Bahan bakar karbon netral

Bahan bakar karbon netral adalah bahan bakar energi atau sistem energi yang tidak memiliki emisi gas rumah kaca bersih atau jejak karbon. Salah satu kelasnya adalah bahan bakar sintetis (termasuk metana, bensin^[1]^[2], bahan bakar diesel, bahan bakar jet atau amonia)^[3] yang dihasilkan dari energi terbarukan, berkelanutan atau nuklir yang digunakan untuk menghidrogenasi karbon dioksida yang ditangkap langsung dari udara (DAC), didaur ulang dari emisi gas buang cerobong pembangkit listrik atau berasal dari asam karbonat dalam air laut. Sumber-sumber energi terbarukan termasuk turbin angin, panel surya, dan pembangkit listrik tenaga air.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Jenis sumber energi terbarukan yang lain adalah bahan bakar hayati.^[8] Bahan bakar seperti itu berpotensi karbon netral karena tidak menghasilkan peningkatan bersih gas rumah kaca di atmosfer.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Sejauh bahan bakar karbon netral menggantikan bahan bakar fosil, atau jika dihasilkan dari limbah karbon atau asam karbonat air laut, dan pembakarannya tunduk pada penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon di pipa buang atau knalpot, mereka menghasilkan emisi karbon dioksida negatif dan penghapusan karbon dioksida neto dari atmosfer, dan dengan demikian merupakan bentuk pembersihan gas rumah kaca.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Air Fuel Synthesis shows petrol from air has future
^ The AFS Process - turning air into a sustainable fuel
^ Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Trannd Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas
^ Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. (2008). "Carbon neutral hydrocarbons" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366 (1882): 3901–18. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. PMID 18757281. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 25, 2013. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012. (Review.)
^ Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong (2011). "Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (7): 3703–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.666.7435 . doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. PMID 21505692. (Review.)
^ MacDowell, Niall; et al. (2010). "An overview of CO₂ capture technologies". Energy and Environmental Science. 3 (11): 1645–69. doi:10.1039/C004106H. (Review.)
^ Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO₂ extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis". Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (6): 7346–52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.8497 . doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Diakses tanggal July 6, 2013.
^ Biomass and the Environment – Basics
^ Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens; Lackner, Klaus S. (2011). "Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO₂ and H₂O with renewable or nuclear energy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014. (Review.)
^ Socolow, Robert; et al. (June 1, 2011). Direct Air Capture of CO₂ with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs (PDF) (peer reviewed literature review). American Physical Society. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012.
^ Conference on Carbon Dioxide as Feedstock for Chemistry and Polymers (Essen, Germany, October 10–11, 2012; post-conference program)
^ Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Prakash, G.K. Surya; Olah, George A. (2012). "Air as the renewable carbon source of the future: an overview of CO₂ capture from the atmosphere". Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (7): 7833–53. doi:10.1039/C2EE21586A. (Review.)
^ House, K.Z.; Baclig, A.C.; Ranjan, M.; van Nierop, E.A.; Wilcox, J.; Herzog, H.J. (2011). "Economic and energetic analysis of capturing CO₂ from ambient air" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (51): 20428–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012253108. PMC 3251141 . PMID 22143760. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012. (Review.)
^ Lackner, Klaus S.; et al. (2012). "The urgency of the development of CO₂ capture from ambient air". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (33): 13156–62. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108765109. PMC 3421162 . PMID 22843674.
^ Kothandaraman, Jotheeswari; Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Olah, George A.; Prakash, G. K. Surya (2016-01-27). "Conversion of CO2 from Air into Methanol Using a Polyamine and a Homogeneous Ruthenium Catalyst". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (3): 778–781. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b12354. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 26713663.

Baccan lebih lanjut

McDonald, Thomas M.; Lee, Woo Ram; Mason, Jarad A.; Wiers, Brian M.; Hong, Chang Seop; Long, Jeffrey R. (2012). "Capture of Carbon Dioxide from Air and Flue Gas in the Alkylamine-Appended Metal–Organic Framework mmen-Mg₂(dobpdc)". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 134 (16): 7056–65. doi:10.1021/ja300034j. PMID 22475173. — has 10 citing articles as of September 2012, many of which discuss efficiency and cost of air and flue recovery.
Kulkarni, Ambarish R.; Sholl, David S. (2012). "Analysis of Equilibrium-Based TSA Processes for Direct Capture of CO₂ from Air". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 51 (25): 8631–45. doi:10.1021/ie300691c. — claims USD $100/ton CO₂ extraction from air, not counting capital expenses.

Pranala luar

Doty Windfuels (Columbia, South Carolina)
CoolPlanet Energy Systems (Camarillo, California)
Cost Model for US Navy Zero Carbon Nuclear Synfuel Process spreadsheet by John Morgan (January 2013; source)
Interview with Kathy Lewis of the US Naval Research Laboratory

Templat:Teknologi ramah lingkungan

[1] Air Fuel Synthesis shows petrol from air has future

[2] The AFS Process - turning air into a sustainable fuel

[3] Leighty and Holbrook (2012) "Running the World on Renewables: Alternatives for Trannd Low-cost Firming Storage of Stranded Renewable as Hydrogen and Ammonia Fuels via Underground Pipelines" Proceedings of the ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition November 9–15, 2012, Houston, Texas

[Zeman2008-4] Zeman, Frank S.; Keith, David W. (2008). "Carbon neutral hydrocarbons" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 366 (1882): 3901–18. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143. PMID 18757281. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal May 25, 2013. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[Wang2012-5] Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong (2011). "Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide". Chemical Society Reviews. 40 (7): 3703–27. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.666.7435 . doi:10.1039/C1CS15008A. PMID 21505692. (Review.)

[MacDowell2010-6] MacDowell, Niall; et al. (2010). "An overview of CO₂ capture technologies". Energy and Environmental Science. 3 (11): 1645–69. doi:10.1039/C004106H. (Review.)

[Eisaman2012-7] Eisaman, Matthew D.; et al. (2012). "CO₂ extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis". Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (6): 7346–52. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.698.8497 . doi:10.1039/C2EE03393C. Diakses tanggal July 6, 2013.

[8] Biomass and the Environment – Basics

[Graves2011rev-9] Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens; Lackner, Klaus S. (2011). "Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO₂ and H₂O with renewable or nuclear energy". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 15 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014. (Review.)

[Socolow2011-10] Socolow, Robert; et al. (June 1, 2011). Direct Air Capture of CO₂ with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs (PDF) (peer reviewed literature review). American Physical Society. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012.

[11] Conference on Carbon Dioxide as Feedstock for Chemistry and Polymers (Essen, Germany, October 10–11, 2012; post-conference program)

[Goeppert2012-12] Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Prakash, G.K. Surya; Olah, George A. (2012). "Air as the renewable carbon source of the future: an overview of CO₂ capture from the atmosphere". Energy and Environmental Science. 5 (7): 7833–53. doi:10.1039/C2EE21586A. (Review.)

[House2011-13] House, K.Z.; Baclig, A.C.; Ranjan, M.; van Nierop, E.A.; Wilcox, J.; Herzog, H.J. (2011). "Economic and energetic analysis of capturing CO₂ from ambient air" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (51): 20428–33. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012253108. PMC 3251141 . PMID 22143760. Diakses tanggal September 7, 2012. (Review.)

[Lackner2012-14] Lackner, Klaus S.; et al. (2012). "The urgency of the development of CO₂ capture from ambient air". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (33): 13156–62. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108765109. PMC 3421162 . PMID 22843674.

[15] Kothandaraman, Jotheeswari; Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Olah, George A.; Prakash, G. K. Surya (2016-01-27). "Conversion of CO2 from Air into Methanol Using a Polyamine and a Homogeneous Ruthenium Catalyst". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138 (3): 778–781. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b12354. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 26713663.

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l b s Kelestarian
Kelestarian	Batas planet Dampak manusia terhadap lingkungan Environmentalisme Kelestarian sosial Modernisasi ekologi Pembangunan berkelanjutan Pembinaan
Konsumsi	Anti-konsumerisme Antropisasi Bencana bersama Etika Hidup sederhana Iklan berkelanjutan Jejak ekologi Kelanjutan Konsumsi berlebihan Kerabunan pemasaran berkelanjutan Merek berkelanjutan Resistensi perubahan sistemik
Penduduk	Keluarga Berencana Overpopulasi Pengaturan kelahiran Perencanaan populasi Pertumbuhan nol
Teknologi	Kelanjutan Lingkungan Tepat guna
Biodiversitas	Biologi konservasi Biosekuriti Biosfer Ekologi dalam Kepunahan Holosen Spesies invasif Spesies langka
Energi	Bahan bakar fosil tahap akhir Efisiensi Energi terbarukan Jejak karbon Kemiskinan energi Konservasi Mitigasi perubahan iklim Perdagangan emisi Titik puncak minyak Turunan energi
Makanan	Budaya tetap Hortikultura perkotaan Keamanan Makanan lokal Perikanan Perkebunan hutan Pertanian
Air	Efisiensi Jejak air Konservasi Krisis
Akuntabilitas	Akuntansi berkelanjutan Hasil berkelanjutan Metrik dan indeks berkelanjutan Laporan berkelanjutan Pengukuran berkelanjutan Standar dan sertifikasi
Penerapan	Arsitektur Arsitektur lanskap Bisnis Desa ramah lingkungan Desain Iklan Industri Infrastruktur perkotaan Kehidupan Komunitas Kota Mode Organisasi Pariwisata Pasar berkelanjutan Pemasaran hijau Pembangunan berdampak rendah Pendidikan untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Pengadaan Pengemasan Perkebunan Perkotaan Praktik Program perguruan tinggi Seni Sistem pengeringan perkotaan Taman geologi Transportasi
Pengelolaan	Hutan Lingkungan Limbah Material Perikanan Planet Sumber daya alam
Perjanjian	Konferensi PBB tentang Lingkungan Hidup Manusia (Stockholm 1972) Laporan Komisi Brundtland (1983) Our Common Future (1987) Earth Summit (1992) Deklarasi Rio tentang Lingkungan dan Pembangunan Agenda 21 (1992) Konvensi Keanekaragaman Hayati (1992) Program Aksi ICPD (1994) Piagam Bumi Prinsip Lisbon Deklarasi Milenium PBB (2000) Earth Summit 2002 (Rio+10, Johannesburg) Konferensi PBB tentang Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (Rio+20, 2012) Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan
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