Pengguna:Argo Carpathians/Penyimpanan/6

Since 1999, Indonesia has had a multi-party system. In the four legislative elections since the fall of the New Order regime, no political party has won an overall majority of seats, resulting in coalition governments.

All political parties must have Pancasila as one of their ideologies, a remnant of its sacred status as single ideology, especially during the New Order.

Ikhtisar

Indonesian political party system is regulated by Law No.2/2008 on political parties. The law defines political party as "a national organisation founded by like-minded Indonesian citizens with common goals to fulfil common interest and to defend the unity of the nation based on Pancasila and the national constitution, UUD 1945".

Political parties must register themselves to the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to be recognised by the authority. The law dictates political parties' registration criteria shall include a notarial act recognise the party establishment and party constitution; a document describing party symbols; address of party headquarters and prove of distribution of party local offices in provinces, and cities and regencies; and a prove of party bank account. The law also dictates minimum membership of new political parties on 50 persons, with the percentage of woman members and allocation of woman members to party offices are set on a minimum of 30%.

The party must undergo another registration process in order to participate in national elections; the registration shall be submitted to the General Elections Commission. Political parties whose had their registration declined by the electoral commission due to failure to satisfy administrative criteria or other reasons, are able to appeal their rejection to the Election Oversight Committee (Indonesian: Badan Pengawas Pemilihan Umum).

Prinsip partai politik

Indonesian political party should recognise the superiority of Pancasila, the national philosophy

Indonesian political party should recognise the superiority of Pancasila and the national constitution, yet the law tolerates political parties to set other ideology as long as it does not violate the Pancasila and the constitution. The law explicitly prohibits establishment of a communist party, and political parties are banned from adopting communism as the party ideology.

In essence, Indonesian political parties differs little on party policy and ideology. The only major distinction among Indonesian parties is on their position whether to allow Islam plays more role in public affairs or not.This tendency resulting in several Indonesian political parties to brand itself as the part of nationalist-religious broad coalition in order to attract potential voters from both Muslim and the secular nationalist groups.

The language of left-right political spectrum is seldom used in Indonesia - in distinct from other countries of the world. This tendency is the result of the New Order regime under Suharto that anathematised left-wing politics after the Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66 against members and supporters of the Communist Party of Indonesia. The New Order regime further stigmatised left-wing ideals as those espoused only by the communists, discouraging Indonesian political parties to identify itself as a left-wing movement lest they losing potential voters and be accused as communist. This tendency survives even beyond the 1998 Reform, partly due to the new regime persistence to maintain anti-communist law in force.

Partai politik yang memiliki wakil di parlemen

Partai politik yang memiliki wakil di parlemen pada tingkat nasional dan daerah

Nama			Pemimpin	Tahun		Status di DPR		Kursi di DPRD provinsi	Kursi di DPRD kabupaten/kota
				Dibentuk	Pemilihan umum pertama	Kursi	Status
	Partai Demokrat Democratic Party	Demokrat	Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono	2001	2004	61	Oposisi	247	1785
	Partai Golongan Karya Party of Functional Groups	Golkar	Airlangga Hartarto	1964	1971	85	Pemerintah	354	2534
	Partai Gerakan Indonesia Raya Great Indonesia Movement Party	Gerindra	Prabowo Subianto	2008	2009	78	Pemerintah	230	1809
	Partai Nasional Demokrat National Democratic Party	Nasdem	Surya Paloh	2011	2014	59	Pemerintah	123	1202
	Partai Amanat Nasional National Mandate Party	PAN	Zulkifli Hasan	1998	1999	44	Oposisi	160	1416
	Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle	PDI-P	Megawati Sukarnoputri	1999	1999	128	Pemerintah	356	2540
	Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa National Awakening Party	PKB	Muhaimin Iskandar	1998	1999	58	Pemerintah	131	1270
	Partai Keadilan Sejahtera Prosperous Justice Party	PKS	Sohibul Iman	1999 As Partai Keadilan	1999	50	Oposisi	155	1032
	Partai Persatuan Pembangunan United Development Party	PPP	Suharso Monoarfa	1973	1971 Sebagai aliansi partai-partai Islam	19	Pemerintah	138	1060

Partai politik yang memiliki wakil di parlemen hanya pada tingkat daerah

These parties participates on national elections - the last was in 2019 - yet failed to attain a single seat in the DPR due to failing to pass 4% parliamentary threshold. Notable failure was of Hanura, that was failed to return to DPR despite winning seats in 2014 election. Despite electoral failure in the DPR, these parties successfully gain seat in regional parliaments (DPRD).

Aceh special autonomy statutes allowed formation of local political parties to compete only in Aceh local parliament. Although the party number is serialised from the national list, Aceh local parties only appeared in ballot paper circulating in Aceh province.

Name			Leader	Year		Provincial DPRD seats
				Founded	First election
	Berkarya Party Partai Berkarya	Berkarya	Tommy Soeharto	2016	2019	10
	Crescent Star Party Partai Bulan Bintang	PBB	Yusril Ihza Mahendra	1998	1999	12
	Garuda Party Partai Gerakan Perubahan Indonesia	Garuda	Ahmad Ridha Sabana	2015	2019	2
	People's Conscience Party Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat	Hanura	Oesman Sapta Odang	2006	2009	61
	Indonesian Justice and Unity Party Partai Keadilan dan Persatuan Indonesia	PKPI	Diaz Hendropriyono	1999	1999	4
	Indonesian Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Indonesia	PSI	Grace Natalie	2014	2019	13
	Perindo Party Partai Persatuan Indonesia	Perindo	Hary Tanoesoedibjo	2015	2019	29
Parties represented only in Aceh DPRD
	Aceh Party Partai Aceh	PA	Muzakir Manaf	2007	2009	18
	Aceh Regional Party Partai Daerah Aceh	PDA	Jamaluddin	2011	2014	3
	Independent Voice of the Acehnese Party Partai Suara Independen Rakyat Aceh	SIRA	M. Taufiq Abda	2007	2009	1
	Nanggroe Aceh Party Partai Nanggroe Aceh	PNA	Irwandi Yusuf	2011	2014	6

Partai politik yang tidak memiliki wakil di parlemen

These political parties have no representation in either national or regional parliaments.

The term "partai gurem" (minor party) is commonly used by Indonesian media to refer to these political parties. The term is initially referred to political parties that won a very small number of parliamentary seat and after the 2004 election, to political parties that have no chance to surpass parliamentary threshold to gain representation on the People's Representative Council. These political parties are often perceived to be lacking in organisational structure and their founder is only interested in attracting media attention.

These parties often had their registration to participate in elections declined by the General Elections Commission (KPU) due to party failure to satisfy registration criteria set by the commission, which includes completeness of party document, location of party permanent offices, minimum membership and minimum percentage of woman members. Parties that had their registration rejected often resorted to appealing their rejection to the Electoral Oversight Committee (Indonesian: Badan Pengawas Pemilihan Umum), with varied success.

Nama			Pemimpin	Dibentuk	Pemilihan umum yang pernah diikuti
					1999	2004	2009	2014	2019
	Partai Gelombang Rakyat Indonesia Indonesian People's Wave Party	Gelora	Anis Matta	2019	Masih belum dibentuk
	Partai Bhinneka Indonesia Indonesian Bhinneka Party	PBI	Nurdin Purnomo	1998 Sebagai "Partai Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Indonesia"
	Partai Hijau Indonesia Indonesian Green Party	PHI		2012	Masih belum dibentuk
	Partai Nasional Indonesia Marhaenisme Indonesian National Party Marhaenism	PNI Marhaen	Sukmawati Soekarnoputri	2002
	Partai Swara Rakyat Indonesia Indonesian People's Voice Party	Parsindo	M. Jusuf Rizal	2016	Masih belum dibentuk
	Partai Pemersatu Bangsa National Unity Party	PPB	Eggi Sudjana	2001	Masih belum dibentuk
	Partai Kedaulatan Bangsa Indonesia Baru New Indonesia National Sovereignty Party	PKBIB	Yenny Wahid	2002 Sebagai "Partai Aliansi Indonesia Baru"
	Partai Pengusaha dan Pekerja Indonesia Indonesian Workers and Employers Party	PPPI	Daniel Hutapea	2002
	Partai Rakyat People's Party	Rakyat	I Ketut Tenang	2014	Masih belum dibentuk
	Partai Reformasi Reform Party	Reformasi	Syamsahril Kamal	2000
	Partai Rakyat Demokratik People's Democratic Party	PRD	Agus Jabo Priyono	1996
	Partai Republik Republican Party	Republik	Suharno Prawiro	1998		Tidak aktif
	Partai Indonesia Kerja Working Indonesia Party	PIKA	Hartoko Adi Oetomo	2016	Masih belum dibentuk

Bekas partai politik

Partai politik yang berpartisipasi dalam pemilu 1955 dan 1971

Logo	Name		Established	Dissolved	Contested elections
					1955	1971
	Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Serikat Islam Indonesia	PSII	1923 1947	1973
	Nahdlatul Ulama	NU	1952	1973 Still active as religious organisation
	Indonesian National Party Partai Nasional Indonesia	PNI	1927	1973
	Communist Party of Indonesia Partai Komunis Indonesia	PKI	1929	1966 Banned
	Islamic Education Movement Pergerakan Tarbijah Islamijah	Perti	1930	1973
	Masyumi Party Majelis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia	Masyumi	1943	1960 Banned
	Indonesian Christian Party Partai Kristen Indonesia	Parkindo	1945	1973
	Catholic Party Partai Katolik		1945	1973
	Socialist Party of Indonesia Partai Sosialis Indonesia	PSI	1945	1960 Banned
	Indonesian Marhaen People's Union Persatuan Rakyat Marhaen Indonesia	Permai	1945
	Popular Consultative Party Partai Musyawarah Rakyat Banyak	Murba	1948	1973 Revived in 1998
	Labour Party Partai Buruh		1949
	National People's Party Partai Rakyat Nasional	PRN	1950
	Indonesian People's Party Partai Rakyat Indonesia	PRI	1950
	League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence Ikatan Pendukung Kemerdekaan Indonesia	IPKI	1954	1973 Revived in 1998
	Pancasila Defender Movement Gerakan Pembela Pantja Sila	GPPS	1955
	Police Employee Association of the Republic of Indonesia Persatuan Pegawai Polisi Republik Indonesia		1955
	Indonesian Citizenship Consultative Assembly Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia	Baperki	1954
	Great Indonesia Unity Party Partai Indonesia Raya - Wongsonegoro	PIR
	Indonesian Movement Gerakan Indonesia	GI	1955
	Dayak Unity Party Partai Persatuan Dayak	PPD	1946	1959 Banned
	Great Indonesia Party "Hazairin" Partai Indonesia Raya	PIR - Hazairin
	Islamic Tharikah Unity Party Partai Persatuan Tharikah Islam	PPTI
	Islamic Victory Force Angkatan Kemenangan Umat Islam	AKUI
	Village People's Union Persatuan Rakjat Desa	PRD
	Party of the People of Free Indonesia Partai Rakjat Indonesia Merdeka	PRIM
	Young Communist Force Angkatan Communis Muda	Acoma	1952	1965 Banned
	Muslim Party of Indonesia Partai Muslimin Indonesia	Parmusi	1967	1973

Partai politik pada era Orde Baru

After his rise into power, President Soeharto showed his discontent to multiple political parties, arguing that the failure of Konstituante in 1955-1959 was caused by political party deadlock, and it should not be repeated in his regime. He further proposed existing political parties to unite based on their ideological essence – either spiritual (religious party) or materialist (nationalist party). Political parties reaction to calls of Suharto was generally positive, with Islamic parties claimed that party fusion was in line with their last National Islamic Congress resolution agreed in 1969, and a party alliance of "Democratic Development Group" was formed by PNI, IPKI, Parkindo, Murba Party, dan Catholic Party to compete in 1971 election.

After 1971 election, New Order regime reiterates its call for political parties to fuse, and a MPR ordinance regulating political parties grouping issued in 1973 further pressured political parties to merge.

All Islamic political parties merged to form United Development Party (PPP) on 5 January 1973, and the remaining nationalist and non-Islamic political parties united to form Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) on 10 January 1973. Golkar, officially a "federation of public organisations" instead of a proper political party, immune to the fusion and remain dominant for the entire period of the New Order.

The parties for the last time participated in 1997 election, and the three-party system survived until the collapse of the New Order in 1998 Reformasi. Ensuing political liberalisation allowed establishment of multitudes of new political parties, with the number of political parties participating in 1999 election significantly jumped to 48 parties.

After the Reform, PPP survived and continue to participate in all following elections after 1999, as well as Golkar that reformed itself as a political party. The PDI failed to imitate the Golkar and PPP success after government intervention to unseat Chairman Megawati Soekarnoputri from her seat in 1996 causing PDI support to collapse in 1997 election. PDI votes further eroded as support instead went to its breakaway Indonesian Democratic Party - Struggle (PDI-P) led by Megawati in 1999 election, resulting on the party to won only two seats compared to 153 seats of PDI-P. After poor electoral performance and failure to register for 2004 election, PDI reformed itself as Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (PPDI) in 2003.

Logo		Name		Established	Dissolved
		Joint Committee of Functional Groups Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya	Golkar	1964	Continued as Golkar Party
		Indonesian Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Indonesia	PDI	1973	2003 Continued as PPDI
		United Development Party Partai Persatuan Pembangunan	PPP	1973	Continued as PPP

Partai politik pada era pasca-Reformasi

Name		Established	Dissolved	Contested elections
				2004	2009
Archipelago Republic Party Partai Republika Nusantara	RepublikaN	2001	2013 Merged into Hanura
Concern for the Nation Functional Party Partai Karya Peduli Bangsa	PKPB	2002
Democratic Nationhood Party Partai Demokrasi Kebangsaan	PDK	2002	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Democratic Renewal Party Partai Demokrasi Pembaruan	PDP	2005	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Freedom Party Partai Merdeka	PM	2002	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Functional Party of Struggle Partai Karya Perjuangan	Pakar Pangan	2007	2012 Merged into Democratic Party
Indonesian Democratic Party of Devotion Partai Kasih Demokrasi Indonesia	PKDI	1998	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party Partai Penegak Demokrasi Indonesia	PPDI	2003	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Sovereignty Party Partai Kedaulatan	PK	2006	2013 Merged into Hanura
Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party Partai Persatuan Nahdlatul Ummah Indonesia	PPNUI	2003
Indonesian Unity Party Partai Sarikat Indonesia	PSI	2002	2005 Merged into PAN
Indonesian Youth Party Partai Pemuda Indonesia	PPI	2007	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
National Front Party Partai Barisan Nasional	PBN	2007
Labour Party Partai Buruh	PB	1998 As "National Labour Party"
National People's Concern Party Partai Rakyat Peduli Nasional	PRPN	2006	2013 Merged into Hanura
National Sun Party Partai Matahari Bangsa	PMB	2006	2014
Regional Unity Party Partai Persatuan Daerah	PPD	2002	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Patriot Party Partai Patriot		1998	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Peace and Safe Islamic Party Partai Islam Damai Aman	Idaman	2015	2018 Merged into PAN	Not yet established
Pioneers' Party Partai Pelopor	PP	2002	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Prosperous Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Sejahtera	PIS	-	2011 Merged to form National Unity Party
Prosperous Peace Party Partai Damai Sejahtera	PDS	2001	2013 Merged into Hanura
Reform Star Party Partai Bintang Reformasi	PBR	2002	2011 Merged into Gerindra
Ulema National Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Nasional Ulama	PKNU	2000s	2013 In coalition agreement with PPP

Partai politik yang hanya berpartisipasi dalam pemilu 1999

Following political liberalisation after the collapse of the New Order regime in 1998 Reformasi, registration for new political parties jumped significantly. As the result, the following 1999 election had 48 political parties competing for DPR seats, compared to the previous 1997 election that saw only 2 political parties plus Golkar.

Several parties claimed inheritance from former political parties existed prior to the New Order era, resulting in parties sharing similar political party name, with faction names as the only characteristics that made those parties distinct from each other. Example on this case was on claimants of former Indonesian National Party (PNI) and Masyumi Party.

Most of the parties failed to gain even a single seat due to lack of votes. After the new electoral law authorise the use of parliamentary threshold to determine division of DPR seats, those parties were forced to reorganise itself in order to be able to register for the next 2004 election.

This is the list of political parties participating only in 1999 election and failed to participate in the next 2004 election.

Name		Established
Aceh Orphans' Foundation Party Partai Abul Yatama	PAY	1999
All-Indonesia Workers' Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Pekerja Seluruh Indonesia	PSPSI	1998
Democratic Catholic Party Partai Katolik Demokrat	PKD	1998
Democratic Islamic Party Partai Islam Demokrat	PID	1998
Democratic National Party Partai Nasional Demokrat	PND	1998
Familial Consultative Party of Mutual Assistance Partai Musyawarah Kekeluargaan Gotong Royong	MKGR	1998
Indonesian Democratic Alliance Party Partai Aliansi Demokrat Indonesia	PADI	1998
Indonesian Democratic Union Party Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia	PUDI	1996
Indonesian Islamic Political Party "Masyumi" Partai Politik Islam Indonesia "Masyumi"		1998 Claimed inheritance from the original Masyumi
Indonesian Islamic Ummah Party Partai Umat Muslimin Indonesia	PUMI	1998
Indonesian Islamic Union Party Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia	PSII	1998 Claimed inheritance from the original PSII
Indonesian Islamic Union Party - 1905 Partai Syarikat Islam Indonesia - 1905'	PSII 1905	1998
Indonesian Muslim Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Muslim Indonesia	KAMI	1998
Indonesian National Christian Party Partai Kristen Nasional Indonesia	Krisna	1998
Indonesian National Party – Marhaenist Front Partai Nasional Indonesia – Front Marhaenis	PNI–Front Marhaenis	1999 Claimed inheritance from the original PNI
Indonesian National Party – Marhaen Masses Partai Nasional Indonesia – Massa Marhaen	PNI-Massa Marhaen	1998 Claimed inheritance from the original PNI
Indonesian National Party - Supeni Partai Nasional Indonesia - Supeni	PNI-Supeni	1995 Claimed inheritance from the original PNI
Indonesian National Union Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Uni Nasional Indonesia	SUNI	1998
Indonesian People's Party Partai Rakyat Indonesia	Pari	1998
Indonesian Workers' Party Partai Pekerja Indonesia	PPI	1998
Islamic Ummah Party Partai Ummat Islam	PUI	1998
Love and Peace Party Partai Cinta Damai	PCD	1998
National Freedom Party Partai Kebangsaan Merdeka	PKM	1998
National Love Democratic Party Partai Demokrasi Kasih Bangsa	PDKB	1998
National Party of the Indonesian Nation Partai Nasional Bangsa Indonesia	PNBI	1998
New Indonesia Party Partai Indonesia Baru	PIB	1999
New Masyumi Party Partai Masyumi Baru		1995
People's Choice Party Partai Pilihan Rakyat	Pilar	1998
People's Sovereignty Party Partai Daulat Rakyat	PDR	1999
Justice Party Partai Keadilan	PK	1998
United Party Partai Persatuan	PP	1999
Ummah Awakening Party Partai Kebangkitan Umat	PKU	1998
Workers' Solidarity Party Partai Solidaritas Pekerja	PSP	1999

Organisasi politik pada era prakemerdekaan

Name		Established	Dissolved	Notes
Budi Utomo Prime Philosophy		1908	1935	First native political movement on the Dutch East Indies; its founding initiated the Indonesian National Awakening.
Chung Hwa Hui Chinese Association	CHH	1928	1942	Advocated Chinese rights in the Dutch East Indies.
Partai Indonesia Raya Great Indonesian Party	Parindra	1935	1939
Indies Social Democratic Association Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging	ISDV	1914	1924	Forerunner of the Communist Party of Indonesia.
Indische Partij Indies Party	IP	1912	1913
Indo Europeesch Verbond Indo-European Alliance	IEV	1919	1962	Advocated Indo people rights in the Dutch East Indies and after the independence of Indonesia.
Partai Nasional Indonesia Indonesian National Party	PNI	1927	1931	Advocated Indonesian independence.
Insulinde		1907	1919
Partai Tionghoa Indonesia Indonesian Chinese Party	PTI	1932	1942	Advocated closer ties between Chinese and native Indonesians.
Partai Indonesia Indonesian Party	Partindo	1931	1936	Advocated Indonesian independence.
Persatuan Arab Indonesia Arab-Indonesian Union	PAI	1934		Advocated Indonesian allegiance to Arab-Indonesians.
Sarekat Islam Islamic Union	SI	1905	Active as religious organisation	Founded as a trade union, reformed as a political movement after the Indonesian National Awakening.

Lainnya

Name		Established	Dissolved	Notes
Partai Kemerdekaan Indonesia Irian Indonesian Irian Independence Party	PKII	1946	1962	Founded in Netherlands New Guinea, advocated integration of Western New Guinea into Indonesia.

References

• Feith, Herbert (2007) The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd, ISBN 979-3780-45-2
• Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4480-5

Lihat pula

• Politics of Indonesia
• List of political parties by country
• List of youth wings of political parties in Indonesia