menerima komunitas muslim secara menyeluruh. Pandangan wacana kritis mengaitkan persoalan agama sebagai penyebab penolakan Turki dalam keanggotaan Uni Eropa. Penolakan ini juga dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan sejarah negara anggota Uni Eropa dengan sejarah Turki. Selain itu, hegemoni kekristenan dan hegemoni gereja di Eropa dan hegemoni demokrasi liberal menjadi faktor yang membuat Turki belum dapat diterima sebagai anggota Uni Eropa.^[14]

Catatan

^
* "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
- "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199
- "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm
- "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI
- "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005.
- "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006
^
* Sandra Fredman, Discrimination and Human Rights, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924603-3, p.121.
- Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514806-1, p.19
- Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Runnymede Trust, 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60. ISBN 0-7546-4233-X. Early in 1997, the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, at that time part of the Runnymede Trust, issued a consultative document on Islamophobia under the chairmanship of Professor Gordon Conway, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sussex. The final report, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, was launched in November 1997 by Home Secretary Jack Straw.
- Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82692-6 p.429.
- Abduljalil Sajid. "Islamophobia: A New Word for an Old Fear" in Islamophobia and Antisemitism, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006, p. 1: defines the term as "anti-Muslim prejudice."
- Social Inequalities in Comparative Perspective By Mary C. Waters, Fiona Devine, pg. 106
- Muslims in Western Europe By Jørgen S. Nielsen, pg. 169
^ Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Runnymede Trust, 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60; Annan, Kofi. "Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar on confronting Islamophobia", United Nations press release, December 7 2004.
^
- Casciani, Dominic. "Islamophobia pervades UK - report", BBC News, June 2 2004.
- Rima Berns McGowan writes in Muslims in the Diaspora (University of Toronto Press, 1991, p. 268) that the term "Islamophobia" was first used in an unnamed American periodical in 1991.
^ Runnymede 1997, p. 5, cited in Quraishi 2005, p. 60.
^ New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts - p. 53, Brill 2004
^ Benn, Jawad (2004) p. 111
^ Steven Vertovec, "Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain"; in Haddad (2002) pp. 32-33
^
See:
- Greaves (2004) p. 133
- Allen, Chris; Nielsen, Jorgen S.; Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 (May 2002), EUMC.
^ ^a ^b Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005,
^
* "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
- "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199
- "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm
- "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI
- "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005.
- "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.
^ Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.
^ McGlinchey, S., Walters, R., dan Scheinpflug, C. (2017). International Relation Theory [Dasar-Dasar Kajian Teori Hubungan Internasional] (PDF). Diterjemahkan oleh Mukti, Takdir Ali. Bristol: E-International Relation Publishing. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-1-910814-20-8.
^ Arif, Muhammad Qobidl 'Ainul (2014). Politik Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi Sentimental Anti-Islam dalam Isu Keanggotaan Turki. Sleman: Deepublish. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-602-280-730-8.

[1] * "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
"All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199

"This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm

"The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI

"The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005.

"... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006

[2] "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199

[3] "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm

[4] "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI

[5] "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005.

[6] "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006

[2] * Sandra Fredman, Discrimination and Human Rights, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924603-3, p.121.
Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514806-1, p.19

Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Runnymede Trust, 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60. ISBN 0-7546-4233-X. Early in 1997, the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, at that time part of the Runnymede Trust, issued a consultative document on Islamophobia under the chairmanship of Professor Gordon Conway, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sussex. The final report, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, was launched in November 1997 by Home Secretary Jack Straw.

Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82692-6 p.429.

Abduljalil Sajid. "Islamophobia: A New Word for an Old Fear" in Islamophobia and Antisemitism, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006, p. 1: defines the term as "anti-Muslim prejudice."

Social Inequalities in Comparative Perspective By Mary C. Waters, Fiona Devine, pg. 106

Muslims in Western Europe By Jørgen S. Nielsen, pg. 169

[8] Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514806-1, p.19

[9] Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Runnymede Trust, 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60. ISBN 0-7546-4233-X. Early in 1997, the Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia, at that time part of the Runnymede Trust, issued a consultative document on Islamophobia under the chairmanship of Professor Gordon Conway, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sussex. The final report, Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, was launched in November 1997 by Home Secretary Jack Straw.

[10] Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-82692-6 p.429.

[11] Abduljalil Sajid. "Islamophobia: A New Word for an Old Fear" in Islamophobia and Antisemitism, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006, p. 1: defines the term as "anti-Muslim prejudice."

[12] Social Inequalities in Comparative Perspective By Mary C. Waters, Fiona Devine, pg. 106

[13] Muslims in Western Europe By Jørgen S. Nielsen, pg. 169

[3] Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Runnymede Trust, 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60; Annan, Kofi. "Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar on confronting Islamophobia", United Nations press release, December 7 2004.

[4] 
Casciani, Dominic. "Islamophobia pervades UK - report", BBC News, June 2 2004.

Rima Berns McGowan writes in Muslims in the Diaspora (University of Toronto Press, 1991, p. 268) that the term "Islamophobia" was first used in an unnamed American periodical in 1991.

[16] Casciani, Dominic. "Islamophobia pervades UK - report", BBC News, June 2 2004.

[17] Rima Berns McGowan writes in Muslims in the Diaspora (University of Toronto Press, 1991, p. 268) that the term "Islamophobia" was first used in an unnamed American periodical in 1991.

[Runnymede5-5] Runnymede 1997, p. 5, cited in Quraishi 2005, p. 60.

[6] New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts - p. 53, Brill 2004

[7] Benn, Jawad (2004) p. 111

[8] Steven Vertovec, "Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain"; in Haddad (2002) pp. 32-33

[9] See:
Greaves (2004) p. 133

Allen, Chris; Nielsen, Jorgen S.; Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 (May 2002), EUMC.

[23] Greaves (2004) p. 133

[24] Allen, Chris; Nielsen, Jorgen S.; Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 (May 2002), EUMC.

[Malik-10] Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005,

[11] * "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
"All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199

"This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm

"The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI

"The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005.

"... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.

[27] "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199

[28] "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - The "Islamophobia" scam Diarsipkan 2007-09-27 di Wayback Machine., Oliver Kamm

[29] "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - David Green, Bad Faith VI

[30] "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." Malik, Kenan. "Islamophobia Myth" Diarsipkan 2007-01-02 di Wayback Machine., Prospect, February 2005.

[31] "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.

[Rushdie-12] Rushdie, Salman et al. "Writers' statement on cartoons", BBC News, March 1, 2006.

[13] McGlinchey, S., Walters, R., dan Scheinpflug, C. (2017). International Relation Theory [Dasar-Dasar Kajian Teori Hubungan Internasional] (PDF). Diterjemahkan oleh Mukti, Takdir Ali. Bristol: E-International Relation Publishing. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-1-910814-20-8.

[14] Arif, Muhammad Qobidl 'Ainul (2014). Politik Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi Sentimental Anti-Islam dalam Isu Keanggotaan Turki. Sleman: Deepublish. hlm. 46. ISBN 978-602-280-730-8.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 {{Islam}}'''Islamofobia''' adalah istilah kontroversial<ref>* "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the ''The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades)'' By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
 * "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199
-* "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - [http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html The "Islamophobia" scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142319/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html |date=2007-09-27 }}, [[Oliver Kamm]]
+* "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - [http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html The "Islamophobia" scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142319/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html|date=2007-09-27}}, [[Oliver Kamm]]
 * "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - [[Dave Green (journalist)|David Green]], [http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/bad-faith-2/ Bad Faith VI]
-* "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." [[Kenan Malik|Malik, Kenan.]] [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 |date=2007-01-02 }}, Prospect, [[February 2005]].
+* "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." [[Kenan Malik|Malik, Kenan.]] [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679|date=2007-01-02}}, Prospect, [[February 2005]].
-* "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." [[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006</ref> yang merujuk pada [[prasangka]], [[diskriminasi]], [[ketakutan]] dan [[kebencian]] terhadap [[Islam]] dan [[Muslim]].<ref>
+* "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." [[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006</ref> yang merujuk pada [[prasangka]], [[diskriminasi]], [[ketakutan]] dan [[kebencian]] terhadap [[Islam]] dan [[Muslim]].<ref>* Sandra Fredman, ''Discrimination and Human Rights'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924603-3, p.121.
-* Sandra Fredman, ''Discrimination and Human Rights'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924603-3, p.121.
 * Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, ''Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514806-1, p.19
 * ''Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All'', [[Runnymede Trust]], 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. ''Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study'', Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60. ISBN 0-7546-4233-X. Early in 1997, the Commission on [[British Muslims]] and Islamophobia, at that time part of the Runnymede Trust, issued a consultative document on Islamophobia under the chairmanship of Professor Gordon Conway, [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Sussex]]. The final report, ''Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All'', was launched in November 1997 by [[Home Secretary]] [[Jack Straw (politician)|Jack Straw]].
@@ Baris 11: / Baris 10: @@
 * Abduljalil Sajid. "Islamophobia: A New Word for an Old Fear" in ''Islamophobia and Antisemitism'', Markus Wiener Publishers, 2006, p. 1: defines the term as "anti-Muslim prejudice."
 * Social Inequalities in Comparative Perspective By Mary C. Waters, Fiona Devine, pg. 106
-* Muslims in Western Europe By Jørgen S. Nielsen, pg. 169</ref> Istilah ini sudah ada sejak tahun [[1980-an]],<ref>''Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All'', [[Runnymede Trust]], 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. ''Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study'', Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60; [[Kofi Annan|Annan, Kofi]]. [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9637.doc.htm "Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar on confronting Islamophobia"], [[United Nations]] press release, [[December 7]] [[2004]].</ref> tetapi menjadi lebih populer setelah peristiwa [[serangan 11 September 2001]].<ref>
+* Muslims in Western Europe By Jørgen S. Nielsen, pg. 169</ref> Istilah ini sudah ada sejak tahun [[1980-an]],<ref>''Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All'', [[Runnymede Trust]], 1997, p. 1, cited in Quraishi, Muzammil. ''Muslims and Crime: A Comparative Study'', Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 60; [[Kofi Annan|Annan, Kofi]]. [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sgsm9637.doc.htm "Secretary-General, addressing headquarters seminar on confronting Islamophobia"], [[United Nations]] press release, [[December 7]] [[2004]].</ref> tetapi menjadi lebih populer setelah peristiwa [[Serangan 11 September 2001]].<ref>
 * Casciani, Dominic. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3768327.stm "Islamophobia pervades UK - report"], BBC News, [[June 2]] [[2004]].
-* Rima Berns McGowan writes in ''Muslims in the Diaspora'' (University of Toronto Press, 1991, p. 268) that the term "Islamophobia" was first used in an unnamed American periodical in 1991.</ref> Pada tahun [[1997]], [[Runnymede Trust]] dari Inggris mendefinisikan Islamofobia sebagai "rasa takut dan kebencian terhadap Islam dan oleh karena itu juga pada semua Muslim," dinyatakan bahwa hal tersebut juga merujuk pada praktik [[diskriminasi]] terhadap Muslim dengan memisahkan mereka dari kehidupan ekonomi, sosial, dan kemasyarakatan bangsa. Di dalamnya juga ada persepsi bahwa Islam tidak mempunyai norma yang sesuai dengan budaya lain, lebih rendah dibanding budaya barat dan lebih berupa ideologi politik yang bengis daripada berupa suatu agama.<ref name=Runnymede5>Runnymede 1997, p. 5, cited in Quraishi 2005, p. 60.</ref> Langkah-langkah telah diambil untuk peresmian istilah ini dalam bulan Januari 2001 di ''Stockholm International Forum on Combating Intolerance''. Di sana Islamofobia dikenal sebagai bentuk intoleransi seperti [[Xenofobia]] dan [[Antisemitisme]].<ref>New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts - p. 53, Brill 2004</ref>
+* Rima Berns McGowan writes in ''Muslims in the Diaspora'' (University of Toronto Press, 1991, p. 268) that the term "Islamophobia" was first used in an unnamed American periodical in 1991.</ref> Pada tahun [[1997]], [[Runnymede Trust]] dari [[Inggris]] mendefinisikan islamofobia sebagai "rasa takut dan kebencian terhadap Islam dan oleh karena itu juga pada semua Muslim," dinyatakan bahwa hal tersebut juga merujuk pada praktik [[diskriminasi]] terhadap Muslim dengan memisahkan mereka dari [[kehidupan]] [[ekonomi]], sosial, dan [[masyarakat]] serta [[kebangsaan]]. Di dalamnya juga ada persepsi bahwa Islam tidak mempunyai [[norma sosial]] yang sesuai dengan [[budaya]] lain, lebih rendah dibanding [[budaya Barat]] dan lebih berupa [[ideologi politik]] yang bengis daripada berupa suatu [[agama]].<ref name=Runnymede5>Runnymede 1997, p. 5, cited in Quraishi 2005, p. 60.</ref> Langkah-langkah telah diambil untuk peresmian istilah ini dalam [[Bulan (penanggalan)|bulan]] Januari 2001 di ''Stockholm International Forum on Combating Intolerance''. Di sana islamofobia dikenal sebagai bentuk [[intoleransi keberagamaan]] seperti [[xenofobia]] dan [[antisemitisme]].<ref>New Muslims in the European Context: The Experience of Scandinavian Converts - p. 53, Brill 2004</ref>
-Berbagai sumber telah mensugestikan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan dalam Islamofobia, sebagian diakibatkan serangan 11 September,<ref>Benn, Jawad (2004) p. 111</ref> sementara yang lainnya berhubungan dengan semakin banyaknya Muslim di dunia barat.<ref>Steven Vertovec, "Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain"; in Haddad (2002) pp. 32-33</ref> Pada bulan Mei 2002, [[European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia]] (EUMC) mengeluarkan laporan berjudul "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", yang menggambarkan peningkatan Islamofobia di Eropa setelah 11 September.<ref>See:
+Berbagai sumber telah men[[sugesti]]<nowiki/>kan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan dalam islamofobia, sebagian diakibatkan serangan 11 September 2001.<ref>Benn, Jawad (2004) p. 111</ref> Sementara yang lainnya berhubungan dengan semakin banyaknya Muslim di [[dunia Barat]].<ref>Steven Vertovec, "Islamophobia and Muslim Recognition in Britain"; in Haddad (2002) pp. 32-33</ref> Pada bulan [[Mei 2002]], [[European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia]] (EUMC) mengeluarkan [[laporan]] berjudul "Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001", yang menggambarkan peningkatan islamofobia di [[Eropa]] setelah tanggal 11 September.<ref>See:
 * Greaves (2004) p. 133
 * Allen, Chris; Nielsen, Jorgen S.; Summary report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001 (May 2002), EUMC.</ref>
-Para penyanggah mengkritik konsep itu, diduga ada penyalahgunaan saat menggali kritik Islam yang sah,<ref name=Malik>Malik, Kenan. [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 |date=2007-01-02 }}, Prospect, [[February 2005]],</ref><ref>* "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the ''The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades)'' By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
+Para penyanggah mengkritik [[konsep]] itu, diduga ada penyalahgunaan saat menggali [[kritik terhadap Islam]] yang sah,<ref name=Malik>Malik, Kenan. [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 |date=2007-01-02 }}, Prospect, [[February 2005]],</ref><ref>* "There really isn't a phenomena like "Islamophobia" - at least no more than there was a "Germanophobia" in hating Hitler or "Russiaphobia" in detesting Stalin." - Historian Victor Davis Hanson, in the ''The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades)'' By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 200
 * "All this indicates that "Islamophobia" is virtually useless as an analytical tool. To adopt it is to accept the most virulent form of theological equivalence, and to affirm, against all the evidence, that every religious tradition is equally capable of inspiring violence." - The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (and the Crusades) By Robert Spencer, ISBN 0-89526-013-1, Regnery Publishing, Pg. 199
-* "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - [http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html The "Islamophobia" scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142319/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html |date=2007-09-27 }}, [[Oliver Kamm]]
+* "This term is a fabricated and question-begging linguistic manoeuvre designed to present the protection of religious sensibilities as a civil liberty issue." - [http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html The "Islamophobia" scam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142319/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/the_islamophobi.html|date=2007-09-27}}, [[Oliver Kamm]]
 * "The pseudo-psychiatric term Islamophobia is a statement that any criticism of Muslims is evidence of clinical pathology. Yet the label is often attached to valid criticisms of particular Muslims whose behaviour has laid them open to legitimate censure." - [[Dave Green (journalist)|David Green]], [http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/bad-faith-2/ Bad Faith VI]
-* "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." [[Kenan Malik|Malik, Kenan.]] [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 |date=2007-01-02 }}, Prospect, [[February 2005]].
+* "The trouble with the idea is that it confuses hatred of, and discrimination against, Muslims on the one hand with criticism of Islam on the other." [[Kenan Malik|Malik, Kenan.]] [http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679 "Islamophobia Myth"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102061256/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=6679|date=2007-01-02}}, Prospect, [[February 2005]].
-* "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." [[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006.</ref> dan menyebutnya sebagai "mitos".<ref name=Malik/> Penulis novel [[Salman Rushdie]] dan teman-temannya menandatangani manifesto berjudul [[MANIFESTO: Together facing the new totalitarianism|''"Together facing the new totalitarianism"'']] di bulan [[Maret 2006]] menyebut Islamofobia adalah "konsep buruk yang mencampurkan kritik terhadap Islam sebagai agama dengan stigmatisasi terhadap para penganutnya."<ref name=Rushdie>[[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006.</ref>
+* "... Islamophobia", a wretched concept that confuses criticism of Islam as a religion and stigmatisation of those who believe in it." [[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006.</ref> dan menyebutnya sebagai "[[mitos]]".<ref name=Malik/> [[Penulis]] [[novel]] bernama [[Salman Rushdie]] dan [[Persahabatan|teman]]-temannya menandatangani [[manifesto]] berjudul [[MANIFESTO: Together facing the new totalitarianism|''"Together facing the new totalitarianism"'']] di bulan [[Maret 2006]] menyebut islamofobia adalah "konsep buruk yang mencampurkan kritik terhadap Islam sebagai agama dengan stigmatisasi terhadap para penganutnya."<ref name=Rushdie>[[Salman Rushdie|Rushdie, Salman]] ''et al''. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4764730.stm "Writers' statement on cartoons"], BBC News, March 1, 2006.</ref>
+== Kasus politik ==
-{{Commonscat|Islamophobia}}
+=== Penolakaan keanggotaan Turki oleh Uni Eropa ===
+Permintaan [[Turki]] untuk menjadi anggota [[Uni Eropa]] telah diadakan sejak tahun 1987, tetapi tidak terwujud karena adanya permasalahan pada [[kepala pemerintahan]]. Pada masa itu, Turki berada dalam [[Pemerintah|pemerintahan]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]. Uni Eropa menolak permintaan Turki untuk bergabung karena Erdoğan memiliki [[kekuasaan]] yang [[Otoritarianisme|otoriter]] dan mempunyai masalah terkait [[hak asasi manusia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McGlinchey, S., Walters, R., dan Scheinpflug, C.|date=2017|url=https://www.e-ir.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/IRT-E-IR-Translated.pdf|title=International Relation Theory|location=Bristol|publisher=E-International Relation Publishing|isbn=978-1-910814-20-8|pages=40|translator-last=Mukti|translator-first=Takdir Ali|trans-title=Dasar-Dasar Kajian Teori Hubungan Internasional|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Dalam pandangan wacana kritis, penolakan keanggotan Turki dalam Uni Eropa juga dipengaruhi oleh menyebarnya [[islamofobia]] di pikiran masyarakat Eropa. Selain itu, masyarakat Eropa secara umum belum menerima [[komunitas]] muslim secara menyeluruh. Pandangan wacana kritis mengaitkan persoalan agama sebagai penyebab penolakan Turki dalam keanggotaan Uni Eropa. Penolakan ini juga dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan sejarah negara anggota Uni Eropa dengan sejarah Turki. Selain itu, [[hegemoni]] [[kekristenan]] dan hegemoni [[gereja]] di Eropa dan hegemoni [[demokrasi liberal]] menjadi faktor yang membuat Turki belum dapat diterima sebagai anggota Uni Eropa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Arif|first=Muhammad Qobidl 'Ainul|date=2014|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Politik_Islamophobia_Eropa/1YKmCQAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=Politik+Uni+Eropa&printsec=frontcover|title=Politik Islamophobia Eropa: Menguak Eksistensi Sentimental Anti-Islam dalam Isu Keanggotaan Turki|location=Sleman|publisher=Deepublish|isbn=978-602-280-730-8|pages=46|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Commonscat|Islamophobia}}
 == Catatan ==

l b s Daftar fobia
A	Aerofobia · Afrofobia · Agorafobia · Agrafobia · Aichmofobia · Ailurofobia · Akrofobia · Algofobia · Antofobia · Antropofobia · Aphefobia · Apifobia · Aquafobia · Arachnofobia · Astrafobia · Autofobia · Aviatofobia · Agyrofobia
B	Bathofobia · Batrachofobia · Bifobia
C	Chiroptofobia
D	Dentofobia
E	Efebifobia · Eisoptrofobia · Eklesiofobia · Emetofobia · Entomofobia · Equinofobia · Ergofobia · Erotofobia
F	Felinofobia · Filofobia
G	Genofobia · Gephyrofobia · Gerascofobia · Gerontofobia · Glossofobia · Gymnofobia · Gynofobia
H	Hamaxofobia · Haphofobia · Hapnofobia · Haptefobia · Haptofobia · Heliofobia · Hemofobia · Heterofobia · Heptakaidekafobia · Hexakosioihexekontahexafobia · Hidrofobia · Hiperfobia · Hoplofobia
I	Iatrofobia · Ichthyofobia · Insektofobia · Islamofobia
J	Japanofobia
K	Kainofobia · Kainotofobia · Kemofobia · Keraunofobia · Klaustrofobia · Kontreltofobia · Koulrofobia · Kymofobia · Katsaridafobia
L	Lachanofobia · Lipofobia
M	Megalofobia · Monofobia · Murofobia · Musofobia · Mysofobia
N	Necrofobia · Neofobia · Nomofobia · Nosofobia · Numerofobia · Nyctofobia
O	Ochofobia · Odontofobia · Ofidiofobia · Ornithofobia · Osmofobia · Ombrofobia
P	Panofobia · Paraskavedekatriafobia · Pediafobia · Pediofobia · Pedofobia · Phagofobia · Phasmofobia · Phonofobia · Photofobia · Psychofobia · Pteromechanofobia
R	Radiofobia · Ranidafobia
S	Scopofobia · Scotofobia · Senofobia · Sentofobia · Sinofobia · Sklionofobia · Somnifobia · Spectrofobia · Surifobia
T	Taphofobia · Technofobia · Tetrafobia · Thalassofobia · Tokofobia · Tonitrofobia · Trichofobia · Triskaidekafobia · Trypanofobia
U	Uranofobia
X	Xantophobia · Xenofobia
Z	Zoofobia