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Revisi per 10 Desember 2023 14.26

Demokrasi sosial adalah ideologi politik, sosial, dan ekonomi yang mendukung intervensi ekonomi dan sosial untuk mendorong keadilan sosial dalam kerangka entitas politik demokrasi liberal dan ekonomi campuran kapitalis. Protokol dan norma yang digunakan untuk mencapainya melibatkan komitmen pada demokrasi perwakilan dan partisipatoris, kebijakan untuk meredistribusi pendapatan dan regulasi ekonomi untuk kepentingan umum dan penyediaan kesejahteraan sosial.^[1]^[2]^[3] Dengan cara ini, demokrasi sosial bertujuan untuk menciptakan kondisi bagi kapitalisme untuk mengarah pada hasil yang lebih demokratis, egaliter, dan solidaristik.^[4] Akibat dari lamanya pemerintahan partai demokrat sosial dan pengaruhnya pada perkembangan kebijakan sosial ekonomi di negara Nordik, dalam lingkup kebijakan, demokrasi sosial telah diasosiasikan dengan model Nordik dan Keynesianisme dalam lingkaran politik pada paruh kedua abad ke-20.^[5]

Demokrasi sosial bermula dari ideologi politik yang menganjurkan transisi evolusioner dan damai dari kapitalisme menuju sosialisme melalui proses politik yang mapan, berkebalikan dengan transisi dengan pendekatan revolusioner yang diasosiasikan kepada Marxisme ortodoks.^[6] Di awal era pasca-Perang Dunia II di Eropa Barat, partai demokrat sosial menolak model politik dan ekonomi Stalinis yang ada di Uni Soviet. Mereka lebih memilih jalan alternatif menuju sosialisme atau dengan berkompromi antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme.^[7] Dalam periode ini, demokrat sosial menganut ekonomi campuran berdasarkan pada dominasi kepemilikan pribadi, dengan hanya sedikit layanan publik dan utilitas penting yang dimiliki publik. Hasilnya, demokrasi sosial diidentikan dengan ekonomi Keynesian, intervensionisme negara, dan negara kesejahteraan, ketika mengabaikan tujuan sebelumnya untuk menggantikan sistem kapitalis (pasar faktor, kepemilikan pribadi, dan buruh upahan)^[4] dengan sistem ekonomi sosialis yang berbeda secara kualitatif.^[8]^[9]^[10] Dengan meningkatnya popularitas neoliberalisme dan Kanan Baru pada 1980-an,^[11] banyak partai demokrat sosial memasukkan ideologi Jalan Ketiga,^[12] yang bertujuan untuk memadukan ekonomi liberal dengan kebijakan kesejahteraan demokrasi sosial.^[13]^[14] Pada 2010-an, Jalan Ketiga umumnya tidak disukai dalam fenomena yang dikenal sebagai PASOKifikasi.^[15]

Demokrasi sosial modern ditandai dengan komitmen pada kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi ketidaksetaraan, penindasan terhadap kelompok kurang mampu dan kemiskinan,^[16] termasuk dukungan pada pelayanan publik yang dapat diakses secara universal, seperti perawatan lansia, perawatan anak-anak, pendidikan, layanan kesehatan, dan kompensasi pekerja.^[17] Gerakan demokrasi sosial sering kali memiliki koneksi kuat dengan gerakan buruh dan serikat pekerja yang mendukung hak perundingan bersama bagi pekerja serta kebijakan untuk memperluas pengambilan keputusan di luar politik ke lingkup ekonomi dalam bentuk kodeterminasi bagi pekerja dan pemangku kepentingan ekonomi lainnya.^[18]

Ikhtisar

Perkembangan

Selama akhir abad ke-19 dan awal ke-20, demokrasi sosial adalah gerakan yang bertujuan untuk menggantikan kepemilikan pribadi dengan kepemilikan sosial atas alat produksi. Gerakan ini dipengaruhi oleh Marxisme dan pendukung Ferdinand Lassalle. Pada 1868-1869, Marxisme telah menjadi landasan teori resmi dari partai demokrasi sosial pertama yang didirikan di Eropa, Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Jerman (SDAP).^[19]

Pada awal abad ke-20, politisi demokrat sosial Jerman, Eduard Bernstein, menolak gagasan Marxisme klasik dan ortodoks yang mengusulkan kemajuan dan revolusi sejarah tertentu sebagai sarana untuk mencapai kesetaraan sosial dan memajukan posisi bahwa sosialisme harus didasarkan pada argumen etis dan moral untuk keadilan sosial dan egalitarianisme yang hendak dicapai melalui reformasi legislatif gradual. Dipengaruhi oleh Bernstein, setelah perpecahan antara reformis dan sosialis revolusioner di Internasional Kedua, partai-partai demokrat sosial menolak politik revolusioner dan mendukung reformasi parlementer sambil tetap berkomitmen pada sosialisasi.^[20] Pada periode ini, demokrasi sosial dikaitkan dengan sosialisme reformis. Di bawah pengaruh politisi seperti Carlo Rosselli di Italia, demokrat sosial mulai melepaskan diri dari Marxisme sama sekali dan menganut sosialisme liberal,^[21] mengimbau moralitas dibandingkan pandangan dunia yang sistematis, ilmiah atau materialis yang konsisten.^[22]^[23] Demokrasi sosial membuat seruan pada sentimen komunitarian, korporatis dan terkadang nasionalis sambil menolak determinasi ekonomi dan teknologi yang umumnya merupakan karakteristik Marxisme ortodoks dan liberalisme ekonomi.^[24] Pada periode pasca-Perang Dunia II serta konsensus ekonomi dan ekspansinya, sebagian besar demokrat sosial di Eropa telah meninggalkan hubungan ideologis mereka dengan Marxisme dan menggeser penekanan mereka ke arah reformasi kebijakan sosial sebagai transisi dari kapitalisme menuju sosialisme.^[25]

Seksi demokrasi sosial yang tetap berkomitmen pada penghapusan kapitalisme secara bertahap, serta demokrat sosial anti-Jalan Ketiga bergabung menjadi sosialisme demokratik.^[26]^[27]

Kesuksesan

Kebijakan demokrasi sosial pertama kali diadopsi di Kekaisaran Jerman pada 1880-an dan 1890-an ketika Kanselir Otto von Bismarck yang konservatif mengajukan banyak proposal kesejahteraan sosial Demokrat Sosial untuk menghalangi keberhasilan pemilu mereka setelah melarang mereka dengan UU Anti-Sosialis. Kebijakan ini menjadi dasar bagi negara kesejahteraan modern pertama. Kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut dijuluki sebagai Sosialisme Negara oleh oposisi liberal, tetapi kemudian istilah itu diterima oleh Bismarck.^[28] Sosialisme Negara merujuk pada seragkaian program sosial yang dilaksanakan di Jerman yang diinisiasi oleh Bismarck pada 1883 sebagai langkah perbaikan untuk menenangkan kelas pekerja dan mengurangi dukungan kepada sosialisme dan Demokrat Sosial setelah melaksanakan upaya sebelumnya melalui UU Anti-Sosialis Bismarck.^[29]^[30]

Kebijakan serupa kemudian diadopsi di sebagian besar Eropa Barat, termasuk Prancis dan Britania Raya (lihat reformasi kesejahteraan Liberal)^[31]^[32] baik oleh partai sosialis dan liberal. Di Amerika Serikat, gerakan progresif, gerakan demokrat sosial serupa lebih dipengaruhi oleh liberalisme dibandingkan sosialisme, mendukung liberal progresif seperti presiden dari Partai Demokrat, Woodrow Wilson dan Franklin D. Roosevelt, yang gagasan New Freedom dan New Deal-nya mengadopsi banyak kebijakan demokrat sosial. Dengan Depresi Besar, intervensionisme ekonomi dan nasionalisasi menjadi umum di dunia dan konsensus pascaperang yang berlangsung sampai 1973 membuat kebijakan demokrat sosial Keynesian dan ekonomi campuran diberlakukan. Hal ini kemudian mengarah pada ledakan pasca-Perang Dunia II, di mana Amerika Serikat, Uni Soviet, negara Eropa Barat dan Asia Timur khususnya mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi tinggi dan berkelanjutan yang tidak biasa, bersamaan dengan lapangan kerja penuh. Berkebalikan dengan prediksi awal, pertumbuhan yang tinggi juga termasuk pada negara yang hancur akibat perang seperti Jepang (Keajaiban ekonomi Jepang setelah Perang Dunia II), Jerman Barat dan Austria (Wirtschaftswunder), Korea Selatan (Keajaiban di Sungai Han), Prancis (Trente Glorieuses), Italia (Keajaiban ekonomi Italia) dan Yunani (Keajaiban ekonomi Yunani).^[33]^[34]^[35]

Akibat dari krisis energi 1970-an, ditinggalkannya standar emas dan sistem Bretton Woods bersama dengan kebijakan ekonomi campuran demokrat sosial Keynesian serta implementasi kebijakan berorientasi pasar, monetaris dan neoliberal (privatisasi, deregulasi, perdagangan bebas, globalisasi ekonomi, kebijakan fiskal anti-inflasi, dan lainnya), negara kesejahteraan demokrat sosial menjadi diragukan.^[36] Hal ini menyebabkan partai-partai demokrat sosial mengadopsi Jalan Ketiga, ideologi yang menggabungkan progresivisme dan liberalisme sosial dengan neoliberalisme.^[37] Bagaimanapun, Resesi Besar pada akhir 2000-an dan awal 2010-an menimbulkan keraguan pada apa yang dinamakan Konsensus Washington dan protes terhadap langkah pengetatan anggaran terjadi, menyebabkan kebangkitan partai-partai dan kebijakan demokrat sosial, khususnya di Amerika Serikat dan Britania Raya dengan Bernie Sanders dan Jeremy Corbyn, yang menolak demokrasi sosial Jalan Ketiga,^[38]^[39]^[40] setelah resesi ekonomi yang diakibatkan oleh apa yang disebut Pasokifikasi oleh berbagai partai demokrat sosial.^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]

Laporan Kebahagiaan Dunia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) menunjukkan bahwa negara-negara yang paling bahagia terkonsentrasi di negara demokrat sosial, khususnya Eropa Utara, di mana dmeokrasi sosial model Nordik diimplementasikan. Hal ini terkadang dikaitkan dengan keberhasilan model Nordik di kawasan tersebut, di mana partai-partai serupa seperti sosialis demokrat, buruh, dan demokrat sosial mendominasi panggung politik dan meletakan landasan bagi negara-negara kesejahteraan univeral pada abad ke-20. Negara-negara Nordik, termasuk di antaranya Denmark, Finlandia, Islandia, Norwegia, Swedia serta Greenland dan Kepulauan Faroe, juga menempati peringkat tertinggi berdasarkan metrik PDB riil per kapita, kesetaraan ekonomi, harapan hidup sehat, memiliki seseorang yang dapat diandalkan, persepsi kebebasan membuat pilihan hidup, kemurahan hati dan pengembangan manusia.^[46]^[47] Laporan serupa juga telah menempatkan negara Skandinavia dan negara demokrat sosial lainnya di peringkat atas pada indikator seperti kebebasan sipil,^[48] demokrasi,^[49] pers,^[50] kebebasan buruh dan ekonomi,^[51] perdamaian^[52] dan kebebasan dari korupsi.^[53]

Sejumlah penelitian dan survei menujukkan bahwa orang cenderung hidup lebih bahagia di masyarakat demokrat sosial dibandingkan yang neoliberal.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]

Kritik

Dari sudut pandang sosialis murni, reformasi demokrat sosial dikritik karena berfungsi untuk merancang cara baru untuk memperkuat sistem kapitalisme, sehingga bertentangan dengan tujuan sosialis, yaitu menggantikan kapitalisme dengan sistem sosialis.^[58] Dengan demikian, demokrasi sosial gagal untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah sistemik yang melekat dalam kapitalisme. Filsuf sosialis demokrat Amerika, David Schweickart, membandingkan demokrasi sosial dengan sosialisme demokratik dengan mendefinisikan yang pertama sebagai upaya untuk memperkuat negara kesejahteraan dan yang kedua sebagai sistem ekonomi alternatif dari kapitalisme. Menurut Schweickart, kritik sosialis demokrat terhadap demokrasi sosial adalah bahwa kapitalisme tidak akan pernah dimanusiakan secara memadai dan bahwa setiap upaya untuk menekan kontradiksi ekonominya hanya akan menyebabkan mereka muncul di tempat lain. Misalnya, upaya untuk mengurangi pengangguran yang terlalu kuat akan mengakibatkan inflasi; dan terlalu banyak keamanan pekerjaan akan mengikis disiplin kerja.^[59] Berbeda dengan demokrasi sosial, sosialis demokrat menganjurkan sistem ekonomi pascakapitalisme yang berdasarkan pada sosialisme pasar yang dikombinasikan dengan manajemen mandiri pekerja, atau pada beberapa bentuk ekonomi partisipatoris terencana yang terdesentralisasi.^[60]

Sosialis Marxis berpendapat bahwa kebijakan kesejahteraan demokrat sosial tidak dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan struktural fundamental dari kapitalisme seperti fluktuasi siklus, eksploitasi dan alienasi. Karenanya, program demokrat sosial yang dimaksudkan untuk memperbaiki kondisi kehidupan dalam kapitalisme—seperti tunjangan pengangguran dan pajak atas laba—menciptakan kontradiksi lebih lanjut dengan membatasi efisiensi sistem kapitalis dengan mengurangi insentif bagi kapitalis untuk berinvestasi lebih lanjut dalam produksi.^[61] Negara kesejahteraan hanya berfungsi untuk melegitimasi dan memperpanjang sistem kapitalisme yang eksploitatif dan kontradiktif sehingga merugikan masyarakat. Kritik kontemporer demokrasi sosial seperti Jonas Hinnfors berpendapat bahwa ketika demokrasi sosial meninggalkan Marxisme, maka ia juga meninggalkan sosialisme dan telah menjadi gerakan kapitalis, secara efektif membuat demokrat sosial mirip dengan partai non-sosialis seperti Partai Demokrat di Amerika Serikat.^[62]

Sosialisme pasar juga mengkritik negara kesejahteraan demokrat sosial. Sementara tujuan keduanya adalah untuk mencapai kesetaraan sosial dan ekonomi, sosialisme pasar melakukannya dengan perubahan dalam kepemilikan dan manajemen perusahaan, sedangkan demokrasi sosial berusaha melakukannya dengan subsidi dan pajak terhadap perusahaan milik pribadi untuk membiayai program kesejahteraan. Franklin D. Roosevelt dan David Belkin mengkritik demokrasi sosial karena mempertahankan kelas kapitalis pemilik properti yang memiliki minat aktif untuk membalikkan kebijakan kesejahteraan demokrasi sosial, dan jumlah kekuatan yang tidak proporsional sebagai kelas untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan pemerintah.^[63] Ekonom John Roemer dan Pranab Bardhan menunjukkan bahwa demokrasi sosial membutuhkan gerakan buruh yang kuat untuk mempertahankan redistribusi besarnya melalui pajak, dan bahwa idealistis untuk berpikir redistribusi semacam itu dapat dicapai di negara-negara lain dengan gerakan buruh yang lemah, serta penekanan bahwa di negara-negara Skandinavia, demokrasi sosial menurun sejalan dengan melemahnya gerakan buruh.^[64]

Joseph Stalin adalah seorang kritikus yang vokal terhadap demokrasi sosial, yang kemudian menciptakan istilah fasisme sosial untuk menjelaskan demokrasi sosial pada 1930-an karena pada periode ini demokrasi sosial menganut model ekonomi korporatis yang serupa dengan model yang didukung oleh fasisme. Pandangan ini dianut oleh Komunis Internasional. Dikatakan bahwa masyarakat kapitalis telah memasuki Periode Ketiga ketika revolusi kelas pekerja sudah dekat, tetapi dapat dicegah oleh demokrat sosial dan kekuatan fasis lainnya.^[65]

Beberapa kritikus mengklaim bahwa demokrasi sosial meninggalkan sosialisme pada 1930-an dengan mendukung kapitalisme kesejahteraan Keynesian.^[66] Teoretikus politik sosialis demokrat, Michael Harrington, berpendapat bahwa demokrasi sosial secara historis mendukung Keynesianisme sebagai bagian dari "kompromi demokrasi sosial" antara kapitalisme dan sosialisme. Kompromi ini menciptakan negara kesejahteraan dan Harrington berpendapat bahwa meskipun kompromi ini tidak memungkinkan terciptanya sosialisme secara cepat, kompromi ini "mengakui prinsip nonkapitalis-dan bahkan antikapitalis-kebutuhan manusia melebihi dan di atas keharusan profit".^[67] Baru-baru ini, demokrat sosial yang mendukung Jalan Ketiga dituduh telah mendukung kapitalisme, termasuk oleh demokrat sosial anti-Jalan Ketiga yang menuduh pendukung Jalan Ketiga seperti Anthony Giddens sebagai orang yang dalam praktiknya antidemokrasi sosial dan antisosialis.^[68]

Partai politik demokrat sosial ternama di seluruh dunia

Partai demokrat sosial atau partai dengan faksi demokrat sosial

Indonesia: Partai Solidaritas Indonesia
Albania: Partai Sosialis Albania, Gerakan Sosialis untuk Integrasi
Andorra: Partai Demokrat Sosial
Argentina: Radical Civic Union
Austria: Partai Demokrat Sosial Austria
Australia: Australia Hijau, Partai Buruh Australia
Belgia: Partai Sosialis, Socialistische Partij Anders
Brasil: Partai Buruh Demokratik, Partai Sosialis Brasil
Bosnia dan Herzegovina: Partai Demokrat Sosial, Front Demokratik
Kanada: Partai Demokratik Baru
Chile: Partai untuk Demokrasi
Kroasia: Partai Demokrat Sosial
Republik Ceko: Partai Demokrat Sosial Ceko
Denmark: Demokrat Sosial
Estonia: Partai Demokrat Sosial
Finlandia: Partai Demokrat Sosial Finlandia, Demokrat Sosial Åland
Prancis: Partai Sosialis
Jerman: Partai Demokrat Sosial Jerman
Ghana: Kongres Demokrasi Nasional
Yunani: Gerakan Sosialis Pan-Yunani
Greenland: Siumut
Hungaria: Partai Sosialis Hungaria
Islandia: Aliansi Demokrat Sosial
India: Kongres Nasional India
Irlandia: Partai Buruh, Demokrat Sosial
Israel: Partai Buruh Israel, Meretz
Italia: Partai Demokrat
Lithuania: Partai Demokrat Sosial Lithuanian
Luxembourg: Partai Pekerja Sosialis Luxembourg
Malaysia: Partai Aksi Demokratik
Malta: Partai Buruh
Meksiko: Partai Revolusi Demokratik, Gerakan Regenerasi Nasional
Moldova: Partai Demokratik Moldova
Mongolia: Partai Rakyat Mongolia
Montenegro: Partai Demokratik Sosialis Montenegro, Partai Demokrat Sosial Montenegro
Belanda: Partai Buruh
Selandia Baru: Partai Buruh Selandia Baru
Norwegia: Partai Buruh
Pakistan: Partai Rakyat Pakistan
Palestina: Fatah
Polandia: Aliansi Kiri Demokratik
Portugal: Partai Sosialis, Partai Buruh Portugal
Romania: Partai Demokrat Sosial
Rusia: Rusia Berkeadilan
San Marino: Partai Sosialis dan Demokrat
Serbia: Partai Demokratik, Partai Demokrat Sosial, Partai Demokrat Sosial Serbia, Liga Demokrat Sosial Vojvodina
Singapura: Partai Pekerja Singapura
Slovakia: Arah- Demokrasi Sosial
Slovenia: Demokrat Sosial
Afrika Selatan: Kongres Nasional Afrika
Korea Selatan: Partai Keadilan
Spanyol: Partai Pekerja Sosialis Spanyol
Swedia: Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Swedia
Swiss: Partai Demokrat Sosial Swiss
Turki: Partai Rakyat Republik
Britania Raya: Partai Buruh, Demokrat Liberal, Partai Demokrat Sosial dan Buruh
Amerika Serikat: Demokrat Keadilan
Venezuela: Aksi Demokratik
Zimbabwe: Gerakan untuk Perubahan Demokratik

Partai demokrat sosial terdahulu atau yang memiliki faksi demokrat sosial

Australia: Partai Komunis Australia
Austria: Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Austria
Belgia: Partai Buruh Belgia, Partai Sosialis Belgia
Kanada: Federasi Persemakmuran Kooperatif
Prancis: Seksi Perancis dari Internasional Pekerja
Jerman: Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial Jerman
Islandia: Partai Demokrat Sosial, Kebangkitan Nasional
Israel: Mapai, Jajaran
Italia: Partai Aksi, Partai Sosialis Italia, Partai Sosialis Demokrat Italia, Partai Demokrat Kiri, Demokrat Kiri
Jepang: Partai Sosialis Demokrat, Partai Demokrat Sosial
Belanda: Partai Pekerja Demokrat Sosial, Sosialis Demokrat '70
Polandia: Demokrasi Sosial Republik Polandia
San Marino: Partai Sosialis San Marino, Partai Sosialis Demokrat Independen San Marino
Turki: Partai Demokrasi Sosial

Demokrat sosial ternama

Lihat pula

Referensi

Kutipan

^ Heywood 2012, hlm. 128: "Social democracy is an ideological stance that supports a broad balance between market capitalism, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other hand. Being based on a compromise between the market and the state, social democracy lacks a systematic underlying theory and is, arguably, inherently vague. It is nevertheless associated with the following views: (1) capitalism is the only reliable means of generating wealth, but it is a morally defective means of distributing wealth because of its tendency towards poverty and inequality; (2) the defects of the capitalist system can be rectified through economic and social intervention, the state being the custodian of the public interest [...]"
^ Miller 1998, hlm. 827: "The idea of social democracy is now used to describe a society the economy of which is predominantly capitalist, but where the state acts to regulate the economy in the general interest, provides welfare services outside of it and attempts to alter the distribution of income and wealth in the name of social justice."
^ Badie, Berg-Schlosser & Morlino 2011, hlm. 2423: "Social democracy refers to a political tendency resting on three fundamental features: (1) democracy (e.g., equal rights to vote and form parties), (2) an economy partly regulated by the state (e.g., through Keynesianism), and (3) a welfare state offering social support to those in need (e.g., equal rights to education, health service, employment and pensions)."
^ ^a ^b Weisskopf 1992, hlm. 10: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system."
^ Gombert et al. 2009, hlm. 8; Sejersted 2011.
^ "Social democracy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 10 August 2015.
^ Adams 1993, hlm. 102-103: "The emergence of social democracy was partly a result of the Cold War. People argued that if the Stalinist Soviet empire, where the state controlled everything, showed socialism in action, then socialism was not worth having. [...] The consensus policies of a mixed and managed economy and the welfare state, developed by the post-war Labour government, seemed in themselves to provide a basis for a viable socialism that would combine prosperity and freedom with social justice and the possibility of a full life for everyone. They could be seen as a compromise between socialism and capitalism."
^ Miller 1998, hlm. 827: "In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other essential services in public ownership."
^ Jones 2001, hlm. 1410: "In addition, particularly since World War II, distinctions have sometimes been made between social democrats and socialists on the basis that the former have accepted the permanence of the mixed economy and have abandoned the idea of replacing the capitalist system with a qualitatively different socialist society."
^ Heywood 2012, hlm. 125–128: "As an ideological stance, social democracy took shape around the mid-twentieth century, resulting from the tendency among western socialist parties not only to adopt parliamentary strategies, but also to revise their socialist goals. In particular, they abandoned the goal of abolishing capitalism and sought instead to reform or ‘humanize’ it. Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other."
^ Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4, 16.
^ Whyman 2005, hlm. 1–5.
^ Whyman 2005, hlm. 61.
^ Whyman 2005, hlm. 215.
^ Barbieri, Pierpaolo (25 April 2017). "The Death and Life of Social Democracy". Foreign Affairs. Diakses tanggal 20 October 2017.
^ Hoefer 2013, hlm. 29.
^ Meyer & Hinchman 2007, hlm. 137.
^ Meyer & Hinchman 2007, hlm. 91; Upchurch, Taylor & Mathers 2009, hlm. 51.
^ Schorske 1993, hlm. 2.
^ Miller 1998, hlm. 827: "In this (first) phase, therefore, the final aim of social democracy was to replace private ownership of industry with state or social ownership, but the means were to be those of parliamentary democracy."
^ Bronner 1999, hlm. 103.
^ Wright 1999, hlm. 86: "This was an ideology which, at bottom, was grounded not in materialism but in morals. Thus Bernstein summoned up Kant to point the way towards a politics of ethical choices."
^ Heywood 2012, hlm. 128: "The theoretical basis for social democracy has been provided more by moral or religious beliefs, rather than by scientific analysis. Social democrats have not accepted the materialist and highly systematic ideas of Marx and Engels, but rather advanced an essentially moral critique of capitalism."
^ Berman 2008, hlm. 12–13: "Regardless of the specific policies they advocated, one thing that joined all budding interwar social democrats was a rejection of the passivity and economic determinism of orthodox Marxism [...] so they often embraced communitarian, corporatist, and even nationalist appeals and urged their parties to make the transition from workers' to 'people's' parties."
^ Adams 1993, hlm. 146.
^ Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0275968861. "Democratic socialism is the wing of the socialist movement that combines a belief in a socially owned economy with that of political democracy."
^ Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. SAGE Publications. p. 448. ISBN 978-1412918121. "Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition but socialises the means of production, and in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some holdout for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism."
^ Edgar Feuchtwanger (2002). Bismarck. p. 221.
^ "Bismarck's Reichstag Speech on the Law for Workers' Compensation" (15 March 1884).
^ Paul R. Gregory; Robert C. Stuart (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century. p. 207. "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced social welfare legislation in Germany between 1883 and 1888, despite violent political opposition, as a direct attempt to stave off Marx's (prediction of a) socialist revolution". ISBN 0-618-26181-8.
^ "Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11". Learningcurve.gov.uk. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-02. Diakses tanggal 24 January 2010.
^ G. R. Searle (2004). A New England?: Peace and War, 1886–1918. hlm. 369. ISBN 9780198207146.
^ "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience".
^ "Post-war reconstruction and development in the Golden Age of Capitalism".
^ "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience".
^ Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?. Oxford University Press.
^ Whyman 2005.
^ Tarnoff, Ben (12 July 2017). "How social media saved socialism". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2019. "Socialism is stubborn. After decades of dormancy verging on death, it is rising again in the westIn the UK, Jeremy Corbyn just led the Labour party to its largest increase in vote share since 1945 on the strength of its most radical manifesto in decades. In France, the leftist Jean-Luc Melenchon recently came within two percentage points of breaking into the second round of the presidential election. And in the US, the country's most famous socialist – Bernie Sanders – is now its most popular politician. [...] For the resurgent left, an essential spark is social media. In fact, it's one of the most crucial and least understood catalysts of contemporary socialism. Since the networked uprisings of 2011 – the year of the Arab spring, Occupy Wall Street and the Spanish indignados – we've seen how social media can rapidly bring masses of people into the streets. But social media isn't just a tool for mobilizing people. It's also a tool for politicizing them."
^ Huges, Laura (24 February 2016). "Tony Blair admits he can't understand the popularity of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 May 2019. "In a joint Guardian and Financial Times interview, Mr Blair said he believed some of Mr Sanders' and Mr Corbyn's success was due to the "loss of faith in that strong, centrist progressive position", which defined his own career. He said: "One of the strangest things about politics at the moment – and I really mean it when I say I'm not sure I fully understand politics right now, which is an odd thing to say, having spent my life in it – is when you put the question of electability as a factor in your decision to nominate a leader, it's how small the numbers are that this is the decisive factor. That sounds curious to me."
^ "Democratic socialism hits the heartland: Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders to campaign in deep-red Kansas". NBC News. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
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^ Gregoire, Carolyn (10 September 2013). "The Happiest Countries In The World". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
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^ Brown, Craig (11 May 2009). "World's Happiest Countries? Social Democracies" Diarsipkan 2017-10-20 di Wayback Machine.. Commondreams. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
^ Radcliff, Benjamin (25 September 2013). "Western nations with social safety net happier". CNN. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
^ Brown, Andrew (12 September 2014). "Who are Europe's happiest people – progressives or conservatives?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
^ Eskow, Richard (15 October 2014). "New Study Finds Big Government Makes People Happy, "Free Markets" Don't". Our Future. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
^ Clarke 1981, hlm. 2.
^ Schweickart 2007: "Social democrats supported and tried to strengthen the basic institutions of the welfare state—pensions for all, public health care, public education, unemployment insurance. They supported and tried to strengthen the labor movement. The latter, as socialists, argued that capitalism could never be sufficiently humanized and that trying to suppress the economic contradictions in one area would only see them emerge in a different guise elsewhere (e.g., if you push unemployment too low, you'll get inflation; if job security is too strong, labor discipline breaks down.)"
^ Schweickart 2007: "Virtually all [democratic] socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with socialism (i.e., the Soviet model of a nonmarket, centrally planned economy). [...] Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism."
^ Ticktin 1998, hlm. 60–61: "The Marxist answers that [...] it involves limiting the incentive system of the market through providing minimum wages, high levels of unemployment insurance, reducing the size of the reserve army of labour, taxing profits, and taxing the wealthy. As a result, capitalists will have little incentive to invest and the workers will have little incentive to work. Capitalism works because, as Marx remarked, it is a system of economic force (coercion)."
^ Hinnfors 2006, hlm. 117, 137–139.
^ Weisskopf 1994, hlm. 314–315: "Social democracy achieves greater egalitarianism via ex post government taxes and subsidies, where market socialism does so via ex ante changes in patterns of enterprise ownership [...] the maintenance of property-owning capitalists under social democracy assures the presence of a disproportionately powerful class with a continuing interest in challenging social democratic government policies."
^ Bardhan & Roemer 1992, hlm. 104: "Since it [social democracy] permits a powerful capitalist class to exist (90 percent of productive assets are privately owned in Sweden), only a strong and unified labor movement can win the redistribution through taxes that is characteristic of social democracy. It is idealistic to believe that tax concessions of this magnitude can be effected simply through electoral democracy without an organized labor movement, when capitalists organize and finance influential political parties. Even in the Scandinavian countries, strong apex labor organizations have been difficult to sustain and social democracy is somewhat on the decline now."
^ Haro, Lea (2011). "Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party". Critique. 39 (4): 563–582. doi:10.1080/03017605.2011.621248.
^ Wright 1999, hlm. 91; Fitzpatrick 2003, hlm. 2–3.
^ Harrington 2011, hlm. 93.
^ Cammack 2004, hlm. 155.
^ "Commission for Racial Equality: Clement Attlee Lecture: Trevor Phillips's speech, 21 April 2005". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-08-16. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-18.
^ Nuevo impulso conservador – La República
^ Bergman on Bergman: Interviews with Ingmar Bergman. By Stig Björkman, Torsten Manns, and Jonas Sima; translated by Paul Britten Austin. Simon & Schuster. p. 176–178. Swedish edition copyright 1970; English translation 1973. ISBN 0306805200.
^ Eduard Bernstein Reference Archive
^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Willy Brandt
^ Hjalmar Branting: The Nobel Peace Prize 1921
^ Bogdanor 1985, hlm. 49.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Wilhelm Liebknecht
^ Kreisky 2000, hlm. 378ff; Wolinetz 2008, hlm. 182ff.
^ ^a ^b Slomp 2011, hlm. 145ff.
^ Rodríguez García 2010, hlm. 254ff.

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Bacaan lebih lanjut

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Thorsen, Dag Einar; Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind (2013). "Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy". London: Fabian Society. Diakses tanggal 2 August 2016.

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[FOOTNOTEHeywood2012128-1] Heywood 2012, hlm. 128: "Social democracy is an ideological stance that supports a broad balance between market capitalism, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other hand. Being based on a compromise between the market and the state, social democracy lacks a systematic underlying theory and is, arguably, inherently vague. It is nevertheless associated with the following views: (1) capitalism is the only reliable means of generating wealth, but it is a morally defective means of distributing wealth because of its tendency towards poverty and inequality; (2) the defects of the capitalist system can be rectified through economic and social intervention, the state being the custodian of the public interest [...]"

[2] Miller 1998, hlm. 827: "The idea of social democracy is now used to describe a society the economy of which is predominantly capitalist, but where the state acts to regulate the economy in the general interest, provides welfare services outside of it and attempts to alter the distribution of income and wealth in the name of social justice."

[FOOTNOTEBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino20112423-3] Badie, Berg-Schlosser & Morlino 2011, hlm. 2423: "Social democracy refers to a political tendency resting on three fundamental features: (1) democracy (e.g., equal rights to vote and form parties), (2) an economy partly regulated by the state (e.g., through Keynesianism), and (3) a welfare state offering social support to those in need (e.g., equal rights to education, health service, employment and pensions)."

[FOOTNOTEWeisskopf199210-4] Weisskopf 1992, hlm. 10: "Thus social democrats do not try to do away with either the market or private property ownership; instead, they attempt to create conditions in which the operation of a capitalist market economy will lead to more egalitarian outcomes and encourage more democratic and more solidaristic practices than would a more conventional capitalist system."

[FOOTNOTEGombertBläsiusKrellTimpe20098Sejersted2011-5] Gombert et al. 2009, hlm. 8; Sejersted 2011.

[6] "Social democracy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Diakses tanggal 10 August 2015.

[FOOTNOTEAdams1993102-103-7] Adams 1993, hlm. 102-103: "The emergence of social democracy was partly a result of the Cold War. People argued that if the Stalinist Soviet empire, where the state controlled everything, showed socialism in action, then socialism was not worth having. [...] The consensus policies of a mixed and managed economy and the welfare state, developed by the post-war Labour government, seemed in themselves to provide a basis for a viable socialism that would combine prosperity and freedom with social justice and the possibility of a full life for everyone. They could be seen as a compromise between socialism and capitalism."

[8] Miller 1998, hlm. 827: "In the second, mainly post-war, phase, social democrats came to believe that their ideals and values could be achieved by reforming capitalism rather than abolishing it. They favored a mixed economy in which most industries would be privately owned, with only a small number of utilities and other essential services in public ownership."

[FOOTNOTEJones20011410-9] Jones 2001, hlm. 1410: "In addition, particularly since World War II, distinctions have sometimes been made between social democrats and socialists on the basis that the former have accepted the permanence of the mixed economy and have abandoned the idea of replacing the capitalist system with a qualitatively different socialist society."

[FOOTNOTEHeywood2012125–128-10] Heywood 2012, hlm. 125–128: "As an ideological stance, social democracy took shape around the mid-twentieth century, resulting from the tendency among western socialist parties not only to adopt parliamentary strategies, but also to revise their socialist goals. In particular, they abandoned the goal of abolishing capitalism and sought instead to reform or ‘humanize’ it. Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other."

[Lewis&Surender-11] Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4, 16.

[FOOTNOTEWhyman20051–5-12] Whyman 2005, hlm. 1–5.

[FOOTNOTEWhyman200561-13] Whyman 2005, hlm. 61.

[FOOTNOTEWhyman2005215-14] Whyman 2005, hlm. 215.

[Barbieri-15] Barbieri, Pierpaolo (25 April 2017). "The Death and Life of Social Democracy". Foreign Affairs. Diakses tanggal 20 October 2017.

[FOOTNOTEHoefer201329-16] Hoefer 2013, hlm. 29.

[FOOTNOTEMeyerHinchman2007137-17] Meyer & Hinchman 2007, hlm. 137.

[FOOTNOTEMeyerHinchman200791UpchurchTaylorMathers200951-18] Meyer & Hinchman 2007, hlm. 91; Upchurch, Taylor & Mathers 2009, hlm. 51.

[FOOTNOTESchorske19932-19] Schorske 1993, hlm. 2.

[20] Miller 1998, hlm. 827: "In this (first) phase, therefore, the final aim of social democracy was to replace private ownership of industry with state or social ownership, but the means were to be those of parliamentary democracy."

[FOOTNOTEBronner1999103-21] Bronner 1999, hlm. 103.

[FOOTNOTEWright199986-22] Wright 1999, hlm. 86: "This was an ideology which, at bottom, was grounded not in materialism but in morals. Thus Bernstein summoned up Kant to point the way towards a politics of ethical choices."

[23] Heywood 2012, hlm. 128: "The theoretical basis for social democracy has been provided more by moral or religious beliefs, rather than by scientific analysis. Social democrats have not accepted the materialist and highly systematic ideas of Marx and Engels, but rather advanced an essentially moral critique of capitalism."

[FOOTNOTEBerman200812–13-24] Berman 2008, hlm. 12–13: "Regardless of the specific policies they advocated, one thing that joined all budding interwar social democrats was a rejection of the passivity and economic determinism of orthodox Marxism [...] so they often embraced communitarian, corporatist, and even nationalist appeals and urged their parties to make the transition from workers' to 'people's' parties."

[FOOTNOTEAdams1993146-25] Adams 1993, hlm. 146.

[26] Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0275968861. "Democratic socialism is the wing of the socialist movement that combines a belief in a socially owned economy with that of political democracy."

[27] Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. SAGE Publications. p. 448. ISBN 978-1412918121. "Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition but socialises the means of production, and in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some holdout for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism."

[28] Edgar Feuchtwanger (2002). Bismarck. p. 221.

[29] "Bismarck's Reichstag Speech on the Law for Workers' Compensation" (15 March 1884).

[30] Paul R. Gregory; Robert C. Stuart (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century. p. 207. "Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduced social welfare legislation in Germany between 1883 and 1888, despite violent political opposition, as a direct attempt to stave off Marx's (prediction of a) socialist revolution". ISBN 0-618-26181-8.

[31] "Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11". Learningcurve.gov.uk. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-02-02. Diakses tanggal 24 January 2010.

[32] G. R. Searle (2004). A New England?: Peace and War, 1886–1918. hlm. 369. ISBN 9780198207146.

[33] "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience".

[34] "Post-war reconstruction and development in the Golden Age of Capitalism".

[35] "The Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience".

[36] Lewis, Jane; Surender, Rebecca (2004). Welfare State Change: Towards a Third Way?. Oxford University Press.

[FOOTNOTEWhyman2005-37] Whyman 2005.

[Tarnoff-38] Tarnoff, Ben (12 July 2017). "How social media saved socialism". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2019. "Socialism is stubborn. After decades of dormancy verging on death, it is rising again in the westIn the UK, Jeremy Corbyn just led the Labour party to its largest increase in vote share since 1945 on the strength of its most radical manifesto in decades. In France, the leftist Jean-Luc Melenchon recently came within two percentage points of breaking into the second round of the presidential election. And in the US, the country's most famous socialist – Bernie Sanders – is now its most popular politician. [...] For the resurgent left, an essential spark is social media. In fact, it's one of the most crucial and least understood catalysts of contemporary socialism. Since the networked uprisings of 2011 – the year of the Arab spring, Occupy Wall Street and the Spanish indignados – we've seen how social media can rapidly bring masses of people into the streets. But social media isn't just a tool for mobilizing people. It's also a tool for politicizing them."

[Huges-39] Huges, Laura (24 February 2016). "Tony Blair admits he can't understand the popularity of Jeremy Corbyn and Bernie Sanders". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 May 2019. "In a joint Guardian and Financial Times interview, Mr Blair said he believed some of Mr Sanders' and Mr Corbyn's success was due to the "loss of faith in that strong, centrist progressive position", which defined his own career. He said: "One of the strangest things about politics at the moment – and I really mean it when I say I'm not sure I fully understand politics right now, which is an odd thing to say, having spent my life in it – is when you put the question of electability as a factor in your decision to nominate a leader, it's how small the numbers are that this is the decisive factor. That sounds curious to me."

[NBC-40] "Democratic socialism hits the heartland: Ocasio-Cortez, Sanders to campaign in deep-red Kansas". NBC News. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.

[Pasokification1-41] "How Greece's once-mighty Pasok party fell from grace".

[Pasokification2-42] "Rose thou art sick".

[Pasokification3-43] "Jeremy Corbyn has defied his critics to become Labour's best hope of survival".

[Pasokification4-44] "Germany's SPD may have signed its death warrant" Diarsipkan 2018-10-31 di Wayback Machine..

[Pasokification5-45] "Why Labour is obsessed with Greek politics".

[46] Gregoire, Carolyn (10 September 2013). "The Happiest Countries In The World". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 October 2013.

[47] Conley, Julia (20 March 2019). "Social Democratic Nations Rank Happiest on Global Index (Again). US Ranking Falls (Again)". Common Dreams. Diakses tanggal 31 March 2019.

[48] "Freedom in the World 2018".

[49] "Democracy Index 2018"

[50] "2019 World Press Freedom Index".

[51] "2017 Index of Economic Freedom".

[52] "Global Peace Index 2018" Diarsipkan 2019-04-29 di Wayback Machine..

[53] "Corruption Perceptions Index 2018" Diarsipkan 2019-01-30 di Wayback Machine..

[54] Brown, Craig (11 May 2009). "World's Happiest Countries? Social Democracies" Diarsipkan 2017-10-20 di Wayback Machine.. Commondreams. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

[55] Radcliff, Benjamin (25 September 2013). "Western nations with social safety net happier". CNN. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

[56] Brown, Andrew (12 September 2014). "Who are Europe's happiest people – progressives or conservatives?". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

[57] Eskow, Richard (15 October 2014). "New Study Finds Big Government Makes People Happy, "Free Markets" Don't". Our Future. Retrieved 20 October 2014.

[FOOTNOTEClarke19812-58] Clarke 1981, hlm. 2.

[FOOTNOTESchweickart2007-59] Schweickart 2007: "Social democrats supported and tried to strengthen the basic institutions of the welfare state—pensions for all, public health care, public education, unemployment insurance. They supported and tried to strengthen the labor movement. The latter, as socialists, argued that capitalism could never be sufficiently humanized and that trying to suppress the economic contradictions in one area would only see them emerge in a different guise elsewhere (e.g., if you push unemployment too low, you'll get inflation; if job security is too strong, labor discipline breaks down.)"

[60] Schweickart 2007: "Virtually all [democratic] socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with socialism (i.e., the Soviet model of a nonmarket, centrally planned economy). [...] Some have endorsed the concept of market socialism, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism."

[FOOTNOTETicktin199860–61-61] Ticktin 1998, hlm. 60–61: "The Marxist answers that [...] it involves limiting the incentive system of the market through providing minimum wages, high levels of unemployment insurance, reducing the size of the reserve army of labour, taxing profits, and taxing the wealthy. As a result, capitalists will have little incentive to invest and the workers will have little incentive to work. Capitalism works because, as Marx remarked, it is a system of economic force (coercion)."

[FOOTNOTEHinnfors2006117,_137–139-62] Hinnfors 2006, hlm. 117, 137–139.

[FOOTNOTEWeisskopf1994314–315-63] Weisskopf 1994, hlm. 314–315: "Social democracy achieves greater egalitarianism via ex post government taxes and subsidies, where market socialism does so via ex ante changes in patterns of enterprise ownership [...] the maintenance of property-owning capitalists under social democracy assures the presence of a disproportionately powerful class with a continuing interest in challenging social democratic government policies."

[FOOTNOTEBardhanRoemer1992104-64] Bardhan & Roemer 1992, hlm. 104: "Since it [social democracy] permits a powerful capitalist class to exist (90 percent of productive assets are privately owned in Sweden), only a strong and unified labor movement can win the redistribution through taxes that is characteristic of social democracy. It is idealistic to believe that tax concessions of this magnitude can be effected simply through electoral democracy without an organized labor movement, when capitalists organize and finance influential political parties. Even in the Scandinavian countries, strong apex labor organizations have been difficult to sustain and social democracy is somewhat on the decline now."

[65] Haro, Lea (2011). "Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party". Critique. 39 (4): 563–582. doi:10.1080/03017605.2011.621248.

[FOOTNOTEWright199991Fitzpatrick20032–3-66] Wright 1999, hlm. 91; Fitzpatrick 2003, hlm. 2–3.

[FOOTNOTEHarrington201193-67] Harrington 2011, hlm. 93.

[FOOTNOTECammack2004155-68] Cammack 2004, hlm. 155.

[69] "Commission for Racial Equality: Clement Attlee Lecture: Trevor Phillips's speech, 21 April 2005". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-08-16. Diakses tanggal 2017-08-18.

[70] Nuevo impulso conservador – La República

[71] Bergman on Bergman: Interviews with Ingmar Bergman. By Stig Björkman, Torsten Manns, and Jonas Sima; translated by Paul Britten Austin. Simon & Schuster. p. 176–178. Swedish edition copyright 1970; English translation 1973. ISBN 0306805200.

[72] Eduard Bernstein Reference Archive

[73] Encyclopædia Britannica: Willy Brandt

[74] Hjalmar Branting: The Nobel Peace Prize 1921

[FOOTNOTEBogdanor198549-75] Bogdanor 1985, hlm. 49.

[76] Encyclopædia Britannica: Wilhelm Liebknecht

[FOOTNOTEKreisky2000378ffWolinetz2008182ff-77] Kreisky 2000, hlm. 378ff; Wolinetz 2008, hlm. 182ff.

[FOOTNOTESlomp2011145ff-78] Slomp 2011, hlm. 145ff.

[FOOTNOTERodríguez_García2010254ff-79] Rodríguez García 2010, hlm. 254ff.

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-: {{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2006|title=The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81799-8|ref=harv}}
+: {{cite book|last1=Berman|first1=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2006|title=The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/primacyofpolitic0000berm|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81799-8|ref=harv}}
 : {{cite conference|url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|title=Understanding Social Democracy|last=Berman|first=Sheri|author-mask1={{long dash}}|year=2008|conference=What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World|conference-url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers.html|publisher=Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|accessdate=29 January 2016|ref=harv|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195218/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
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+: {{cite book|last1=Childs|first1=David|author-link1=David Childs (academic)|year=2000|title=The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism since 1945|url=https://archive.org/details/tworedflagseurop0000chil|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-22195-5|ref=harv}}
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+: {{cite book|last1=Corfe|first1=Robert|year=2010|title=The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System|url=https://archive.org/details/futureofpolitics0000corf|location=Bury St Edmunds, England|publisher=Arena Books|isbn=978-1-906791-46-9|ref=harv}}
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+: {{cite book|last1=Upchurch|first1=Martin|last2=Taylor|first2=Graham|last3=Mathers|first3=Andrew|year=2009|title=The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofsocialde0000upch|series=Contemporary Employment Relations|location=Farnham, England|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-7053-7|ref=harv}}
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+: {{cite book|last=Lavelle|first=Ashley|year=2008|title=The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.320.531.lav.33964|location=Aldershot, England|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-7014-8}}
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