Bahasa Ugarit: Perbedaan antara revisi
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*{{cite book|author=Parker, Simon B. (ed.) |title=Ugaritic Narrative Poetry: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta | publisher=Scholars Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7885-0337-5}} |
*{{cite book|author=Parker, Simon B. (ed.) |title=Ugaritic Narrative Poetry: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature |location=Atlanta | publisher=Scholars Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7885-0337-5}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Pardee, Dennis |title=Rezension von J. Tropper, Ugaritische Grammatik (AOAT 273) Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2000: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft vom Vorderen Orient |location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)|year=2003}} [http://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/documents/Rezension_Tropper_AOAT273.pdf P. 1-404] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107221530/http://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/documents/Rezension_Tropper_AOAT273.pdf |date=2014-01-07 }}. |
*{{cite book|author=Pardee, Dennis |title=Rezension von J. Tropper, Ugaritische Grammatik (AOAT 273) Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2000: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft vom Vorderen Orient |location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)|year=2003}} [http://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/documents/Rezension_Tropper_AOAT273.pdf P. 1-404] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107221530/http://orientalistik.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/documents/Rezension_Tropper_AOAT273.pdf |date=2014-01-07 }}. |
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*{{cite book|author1=Schniedewind, William M. |author2=Hunt, Joel H. |name-list-style=amp |title=A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-5217-0493-9}} |
*{{cite book|author1=Schniedewind, William M. |author2=Hunt, Joel H. |name-list-style=amp |title=A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/primeronugaritic0000schn |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-5217-0493-9}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Segert, Stanislav|title=A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-03999-5}} |
*{{cite book|author=Segert, Stanislav|title=A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language|publisher=University of California Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-520-03999-5}} |
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*{{cite book|author=Sivan, Daniel|title=A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-90-04-10614-7}} A more concise grammar. |
*{{cite book|author=Sivan, Daniel|title=A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik) |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1997|isbn=978-90-04-10614-7}} A more concise grammar. |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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*[http://www.theology.edu/ugarbib.htm Ugarit and the Bible]. An excerpt from an online introductory course on Ugaritic grammar (the Quartz Hill School of Theology's course noted in the links hereafter). Includes a cursory discussion on the relationship between Ugaritic and Old Testament/Hebrew Bible literature. |
*[http://www.theology.edu/ugarbib.htm Ugarit and the Bible] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511082755/http://www.theology.edu/ugarbib.htm |date=2017-05-11 }}. An excerpt from an online introductory course on Ugaritic grammar (the Quartz Hill School of Theology's course noted in the links hereafter). Includes a cursory discussion on the relationship between Ugaritic and Old Testament/Hebrew Bible literature. |
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*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1113436 "El in the Ugaritic tablets"] on the BBCi website gives many attributes of the Ugaritic creator and his consort Athirat. |
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A1113436 "El in the Ugaritic tablets"] on the BBCi website gives many attributes of the Ugaritic creator and his consort Athirat. |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031202023745/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/MSmith_BiblicalMonotheism.htm Abstract of Mark Smith, ''The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Text'']. |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031202023745/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/MSmith_BiblicalMonotheism.htm Abstract of Mark Smith, ''The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Text'']. |
Revisi terkini sejak 6 Juni 2023 19.32
Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. |
Bahasa Ugarit | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dituturkan di | Ugarit | ||||
Kepunahan | Abad ke-12 SM | ||||
Abjad Ugarit | |||||
Kode bahasa | |||||
ISO 639-2 | uga | ||||
ISO 639-3 | uga | ||||
Glottolog | ugar1238 [1] | ||||
IETF | uga | ||||
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Artikel ini mengandung simbol fonetik IPA. Tanpa bantuan render yang baik, Anda akan melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain, bukan karakter Unicode. Untuk pengenalan mengenai simbol IPA, lihat Bantuan:IPA.
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Bahasa Ugarit adalah bahasa Semit Barat Laut yang telah punah,[4][5] merupakan dialek atau ragam dari bahasa Amori dan satu-satunya ragam bahasa Amori yang memiliki catatan tertulis. Hal ini diketahui dari Prasasti Ugarit yang ditemukan oleh arkeolog berkebangsaan Prancis[siapa?] pada tahun 1929 di kota pelabuhan kuno Ugarit, kini di dekat Latakia, Suriah.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Naskah yang ditemukan di antaranya mencakup beberapa naskah sastra utama, terutama tentang Dewa Baal yang telah digunakan oleh para cendekiawan Alkitab Ibrani untuk memperjelas naskah-naskah berbahasa Ibrani Alkitabiah dan telah mengungkapkan cara-cara budaya dan sejarah Israel dan Yehuda kuno bersama dengan budaya peradaban tetangganya.[12]
Ugarit telah disebut sebagai "penemuan sastra terbesar dari zaman kuno sejak penguraian hieroglif Mesir dan aksara paku Mesopotamia".[13]
Naskah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bahasa Ugarit dibuktikan dalam naskah-naskah dari abad ke-14 sampai abad ke-12 SM. Kota Ugarit dihancurkan sekitar tahun 1190 SM.[14]
Naskah sastra yang ditemukan di Ugarit termasuk Legenda Keret, Legenda Danel, Mitos Baal-Aliyan, dan Kematian Baal —dua naskah terakhir juga secara kolektif dikenal sebagai Siklus Baal— semuanya mengungkap aspek agama Semit Barat Laut kuno.[butuh rujukan]
Telah diusulkan[oleh siapa?] bahwa teks-teks Ugarit dapat membantu memecahkan teka-teki Alkitabiah seperti anakronisme dari Yehezkiel yang menyebutkan Daniel pada Kitab Yehezkiel 14:13–16.[12]
Aksara
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/22_alphabet.jpg/250px-22_alphabet.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg/250px-Ugaritic_Chart_of_Letters.svg.png)
Abjad Ugarit berjenis abjad paku yang digunakan mulai abad ke-15 SM. Setiap huruf mewakili konsonan, menyesuaikan pembaca untuk memakai vokal yang sesuai.
Meskipun tampak mirip dengan aksara paku Mesopotamia (yang teknik penulisannya dipinjam), simbol dan makna simbolnya tidak berhubungan. Abjad Ugarit adalah contoh tertua dari kumpulan aksara dari rumpun bahasa Semit Barat, seperti Abjad Fenisia, Ibrani Kuno, dan Abjad Aram (termasuk Abjad Ibrani Modern). Yang disebut "abjad panjang" memiliki 30 huruf sedangkan "abjad pendek" memiliki 22. Bahasa lain (terutama bahasa Hurri) kadang-kadang ditulis dalam abjad ini di Ugarit, tetapi tidak di tempat lain.
Lempeng-lempeng tanah liat yang ditulis dalam bahasa Ugaritik memberikan bukti paling awal tentang urutan abjad Syam, yang menurunkan urutan abjad Ibrani, Yunani, dan Latin; sedangkan urutan Semit Selatan, memunculkan tatanan aksara Ge'ez. Abjad ini ditulis dari kiri ke kanan.
Fonologi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Bab atau bagian ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. |
Bahasa Ugarit memiliki 28 fonem konsonan (termasuk dua semivokal) dan delapan fonem vokal (tiga vokal pendek dan lima vokal panjang): a ā i ī u ū ē ō. Fonem ē dan ō hanya muncul sebagai vokal panjang dan merupakan hasil monoftongisasi diftong ey dan aw, berturut-turut.
Labial | Interdental | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Faringal | Glotal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
biasa | tegas | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
Letup | non-suara | p | t | tˤ | k | q | ʔ | |||
bersuara | b | d | ɡ | |||||||
Frikatif | non-suara | θ | s | sˤ | ʃ | x | ħ | h | ||
bersuara | ð | z | ðˤ | (ʒ)[1] | ɣ[2] | ʕ | ||||
Aproksiman | l | j | w | |||||||
Getar | r |
Tabel berikut menunjukkan fonem bahasa Proto-Semit dan perbandingan antara bahasa Ugarit, Arab Klasik, Ibrani Tiberias, dan Aram Kekaisaran:
Proto-Semit | Ugarit | Arab Klasik | Ibrani Tiberias | Aram Kekaisaran | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b [b] | 𐎁 | b | ب | b [b] | ב | b/ḇ [b/v] | ב | b/ḇ [b/v] |
p [p] | 𐎔 | p | ف | f [f] | פ | p/p̄ [p/f] | פ | p/p̄ [p/f] |
ḏ [ð] | 𐎏 | d; terkadang ḏ [ð] |
ذ | ḏ [ð] | ז | z [z] | ד (kuno ז) | d/ḏ [d/ð] |
ṯ [θ] | 𐎘 | ṯ [θ] | ث | ṯ [θ] | שׁ | š [ʃ] | ת | t/ṯ [t/θ] |
ṱ [θʼ] | 𐎑 | ẓ [ðˤ]; secara jarang ġ [ɣ] |
ظ | ẓ [ðˤ] | צ | ṣ [sˤ] | ט | ṭ [tˤ] |
d [d] | 𐎄 | d | د | d [d] | ד | d/ḏ [d/ð] | ד | d/ḏ [d/ð] |
t [t] | 𐎚 | t | ت | t [t] | ת | t/ṯ [t/θ] | ת | t/ṯ [t/θ] |
ṭ [tʼ] | 𐎉 | ṭ [tˤ] | ط | ṭ [tˤ] | ט | ṭ [tˤ] | ט | ṭ [tˤ] |
š [s] | 𐎌 | š [ʃ] | س | s [s] | שׁ | š [ʃ] | שׁ | š [ʃ] |
z [dz] | 𐎇 | z | ز | z [z] | ז | z [z] | ז | z [z] |
s [ts] | 𐎒 | s | س | s [s] | ס | s [s] | ס | s [s] |
ṣ [tsʼ] | 𐎕 | ṣ [sˤ] | ص | ṣ [sˤ] | צ | ṣ [sˤ] | צ | ṣ [sˤ] |
l [l] | 𐎍 | l | ل | l [l] | ל | l [l] | ל | l [l] |
ś [ɬ] | 𐎌 | š | ش | š [ʃ] | שׂ | ś [ɬ]→[s] | שׂ/ס | s/ś [s] |
ṣ́ [(t)ɬʼ] | 𐎕 | ṣ [sˤ] | ض | ḍ [ɮˤ]→[dˤ] | צ | ṣ [sˤ] | ע (kuno ק) | ʿ [ʕ] |
g [ɡ] | 𐎂 | g | ج | ǧ [ɡʲ]→[dʒ] | ג | g/ḡ [ɡ/ɣ] | ג | g/ḡ [ɡ/ɣ] |
k [k] | 𐎋 | k | ك | k [k] | כ | k/ḵ [k/x] | כ | k/ḵ [k/x] |
q [kʼ] | 𐎖 | q | ق | q [q] | ק | q [q] | ק | q [q] |
ġ [ɣ] | 𐎙 | ġ [ɣ] | غ | ġ [ɣ] | ע | ʿ [ʕ] | ע | ʿ [ʕ] |
ḫ [x] | 𐎃 | ḫ [x] | خ | ḫ [x] | ח | ḥ [ħ] | ח | ḥ [ħ] |
ʿ [ʕ] | 𐎓 | ʿ [ʕ] | ع | ʿ [ʕ] | ע | ʿ [ʕ] | ע | ʿ [ʕ] |
ḥ [ħ] | 𐎈 | ḥ [ħ] | ح | ḥ [ħ] | ח | ḥ [ħ] | ח | ḥ [ħ] |
ʾ [ʔ] | 𐎛 | ʾ [ʔ] | ء | ʾ [ʔ] | א | ʾ [ʔ] | א/∅ | ʾ/∅ [ʔ/∅] |
h [h] | 𐎅 | h | ه | h [h] | ה | h [h] | ה | h [h] |
m [m] | 𐎎 | m | م | m [m] | מ | m [m] | מ | m [m] |
n [n] | 𐎐 | n | ن | n [n] | נ | n [n]; terasimilasi penuh sebelum konsonan |
נ | n [n] |
r [r] | 𐎗 | r | ر | r [r] | ר | r [r] | ר | r [r] |
w [w] | 𐎆 | w | و | w [w] | ו | w [w]; y [j] pada mulanya |
ו | w [w] |
y [j] | 𐎊 | y [j] | ي | y [j] | י | y [j] | י | y [j] |
Proto-Semit | Ugarit | Arab Klasik | Ibrani Tiberias | Aram Kekaisaran |
Tata bahasa
[sunting | sunting sumber]Ugarit adalah bahasa terinfleksi, dan fitur tata bahasanya sangat mirip dengan yang ditemukan pada bahasa Arab Klasik dan Akkadia. Bahasa ini memiliki dua gender (maskulin dan feminin), tiga kasus tata bahasa untuk kata benda dan kata sifat (nominativus, akusativus, dan genitivus), tiga bilangan tata bahasa (tunggal, ganda, dan jamak), dan aspek kata kerja yang mirip dengan bahasa Semit Barat Laut lainnya. Urutan kata pada bahasa Ugarit adalah predikat–subjek–objek (PSO) dan subjek–objek–predikat (SOP),[15] posesi–posesor (NG), dan kata benda–kata sifat (NA). Bahasa Ugarit dianggap sebagai bahasa Semit yang sangat konservatif, karena mempertahankan sebagian besar fonem, kasus, dan urutan kata dari bahasa Proto-Semit.[16]
Lihat pula
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan kaki
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Ugaritic". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011.
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ http://bildnercenter.rutgers.edu/docman/rendsburg/59-modern-south-arabian-as-a-source-for-ugaritic-etymologies/file
- ^ "Ugaritic". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
- ^ Watson, Wilfred G. E.; Wyatt, Nicolas (1999). Handbook of Ugaritic Studies. Brill. hlm. 91. ISBN 978-90-04-10988-9.
- ^ Ugaritic is alternatively classified in a "North Semitic" group Lipiński, Edward (2001). Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Peeters Publishers. hlm. 50. ISBN 978-90-429-0815-4.
- ^ Woodard, Roger D. (2008-04-10). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia (dalam bahasa Inggris). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 5. ISBN 9781139469340.
- ^ Goetze, Albrecht (1941). "Is Ugaritic a Canaanite Dialect?". Language. 17 (2): 127–138. doi:10.2307/409619. JSTOR 409619.
- ^ Kaye, Alan S. (2007-06-30). Morphologies of Asia and Africa (dalam bahasa Inggris). Eisenbrauns. hlm. 49. ISBN 9781575061092.
- ^ Schniedewind, William; Hunt, Joel H. (2007). A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 20. ISBN 978-1-139-46698-1.
- ^ a b c Greenstein, Edward L. (November 2010). "Texts from Ugarit Solve Biblical Puzzles". Biblical Archaeology Review (dalam bahasa Inggris). 36 (6): 48–53, 70. Diakses tanggal 16 July 2019.
- ^ Gordon, Cyrus H. (1965). The Ancient Near East
. Norton. hlm. 99.
- ^ Huehnergard, John (2012). An Introduction to Ugaritic. Hendrickson Publishers. hlm. 1. ISBN 978-1-59856-820-2.
- ^ Wilson, Gerald H. (1982). "Ugaritic Word Order and Sentence Structure in KRT". Journal of Semitic Studies. 27 (1): 17–32. doi:10.1093/jss/27.1.17.
- ^ A Basic Grammar of Ugaritic Language by Stanislav Segert - Hardcover - University of California Press.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bordreuil, Pierre; Pardee, Dennis (2009). A Manual of Ugaritic: Linguistic Studies in Ancient West Semitic 3. Winona Lake, IN 46590: Eisenbraun's, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57506-153-5.
- Cunchillos, J.-L.; Vita, Juan-Pablo (2003). A Concordance of Ugaritic Words. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-258-7.
- del Olmo Lete, Gregorio; Sanmartín, Joaquín (2004). A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-13694-6. (2 vols; originally in Spanish, translated by W. G. E. Watson).
- Gibson, John C. L. (1977). Canaanite Myths and Legends. T. & T. Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-02351-3. (Contains Latin-alphabet transliterations of the Ugaritic texts and facing translations in English.)
- Gordon, Cyrus Herzl (1965). The Ancient Near East
. W. W. Norton & Company Press. ISBN 978-0-393-00275-1.
- Greenstein, Edward L. (1998). Shlomo Izre'el; Itamar Singer; Ran Zadok, ed. "On a New Grammar of Ugartic" in Past links: studies in the languages and cultures of the ancient near east: Volume 18 of Israel oriental studies. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-035-4. Found at Google Scholar.
- Huehnergard, John (2011). A Grammar of Akkadian, 3rd ed. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-5750-6941-8.
- Moscati, Sabatino (1980). An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of Semitic Languages, Phonology and Morphology. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00689-7.
- Parker, Simon B. (ed.) (1997). Ugaritic Narrative Poetry: Writings from the Ancient World Society of Biblical Literature. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 978-0-7885-0337-5.
- Pardee, Dennis (2003). Rezension von J. Tropper, Ugaritische Grammatik (AOAT 273) Ugarit-Verlag, Münster 2000: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Wissenschaft vom Vorderen Orient. Vienna, Austria: Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO). P. 1-404 Diarsipkan 2014-01-07 di Wayback Machine..
- Schniedewind, William M.; Hunt, Joel H. (2007). A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture and Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5217-0493-9.
- Segert, Stanislav (1997). A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03999-5.
- Sivan, Daniel (1997). A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (Handbook of Oriental Studies/Handbuch Der Orientalistik). Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-10614-7. A more concise grammar.
- Tropper, J. (2000). Ugartische Grammatik, AOAT 273. Münster, Ugarit Verlag.
- Woodard, Roger D. (ed.) (2008). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ugarit and the Bible Diarsipkan 2017-05-11 di Wayback Machine.. An excerpt from an online introductory course on Ugaritic grammar (the Quartz Hill School of Theology's course noted in the links hereafter). Includes a cursory discussion on the relationship between Ugaritic and Old Testament/Hebrew Bible literature.
- "El in the Ugaritic tablets" on the BBCi website gives many attributes of the Ugaritic creator and his consort Athirat.
- Abstract of Mark Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Text.
- Unicode Chart.
- RSTI. The Ras Shamra Tablet Inventory: an online catalog of inscribed objects from Ras Shamra-Ugarit produced at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.