Perbudakan upah: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 18 Oktober 2022 20.23

Perbudakan upah adalah istilah yang dikonotasikan secara negatif untuk menarik analogi antara perbudakan dan kerja upahan, dengan berfokus pada kesamaan antara memiliki dan menyewa seseorang. Biasanya digunakan untuk merujuk pada situasi di mana penghidupan seseorang tergantung pada upah atau gaji, terutama ketika ketergantungannya bersifat total dan langsung.^[1]^[2]

Istilah "perbudakan upah" telah digunakan untuk mengkritik eksploitasi buruh dan stratifikasi sosial. Eksploitasi buruh dilihat terutama sebagai daya tawar yang tidak setara antara kerja dan modal (khususnya ketika pekerja dibayar dengan upah yang relatif rendah, seperti di sweatshop),^[3] sementara stratifikasi sosial dilihat sebagai kurangnya manajemen mandiri pekerja, pilihan pekerjaan yang mencukupi, dan kelapangan dalam ekonomi.^[4]^[5]^[6] Kritik terhadap stratifikasi sosial mencakup pilihan pekerjaan lebih luas yang terikat oleh tekanan masyarakat hierarkis untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang tidak mencukupi, sehingga merampas "karakter spesies" mereka,^[7] tidak hanya di bawah ancaman kelaparan atau kemiskinan, tetapi juga pengurangan stigma dan status sosial.^[8]^[9]^[4] Secara historis, beberapa organisasi buruh dan aktivis sosial telah mendukung manajemen mandiri pekerja atau koperasi pekerja sebagai alternatif bagi kerja upahan.^[5]^[10]

Pekerja upahan Afrika-Amerika memetik kapas di perkebunan di negara bagian Selatan

Kesamaan antara kerja upahan dengan perbudakan dibahas sedari awal oleh Cicero pada zaman Romawi Kuno, seperti di De Officiis.^[11] Dengan munculnya Revolusi Industri, pemikir seperti Pierre-Joseph Proudhon dan Karl Marx menguraikan perbandingan antara kerja upahan dan perbudakan,^[12]^[13] sementara kelompok Luddites menekankan dehumanisasi yang disebabkan oleh mesin. Pengenalan kerja upahan pada abad ke-18 di Britania disambut dengan perlawanan, sehingga memunculkan prinsip-prinsip sindikalisme.^[14]^[15]^[10]^[16] Sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika, negara bagian Selatan pendukung perbudakan orang Afrika-Amerika menggunakan konsep perbudakan upah untuk membandingkan kondisi budak mereka dengan pekerja di negara bagian Utara.^[17]^[18] Amerika Serikat menghapus perbudakan setelah Perang Saudara, tetapi aktivis serikat pekerja menganggap metafora tersebut dapat digunakan - menurut sejarawan Lawrence B. Glickman, pada Era Gilda "banyak rujukan di pers buruh, dan sulit menemukan pidato pemimpin buruh tanpa frasa tersebut".^[19]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ "wage slave". merriam-webster.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.
^ "wage slave". dictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.
^ Sandel 1996, hlm. 184.
^ ^a ^b "Conversation with Noam Chomsky". Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 28 June 2010.
^ ^a ^b Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.
^ "The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution". Spunk Library. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.
^ Avineri 1968, hlm. 142.
^ Fitzhugh 1857.
^ George 1981, "Chapter 15".
^ ^a ^b Ostergaard 1997, hlm. 133.
^ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1 January 1913) [First written in October–November 44 BC]. "Liber I" [Book I]. Dalam Henderson, Jeffrey. De Officiis [On Duties]. Loeb Classical Library [LCL030] (dalam bahasa Latin and Inggris). XXI. Diterjemahkan oleh Miller, Walter (edisi ke-Digital). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. hlm. 152–153 (XLII). doi:10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-de_officiis.1913. ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3. OCLC 902696620. OL 7693830M. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 April 2018. XLII. Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people’s ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures[.]
^ Proudhon 1890.
^ Marx 1969, Chapter VII.
^ Thompson 1966, hlm. 599.
^ Thompson 1966, hlm. 912.
^ Lazonick 1990, hlm. 37.
^ Foner 1995, hlm. xix.
^ Jensen 2002.
^ Lawrence B. Glickman (1999). A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society. Cornell U.P. hlm. 19. ISBN 9780801486142.

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Pranala luar

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(Inggris) Wage Labour and Capital

[merriam-webster.com-1] "wage slave". merriam-webster.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.

[2] "wage slave". dictionary.com. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.

[3] Sandel 1996, hlm. 184.

[globetrotter.berkeley.edu-4] "Conversation with Noam Chomsky". Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. hlm. 2. Diakses tanggal 28 June 2010.

[HB-5] Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.

[spunk.org-6] "The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution". Spunk Library. Diakses tanggal 4 March 2013.

[7] Avineri 1968, hlm. 142.

[Fitzhugh_1857-8] Fitzhugh 1857.

[schalkenbach1-9] George 1981, "Chapter 15".

[Geoffrey_Ostergaard_p._133-10] Ostergaard 1997, hlm. 133.

[Cicero-11] Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1 January 1913) [First written in October–November 44 BC]. "Liber I" [Book I]. Dalam Henderson, Jeffrey. De Officiis [On Duties]. Loeb Classical Library [LCL030] (dalam bahasa Latin and Inggris). XXI. Diterjemahkan oleh Miller, Walter (edisi ke-Digital). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. hlm. 152–153 (XLII). doi:10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-de_officiis.1913. ISBN 978-0-674-99033-3. OCLC 902696620. OL 7693830M. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 6 April 2018. XLII. Now in regard to trades and other means of livelihood, which ones are to be considered becoming to a gentleman and which ones are vulgar, we have been taught, in general, as follows. First, those means of livelihood are rejected as undesirable which incur people’s ill-will, as those of tax-gatherers and usurers. Unbecoming to a gentleman, too, and vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery. Vulgar we must consider those also who buy from wholesale merchants to retail immediately; for they would get no profits without a great deal of downright lying; and verily, there is no action that is meaner than misrepresentation. And all mechanics are engaged in vulgar trades; for no workshop can have anything liberal about it. Least respectable of all are those trades which cater for sensual pleasures[.]

[12] Proudhon 1890.

[Marx_1863_c7-13] Marx 1969, Chapter VII.

[English_Working_Class_p._599-14] Thompson 1966, hlm. 599.

[English_Working_Class_p._912-15] Thompson 1966, hlm. 912.

[Shop_Floor_p._37-16] Lazonick 1990, hlm. 37.

[17] Foner 1995, hlm. xix.

[18] Jensen 2002.

[19] Lawrence B. Glickman (1999). A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society. Cornell U.P. hlm. 19. ISBN 9780801486142.

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@@ Baris 58: / Baris 58: @@
 * {{cite web|last=Brendel|first=Cajo|year=1971|title=Kronstadt: Proletarian Spin-off of the Russian Revolution|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/brendel/1971/kronstadt.htm|publisher=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]|accessdate=9 Maret 2013|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite journal|last=Carsel|first=Wilfred|year=1940|title=The Slaveholders' Indictment of Northern Wage Slavery|journal=[[Journal of Southern History]]|volume=6|issue=4|pages=504–520|jstor=2192167|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/2192167}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|authorlink= Noam Chomsky|year=1986|title=The Soviet Union Versus Socialism|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/xlsuite_production/assets/9349007/VOL_17_02.pdf|journal=[[Our Generation (journal)|Our Generation]]|volume=17|issue=2|pages=47–52|accessdate=5 Maret 2013|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|authorlink=Noam Chomsky|year=1986|title=The Soviet Union Versus Socialism|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/xlsuite_production/assets/9349007/VOL_17_02.pdf|journal=[[Our Generation (journal)|Our Generation]]|volume=17|issue=2|pages=47–52|accessdate=5 Maret 2013|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|year=1993|title=Year 501: The Conquest Continues|url=http://books.zcommunications.org/chomsky/year/year-overview.html|location=London|publisher=[[Verso Books]]|isbn=978-0-86091-406-8|accessdate=9 Maret 2013|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|last=Chomsky|first=Noam|year=2000|title=Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[South End Press]]|isbn=978-0-89608-612-8|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/roguestatesruleo00chom}}
@@ Baris 75: / Baris 75: @@
 * {{cite book|last=Engels|first=Friedrich|authorlink=Friedrich Engels|year=1969|origyear=1847|chapter=The Principles of Communism|chapterurl=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-com.htm|title=Marx & Engels: Selected Works, Volume I|pages=81–97|location=Moscow|publisher=[[Progress Publishers]]|accessdate=9 Maret 2013|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Ferguson (academic)|year=1995|title=Golden Rule: The Investment Theory of Party Competition and the Logic of Money-Driven Political Systems|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-24316-0|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/goldenruleinvest00ferg}}
-* {{cite book|last=Fitzhugh|first=George|authorlink=George Fitzhugh|year=1857|title=Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECdb7EjiBnEC|location=Richmond, VA|publisher=A. Morris|accessdate= 9 Maret 2013|ref=harv|isbn=9781429016438}}
+* {{cite book|last=Fitzhugh|first=George|authorlink=George Fitzhugh|year=1857|title=Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECdb7EjiBnEC|location=Richmond, VA|publisher=A. Morris|accessdate=9 Maret 2013|ref=harv|isbn=9781429016438}}
 * {{cite book|last=Fogel|first=Robert William|authorlink=Robert William Fogel|year=1994|origyear=1992|title=Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company|W. W. Norton]]|isbn=978-0-393-31219-5|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|authorlink=Eric Foner|year=1995|origyear=1970|title=Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-509497-8|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|year=1998|title=The Story of American Freedom|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofamericanf00fone|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|isbn=978-0-7567-5804-2|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|last=Fromm|first=Erich|authorlink=Erich Fromm|year=1995|origyear=1976|title=To Have or to Be?|location=London and New York, NY|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-8264-1738-1|ref=harv|title-link=To Have or to Be?}}
-* {{cite book|last=George|first=Henry|authorlink=Henry George|year=1981|origyear=1883|title=Social Problems|url=http://schalkenbach.org/library/henry-george/social-problems/spcont.html|location=New York, NY|publisher=Robert Schalkenbach Foundation|accessdate=9 Maret 2013|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=George|first=Henry|authorlink=Henry George|year=1981|origyear=1883|title=Social Problems|url=http://schalkenbach.org/library/henry-george/social-problems/spcont.html|location=New York, NY|publisher=Robert Schalkenbach Foundation|accessdate=9 Maret 2013|ref=harv|archive-date=2013-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113212549/http://schalkenbach.org/library/henry-george/social-problems/spcont.html|dead-url=yes}}
 * {{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Emma|authorlink=Emma Goldman|editor=[[List of Guggenheim Fellowships awarded in 1998|Candace Falk]]|display-editors=etal|year=2003|title=Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume I: Made for America, 1890–1901|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-08670-8|ref=harv}}
 * {{cite book|last=Graeber|first=David|authorlink=David Graeber|year=2004|title=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology|location=Chicago, IL|publisher=[[Prickly Paradigm Press]]|isbn=978-0-9728196-4-0|ref=harv|title-link=Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology}}

l b s Aspek-aspek kapitalisme
Umum	Gelembung ekonomi Globalisasi Hak properti Inovasi Kegagalan pasar Kekayaan Kewirausahaan Merit Oligopoli Pekerja upahan Pembangunan ekonomi Penemuan Persaingan Perusahaan multinasional Regulasi Revolusi Industri Siklus bisnis Swastanisasi
Ideologi	Demokrasi Hak asasi manusia Impian Amerika Individualisme Kedwipartaian Laissez-faire Liberalisme Libertarianisme Pasar bebas
Budaya	Arus utama Aturan hukum Budaya media Desentralisasi Filantropi Keadilan sosial Kebebasan politik Kebebasan Konsumerisme Mobilitas ekonomi Mobilitas sosial Pengasingan sosial Periklanan Tatanan spontan Yayasan swasta
Sosial	Akuntabilitas Fleksibilitas pasar tenaga kerja Kebebasan berkumpul Kesejahteraan Kesenjangan ekonomi Modal usaha sosial Pekerjaan Pembangunan manusia Pengangguran Produktivitas Suplai tenaga kerja
Kritik	Anti-kapitalisme Ekonomi anarkis Fundamentalisme pasar Kritik Marxisme Perbudakan upah
Antitesis	Anarkisme sosial Anarkisme Anarko-sindikalisme Komunisme Merkantilisme Sindikalisme Sosialisme libertarian Sosialisme

l b s Fraseologi dan istilah Marxis
Filsafat dan politik (Marxis)	Komunisme barak Basis dan suprastruktur Borjuis Demokrasi borjuis Nasionalisme borjuis Sosialisme borjuis Corak produksi kapitalis Perjuangan kelas Komodifikasi Corak produksi sosialis Komunisme murni Kediktatoran proletariat Imperialisme Likuidasionisme Lumpenproletariat Alat kerja Celah metabolisme Borjuasi kecil Akumulasi modal primitif Internasionalisme proletariat Spontanitas revolusioner Revolusi proletariat Gelombang revolusioner Sosialisme ilmiah Super-imperialisme Materialisme sejarah Teoritikus Teori Dua Tahap Perbudakan upah Dewan Pekerja Kontrol Pekerja Revolusi dunia
Ekonomi dan sosiologi (Marxis)	Modal Akumulasi modal Corak produksi kapitalis Krisis kapitalisme Komoditas Produksi komoditas Ideologi dominan Asosiasi bebas Materialisme Alat produksi Corak produksi Tenaga produktif Relasi produksi Hukum nilai Nilai lebih Nilai guna Nilai tukar Nilai Waktu kerja yang dibutuhkan secara sosial Sosialisasi Produksi untuk penggunaan Corak produksi sosialis Kelas penguasa Produksi komoditas sederhana Pengatur ekonomi tertinggi
Marxis-Leninis	Kader Komite Pusat Sentralisme demokratik Kekuasaan ganda Musuh rakyat Foco Garis umum partai Pembebasan nasional Kelas baru Politbiro Rehabilitasi politik Front rakyat Teror revolusioner Front persatuan Vanguardisme Fasisme sosial Akumulasi sosialis Sosialisme sejati Revisionisme Demokrasi soviet Sosialisme di satu negara Imperialisme sosial Demokrasi rakyat
Trotskyis	Negara pekerja cacat Negara pekerja degeneratif Revolusi sosial Kelas baru Revolusi permanen Kolektivisme birokratis
Maois	Marxisme-Leninisme-Maoisme Kontradiksi antagonistik Antek kapitalis Empat Tua Garis massa Demokrasi Baru Perang rakyat Wilayah basis revolusi Sesi perjuangan Third-Wolrdisme