Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme
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Holokaus |
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Fungsionalisme versus intensionalisme adalah perdebatan historiografis tentang asal mula Holokaus serta sejumlah aspek Reich Ketiga, misalnya kebijakan luar negeri. Perdebatan mengenai asal mula Holokaus berpusat pada dua pertanyaan:
- Apakah Adolf Hitler memiliki rencana besar untuk melakukan Holokaus? Kaum intensionalis berpendapat bahwa rencana seperti itu benar-benar ada, tetapi kaum fungsionalis berpendapat sebaliknya.
- Apakah inisiatif melakukan Holokaus berasal dari atas, artinya perintah datang langsung dari Adolf Hitler, atau dari bawah, artinya perintah datang dari para birokrat Jerman? Meski kedua belah pihak tidak membantah Holokaus dan tidak ada keraguan bahwa Hitler (selaku Führer) secara pribadi bertanggung jawab karena merongrong anti-Semitisme yang memungkinkan Holokaus terjadi, kaum intensionalis berpendapat bahwa inisiatif Holokaus datang dari atas, sedangkan kaum fungsionalis berpendapat sebaliknya.
Istilah ini dicetuskan dalam esai tahun 1981 yang ditulis sejarawan Marxis Britania Raya, Timothy Mason.[1] Pemikir fungsionalis ternama adalah Raul Hilberg, Christopher Browning, Hans Mommsen, Martin Broszat, dan Zygmunt Bauman. Pemikir intensionalis ternama adalah Andreas Hillgruber, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Klaus Hildebrand, Eberhard Jäckel, Richard Breitman, Lucy Dawidowicz, dan Daniel Jonah Goldhagen.
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Pembantahan Holokaus
- Pendekatan merambat Holokaus
- Perdebatan kebijakan luar negeri Nazi
- Historiografi Jerman
- Historikerstreit
- Sonderweg
- Vergangenheitsbewältigung
- Teori korban, teori bahwa Austria adalah korban Nazisme setelah Anschluss
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Browning 1986, hlm. 343 n1: "The terms 'intentionalist' and 'functionalist' were coined by Tim Mason, 'Intention and Explanation: A Current Controversy about the Interpretation of National Socialism,' Der Führerstaat: Mythos und Realität, ed. Gerhard Hirschfeld and Lothar Kettenacker (Stuttgart, 1981), 21-40. Prime examples of the two interpretive approaches can be seen in the articles by Klaus Hildebrand and Hans Mommsen in the same volume."
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Aly, Götz & Susanne Heim. Architects of annihilation: Auschwitz and the logic of destruction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
- Bauer, Yehuda. Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven Conn.; London: Yale University Press, 2001.
- Bessel, Richard. "Functionalists vs. Intentionalists: The Debate Twenty Years on or Whatever Happened to Functionalism and Intentionalism?" German Studies Review Vol. 26, no. 1 (2003): pp. 15–20.
- Bracher, Karl Dietrich The German Dictatorship; The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. translated from the German by Jean Steinberg; With an Introduction by Peter Gay, New York, Praeger 1970.
- Breitman, Richard. The architect of genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution. New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 1991.
- Broszat, Martin. German National Socialism, 1919–1945 translated from the German by Kurt Rosenbaum and Inge Pauli Boehm, Santa Barbara, Calif., Clio Press, 1966.
- Broszat, Martin. The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich London: Longman, 1981.
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