Asam alkanoat: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Asam karboksilat dengan banyak atom karbon (berantai banyak) lebih umum disebut sebagai [[asam lemak]] karena sifat-sifat fisiknya. |
Asam karboksilat dengan banyak atom karbon (berantai banyak) lebih umum disebut sebagai [[asam lemak]] karena sifat-sifat fisiknya. |
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==Penamaan dan contoh senyawa== |
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Nama-nama asam karboksilat dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini. Meskipun jarang digunakan, tapi nama [[IUPAC]] juga tetap ada. Misalnya, nama [[IUPAC]] untuk [[asam butirat]](C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H) adalah asam butanoat.<ref>Organic Chemistry IUPAC Nomenclature. Rules C-4 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_24.htm</ref> |
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Other carboxylic acids include: |
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[[karboksilat|Anion karboksilat]] R-COO<sup>–</sup> biasanya dinamai dengan akhiran ''-at'', jadi asam asetat, misalnya, menjadi ion asetat. Dalam [[tatanama IUPAC]], asam karboksilat mempunyai akhiran ''-oat'' (contoh asam oktadekanoat). Dalam tatanama derifat, akhirannya adalah ''-at'' saja (contoh [[asam stearat]]). |
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* Short-chain unsaturated monocarboxylic acids |
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** [[Acrylic acid]] (2-propenoic acid) – CH<sub>2</sub>=CHCOOH, used in polymer synthesis |
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* [[Fatty acid]]s – medium to long-chain saturated and unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, with even number of carbons |
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** [[Docosahexaenoic acid]] – nutritional supplement |
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** [[Eicosapentaenoic acid]] – nutritional supplement |
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{|class = "wikitable" |
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* [[Amino acid]]s – the building blocks of [[protein]]s |
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|+Rantai lurus, asam karboksilat tersaturasi |
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!Atom karbon |
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* [[Keto acids]] – acids of biochemical significance that contain a [[ketone]] group |
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!Nama derifat |
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** [[Acetoacetic acid]] |
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!Nama IUPAC |
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** [[Pyruvic acid]] |
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!Rumus molekul |
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!Biasanya terdapat pada |
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* [[Aromatic compound|Aromatic]] carboxylic acids |
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** [[Benzoic acid]] – C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COOH; sodium benzoate, the sodium salt of benzoic acid is used as a food preservative |
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|1 || [[Asam format]] || Asam metanoat || HCOOH || Gigitan serangga |
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** [[Mandelic acid]] - an alpha hydroxy type |
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** [[Salicylic acid]] – a beta hydroxy type found in many skin care products |
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|2 || [[Asam asetat]] || Asam etanoat || CH<sub>3</sub>COOH || [[Cuka]] |
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* [[Dicarboxylic acid]]s – containing two carboxyl groups |
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|- |
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** [[Adipic acid]] – the monomer used to produce [[nylon]] |
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|3 || [[Asam propionat]] || Asam propanoat || CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH || Pengawet pada gandum |
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** [[Aldaric acid]] – a family of sugar acids |
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** [[Fumaric acid]] |
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|4 || [[Asam butirat]] || Asam butanoat |
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** [[Glutaric acid]] |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>COOH || Mentega basi |
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** [[Maleic acid]] |
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** [[Malic acid]] – found in apples |
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|5 || [[Asam valerat]] || Asam pentanoat |
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** [[Malonic acid]] |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>COOH || [[Valerian (herb)|Valerian]] |
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** [[Oxalic acid]] – found in many foods |
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|- |
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** [[Succinic acid]] – a component of the [[citric acid cycle]] |
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|6 || Asam kaproat || [[Asam heksanoat]] |
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** [[Tartronic acid]] |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>COOH || Lemak kambing |
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* [[Tricarboxylic acid]]s – containing three carboxyl groups |
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|- |
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** [[Citric acid]] – found in [[citrus fruit]]s |
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|7 || Asam enantoat || [[Asam heptanoat]] |
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** [[Isocitric acid]] |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>5</sub>COOH || |
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** [[Aconitic acid]] |
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** [[Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid]] (tricarballylic acid, carballylic acid) |
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|8 || [[Asam kaprilat]] || Asam oktanoat |
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* [[Alpha hydroxy acid]]s – containing a hydroxy group |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>COOH || Kelapa dan air susu ibu |
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** Glyceric acid |
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|- |
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** [[Glycolic acid]] |
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|9 || Asam pelargonoat || [[Asam nonanoat]] |
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** [[Lactic acid]] (2-hydroxypropanoic acid) – found in sour milk |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>7</sub>COOH || [[Pelargonium]] |
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** [[Tartaric acid]] - found in wine |
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|10 || Asam kaprat || [[Asam dekanoat]] |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>8</sub>COOH || |
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|- |
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|12 || [[Asam laurat]] || Asam dodekanoat |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>10</sub>COOH || Coconut oil and hand wash soaps. |
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|14 || [[Myristic acid]] || Tetradecanoic acid |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>12</sub>COOH || Nutmeg |
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|16 || [[Palmitic acid]] || Hexadecanoic acid |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>14</sub>COOH || Palm oil |
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|18 || [[Stearic acid]] || Octadecanoic acid |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>16</sub>COOH || Chocolate, waxes, soaps, and oils |
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|20 || [[Arachidic acid]] || Icosanoic acid |
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| CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>18</sub>COOH || Peanut oil |
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== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
Revisi per 2 Desember 2011 23.27
Asam alkanoat (atau asam karboksilat) adalah golongan asam organik [[alifatik] yang memiliki gugus karboksil (biasa dilambangkan dengan -COOH). Semua asam alkanoat adalah asam lemah. Dalam pelarut air, sebagian molekulnya terionisasi dengan melepas atom Hidrogen menjadi ion H+.
Asam karboksilat dapat memiliki lebih dari satu gugus fungsional. Asam karboksolat yang memiliki dua gugus karboksil disebut asam dikarboksilat (alkandioat), jika tiga disebut asam trikarboksilat (alkantrioat), dan seterusnya.
Asam karboksilat dengan banyak atom karbon (berantai banyak) lebih umum disebut sebagai asam lemak karena sifat-sifat fisiknya.
Penamaan dan contoh senyawa
Nama-nama asam karboksilat dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini. Meskipun jarang digunakan, tapi nama IUPAC juga tetap ada. Misalnya, nama IUPAC untuk asam butirat(C3H7CO2H) adalah asam butanoat.[1]
Anion karboksilat R-COO– biasanya dinamai dengan akhiran -at, jadi asam asetat, misalnya, menjadi ion asetat. Dalam tatanama IUPAC, asam karboksilat mempunyai akhiran -oat (contoh asam oktadekanoat). Dalam tatanama derifat, akhirannya adalah -at saja (contoh asam stearat).
Atom karbon | Nama derifat | Nama IUPAC | Rumus molekul | Biasanya terdapat pada |
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1 | Asam format | Asam metanoat | HCOOH | Gigitan serangga |
2 | Asam asetat | Asam etanoat | CH3COOH | Cuka |
3 | Asam propionat | Asam propanoat | CH3CH2COOH | Pengawet pada gandum |
4 | Asam butirat | Asam butanoat | CH3(CH2)2COOH | Mentega basi |
5 | Asam valerat | Asam pentanoat | CH3(CH2)3COOH | Valerian |
6 | Asam kaproat | Asam heksanoat | CH3(CH2)4COOH | Lemak kambing |
7 | Asam enantoat | Asam heptanoat | CH3(CH2)5COOH | |
8 | Asam kaprilat | Asam oktanoat | CH3(CH2)6COOH | Kelapa dan air susu ibu |
9 | Asam pelargonoat | Asam nonanoat | CH3(CH2)7COOH | Pelargonium |
10 | Asam kaprat | Asam dekanoat | CH3(CH2)8COOH | |
12 | Asam laurat | Asam dodekanoat | CH3(CH2)10COOH | Coconut oil and hand wash soaps. |
14 | Myristic acid | Tetradecanoic acid | CH3(CH2)12COOH | Nutmeg |
16 | Palmitic acid | Hexadecanoic acid | CH3(CH2)14COOH | Palm oil |
18 | Stearic acid | Octadecanoic acid | CH3(CH2)16COOH | Chocolate, waxes, soaps, and oils |
20 | Arachidic acid | Icosanoic acid | CH3(CH2)18COOH | Peanut oil |
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ^ Organic Chemistry IUPAC Nomenclature. Rules C-4 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_24.htm