Partai politik: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{penjelasan singkat|Organisasi yang berusaha memengaruhi kebijakan dan tindakan |
{{penjelasan singkat|Organisasi yang berusaha memengaruhi kebijakan dan tindakan}} |
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[[Berkas:People approving for change at Parivartan Yatra, Beohari in April 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35| |
[[Berkas:People approving for change at Parivartan Yatra, Beohari in April 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Anggota partai-partai politik bersama-sama berkoordinasi untuk mencapai dan mempergunakan kekuasaan politik.]] |
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{{partai politik}} |
{{partai politik}} |
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'''Partai politik''' adalah organisasi yang mengoordinasikan [[calon]] untuk bersaing dalam [[pemilihan]] di negara tertentu. Anggota partai umumnya memiliki gagasan yang sama tentang politik dan partai dapat mempromosikan tujuan [[ideologi politik|ideologis]] |
'''Partai politik''' adalah organisasi yang mengoordinasikan [[calon]] untuk bersaing dalam [[pemilihan]] di negara tertentu. Anggota partai umumnya memiliki gagasan yang sama tentang politik dan partai dapat mempromosikan tujuan [[ideologi politik|ideologis]] yang mengedepankan dasar negara tersebut serta [[kebijakan]] tertentu sebagai penguat rasa persatuan. |
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Partai politik telah menjadi bagian utama dari kancah perpolitikan hampir di setiap negara karena organisasi partai modern berkembang dan menyebar ke seluruh dunia selama beberapa abad terakhir. Sangat jarang suatu negara [[demokrasi nonpartisan|tidak memiliki partai politik]]. Beberapa negara [[negara satu partai|hanya memiliki satu partai politik]], sementara negara lain memiliki [[sistem multipartai|beberapa partai]]. Partai penting dalam perpolitikan [[autokrasi]] serta [[demokrasi]], meskipun biasanya lebih banyak partai politik berada dalam negara penganut demokrasi daripada autokrasi. Autokrasi sering memiliki satu partai yang mengatur negara dan beberapa [[ilmu politik|ilmuwan politik]] menganggap persaingan antara dua partai atau lebih sebagai bagian penting dari demokrasi. |
Partai politik telah menjadi bagian utama dari kancah perpolitikan hampir di setiap negara karena organisasi partai modern berkembang dan menyebar ke seluruh dunia selama beberapa abad terakhir. Sangat jarang suatu negara [[demokrasi nonpartisan|tidak memiliki partai politik]]. Beberapa negara [[negara satu partai|hanya memiliki satu partai politik]], sementara negara lain memiliki [[sistem multipartai|beberapa partai]]. Partai penting dalam perpolitikan [[autokrasi]] serta [[demokrasi]], meskipun biasanya lebih banyak partai politik berada dalam negara penganut demokrasi daripada autokrasi. Autokrasi sering memiliki satu partai yang mengatur negara dan beberapa [[ilmu politik|ilmuwan politik]] menganggap persaingan antara dua partai atau lebih sebagai bagian penting dari demokrasi. |
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Partai dapat berkembang dari perpecahan yang ada dalam masyarakat seperti perpecahan antara [[kelas sosial|kelas]] bawah dan atas serta mereka merampingkan proses pengambilan keputusan politik dengan mendorong anggotanya untuk bekerja sama. Partai politik biasanya mencakup seorang pemimpin partai yang memiliki tanggung jawab utama atas kegiatan partai. Eksekutif partai dapat memilih pemimpin dan yang melakukan tugas administratif dan organisasi. Anggota partai mungkin secara sukarela membantu partai, menyumbang uang untuk partai, dan memilih calon partai itu. Ada banyak cara berbeda ketika partai politik dapat terstruktur dan berinteraksi dengan pemilih. Sumbangsih yang diberikan warga kepada partai politik seringkali diatur oleh undang-undang dan partai terkadang mengatur dengan cara yang menguntungkan orang-orang yang menyumbangkan waktu dan uang kepada mereka. |
Partai dapat berkembang dari perpecahan yang ada dalam masyarakat seperti perpecahan antara [[kelas sosial|kelas]] bawah dan atas serta mereka merampingkan proses pengambilan keputusan politik dengan mendorong anggotanya untuk bekerja sama. Partai politik biasanya mencakup seorang pemimpin partai yang memiliki tanggung jawab utama atas kegiatan partai. Eksekutif partai dapat memilih pemimpin dan yang melakukan tugas administratif dan organisasi. Anggota partai mungkin secara sukarela membantu partai, menyumbang uang untuk partai, dan memilih calon partai itu. Ada banyak cara berbeda ketika partai politik dapat terstruktur dan berinteraksi dengan pemilih. Sumbangsih yang diberikan warga kepada partai politik seringkali diatur oleh undang-undang dan partai terkadang mengatur dengan cara yang menguntungkan orang-orang yang menyumbangkan waktu dan uang kepada mereka. |
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Banyak partai politik dimotivasi oleh tujuan ideologis. Pemilihan demokratis umumnya menampilkan persaingan antara partai-partai berhaluan [[liberalisme|liberal]], [[konservatif]], dan [[sosialisme|sosialis]]; ideologi umum lainnya dari partai politik yang sangat besar termasuk [[komunisme]], [[populisme]], dan [[nasionalisme]]. Partai politik di berbagai negara akan sering mengadopsi warna dan simbol yang sama untuk mengidentifikasi diri mereka dengan ideologi tertentu. Namun, banyak partai politik tidak memiliki afiliasi ideologis dan malah mungkin hanya terlibat dalam [[patronase]], [[klientelisme]], [[kronisme]], atau kepentingan [[pengusaha politik]] tertentu. |
Banyak partai politik dimotivasi oleh tujuan ideologis. Pemilihan demokratis umumnya menampilkan persaingan antara partai-partai berhaluan [[liberalisme|liberal]], [[konservatif]], dan [[sosialisme|sosialis]]; ideologi umum lainnya dari partai politik yang sangat besar termasuk [[komunisme]], [[populisme]], dan [[nasionalisme]]. Partai politik di berbagai negara akan sering mengadopsi warna dan simbol yang sama untuk mengidentifikasi diri mereka dengan ideologi tertentu. Namun, banyak partai [[politik]] tidak memiliki afiliasi ideologis dan malah mungkin hanya terlibat dalam [[patronase]], [[klientelisme]], [[kronisme]], atau kepentingan [[pengusaha politik]] tertentu. |
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== Pengertian == |
== Pengertian == |
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Anggota partai politik mengikuti pemilihan dengan label bersama-sama. Dalam pengertian sempit, partai politik dapat dianggap hanya sebagai sekelompok calon yang mencalonkan diri di bawah label partai.<ref name = "Chhibber04"/>{{rp|3}} Dalam pengertian yang lebih luas, partai politik adalah seluruh aparatur yang mendukung pemilihan suatu kelompok calon, termasuk pemilih dan sukarelawan yang mengidentifikasi diri dengan partai politik tertentu, organisasi resmi partai yang mendukung pemilihan calon partai tersebut, dan legislator di pemerintahan yang berafiliasi dengan partai tersebut.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sarah F. Anzia |author2=Olivia M. Meeks |title=Political Parties and Policy Demanders in Local Elections |journal=University of Maryland-Hewlett Foundation conference on Parties, Polarization and Policy Demanders |date=May 2016 |url=https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Anzia_Meeks_Parties_Local_Elections_5_27_16.pdf |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008034336/https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Anzia_Meeks_Parties_Local_Elections_5_27_16.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Di banyak negara, pengertian partai politik diartikan dalam undang-undang, dan pemerintah dapat menetapkan persyaratan bagi organisasi untuk memenuhi syarat secara [[hukum]] sebagai partai politik.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Dan |last=Avnon |title=Parties laws in democratic systems of government |journal=The Journal of Legislative Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=283–300 |date=16 November 2007 |doi=10.1080/13572339508420429}}</ref> |
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Partai politik dibedakan dari kelompok dan klub politik lain seperti faksi politik atau [[kelompok kepentingan]], ketika partai berfokus pada pemilihan calon, sedangkan kelompok kepentingan berfokus kepada memajukan agenda kebijakan.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Anthony Maltese |author2=Joseph A. Pika |author3=W. Phillips Shively |date=13 January 2020 |title=American democracy in context |publisher=Sage |page=182 |isbn=978-1544345222}}</ref> Hal ini terkait dengan suatu hal lain yang terkadang membedakan partai dari organisasi politik lainnya, termasuk keanggotaan yang lebih besar, kestabilan yang lebih besar dari waktu ke waktu, dan hubungan yang lebih dalam dengan pemilih.<ref name = "Belloni76">{{cite journal | last1 = Belloni | first = Frank P. | last2 = Beller | first2 = Dennis C. | title = The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations | journal = The Western Political Quarterly | volume = 29 | number = 4 | pages = 531–549 | year = 1976 | doi = 10.1177/106591297602900405}}</ref> |
Partai politik dibedakan dari kelompok dan klub politik lain seperti faksi politik atau [[kelompok kepentingan]], ketika partai berfokus pada pemilihan calon, sedangkan kelompok kepentingan berfokus kepada memajukan agenda kebijakan.<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Anthony Maltese |author2=Joseph A. Pika |author3=W. Phillips Shively |date=13 January 2020 |title=American democracy in context |publisher=Sage |page=182 |isbn=978-1544345222}}</ref> Hal ini terkait dengan suatu hal lain yang terkadang membedakan partai dari organisasi politik lainnya, termasuk keanggotaan yang lebih besar, kestabilan yang lebih besar dari waktu ke waktu, dan hubungan yang lebih dalam dengan pemilih.<ref name = "Belloni76">{{cite journal | last1 = Belloni | first = Frank P. | last2 = Beller | first2 = Dennis C. | title = The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations | journal = The Western Political Quarterly | volume = 29 | number = 4 | pages = 531–549 | year = 1976 | doi = 10.1177/106591297602900405}}</ref> |
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== Sejarah == |
== Sejarah == |
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Gagasan sejumlah orang membentuk kelompok atau faksi besar untuk mengadvokasi kepentingan bersama mereka telah ada sejak lama. Plato menyebutkan faksi politik [[Athena klasik]] di ''[[Republik (Plato)|Republik]]'', dan Aristoteles membahas kecenderungan berbagai jenis pemerintahan untuk menghasilkan faksi dalam ''[[Politik (Plato)|Politik]]''. Perselisihan kuno tertentu juga bersifat faksi seperti [[kerusuhan Nika]] antara dua faksi [[balap kereta perang]] di [[Alun-alun Sultanahmet|Hipodrom Konstantinopel]]. Beberapa contoh kelompok atau faksi politik yang tercatat dalam sejarah termasuk faksi ''[[Populares]]'' dan ''[[Optimates]]'' dari [[Republik Romawi]] serta [[Orangisme|Orangis]] dan [[Partai Negara Belanda]] dari [[Republik Belanda]]. Namun, partai politik modern dianggap baru muncul sekitar akhir abad ke-18; mereka biasanya dianggap pertama kali muncul di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat, dengan [[Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya)|Partai Konservatif]] [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]] [[Amerika Serikat]] keduanya sering disebut "partai politik berkelanjutan tertua" di dunia.<ref name = " |
Gagasan sejumlah orang membentuk kelompok atau faksi besar untuk mengadvokasi kepentingan bersama mereka telah ada sejak lama. Plato menyebutkan faksi politik [[Athena klasik]] di ''[[Republik (Plato)|Republik]]'', dan Aristoteles membahas kecenderungan berbagai jenis pemerintahan untuk menghasilkan faksi dalam ''[[Politik (Plato)|Politik]]''. Perselisihan kuno tertentu juga bersifat faksi seperti [[kerusuhan Nika]] antara dua faksi [[balap kereta perang]] di [[Alun-alun Sultanahmet|Hipodrom Konstantinopel]]. Beberapa contoh kelompok atau faksi politik yang tercatat dalam sejarah termasuk faksi ''[[Populares]]'' dan ''[[Optimates]]'' dari [[Republik Romawi]] serta [[Orangisme|Orangis]] dan [[Partai Negara Belanda]] dari [[Republik Belanda]]. Namun, partai politik modern dianggap baru muncul sekitar akhir abad ke-18; mereka biasanya dianggap pertama kali muncul di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat, dengan [[Partai Konservatif (Britania Raya)|Partai Konservatif]] [[Britania Raya]] dan [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]] [[Amerika Serikat]] keduanya sering disebut "partai politik berkelanjutan tertua" di dunia.<ref name = "Chhibber04">{{cite book | last1=Chhibber | first1=Pradeep K. | last2 = Kollman | first2 = Ken | title = The formation of national party systems: Federalism and party competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States | url=https://archive.org/details/formationofnatio0000chhi | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2004 }}</ref><ref name = "Metcalf97">{{cite journal | last = Metcalf | first = Michael F. | title = The first "modern" party system? Political parties, Sweden's Age of liberty and the historians | journal = Scandinavian Journal of History | volume = 2 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 265–287 | year = 1977| doi = 10.1080/03468757708578923 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Dirr | first = Alison | date = 2016-10-24 | title = Is the Democratic Party the oldest continuous political party in the world? | url = https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2016/oct/24/tim-kaine/democratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party/ | work = Politifact Wisconsin | access-date = 2019-09-30 | archive-date = 30 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190930213349/https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2016/oct/24/tim-kaine/democratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stanek|first=Wojciech|title=Konfederacje a ewolucja mechanizmów walki politycznej w Rzeczypospolitej XVIII wieku|publisher=Interpress|year=1996|location=Olsztyn|pages=135–136}}</ref> |
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Sebelum berkembangnya partai politik massa, pemilu biasanya menampilkan tingkat persaingan yang jauh lebih rendah, memiliki politik yang cukup kecil sehingga pengambilan keputusan langsung dapat dilakukan, dan menyelenggarakan pemilihan umum yang didominasi oleh jaringan atau hubungan individu yang secara independen dapat mendorong seorang kandidat meraih kemenangan dalam pemilu. pemilihan.<ref name=boix09>{{cite book |editor1=Carles Boix |editor2=Susan C. Stokes |author=Carles Boix |date=July 2009 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics |chapter=The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021 |isbn=}}</ref>{{rp|510}} |
Sebelum berkembangnya partai politik massa, pemilu biasanya menampilkan tingkat persaingan yang jauh lebih rendah, memiliki politik yang cukup kecil sehingga pengambilan keputusan langsung dapat dilakukan, dan menyelenggarakan pemilihan umum yang didominasi oleh jaringan atau hubungan individu yang secara independen dapat mendorong seorang kandidat meraih kemenangan dalam pemilu. pemilihan.<ref name=boix09>{{cite book |editor1=Carles Boix |editor2=Susan C. Stokes |author=Carles Boix |date=July 2009 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics |chapter=The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021 |isbn=}}</ref>{{rp|510}} |
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== Tujuan Partai Politik == |
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Tujuan partai politik secara umum yaitu: |
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[[File:A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|In ''A Block for the Wigs'' (1783), [[James Gillray]] caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the centre.]] |
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#Mewujudkan cita-cita nasional bangsa [[Indonesia]] sebagai dimaksud dalam Pembukaan [[Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945]]. |
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The Whig faction originally organized itself around support for Protestant constitutional monarchy as opposed to absolute rule, whereas the conservative Tory faction (originally the Royalist or Cavalier faction of the English Civil War) supported a strong monarchy, and these two groups structured disputes in the politics of the United Kingdom throughout the 18th century The Rockingham Whigs have been identified as the first modern political party, because they retained a coherent party label and motivating principles even while out of power. |
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#Menjaga dan memelihara keutuhan [[Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia]]. |
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#Mengembangkan dan memprioritaskan kejujuran dalam berkehidupan [[demokrasi]] berdasarkan [[pancasila]] dengan menjunjung tinggi kedaulatan [[masyarakat]] dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. |
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#Mewujudkan [[kesejahteraan]], keamanan, kenyamanan, ketertiban bagi seluruh masyarakat Indonesia. |
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#Membangun [[adat]] dan [[budaya]] dan [[Etika politik]] dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan beragama<ref name="merdeka.com">https://www.merdeka.com/jatim/7-tujuan-partai-politik-menurut-uu-di-indonesia-dan-kewajibannya-anda-wajib-tahu-kln.html</ref>. |
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=== Kewajiban Partai Politik === |
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Beberapa pakar berpendapat bahwa partai politik modern pertama didirikan di [[Britania Raya modern awal]] pada abad ke-18 setelah [[Krisis Eksklusi]] dan [[Revolusi Agung]].<ref name = "Jones61">{{cite book | last=Jones | first=J. R. | title = The First Whigs. The Politics of the Exclusion Crisis. 1678–1683 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1961}}</ref>{{rp|4}} Faksi [[Whig]] awalnya mengorganisasi diri di sekitar dukungan bagi [[monarki konstitusional]] Protestan sebagai lawan dari [[monarki mutlak|kekuasaan mutlak]], sedangkan faksi konservatif [[Tory]] (awalnya faksi [[Royalis]] atau [[Cavalier]] dari Perang Saudara Inggris) mendukung monarki yang kuat, dan kedua kelompok ini menyusun perselisihan dalam politik Britania Raya sepanjang abad ke-18.<ref name = "Jones61" />{{rp|4}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hamowy |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |chapter=Whiggism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, California |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024 |lccn=2008009151 |pages=542–43 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n328 |title=Archived copy |date= |access-date=4 December 2016 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930100756/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC%2F |url-status=live }}</ref> Rockingham Whig telah diidentifikasi sebagai partai politik modern pertama, karena mereka mempertahankan label partai yang koheren dan prinsip-prinsip motivasi bahkan saat di luar kekuasaan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jessenorman.com/2013/09/conhome-op-ed-the-usa-radical-conservatism-and-edmund-burke.html |title=ConHome op-ed: the USA, Radical Conservatism and Edmund Burke |access-date=19 October 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020123727/http://www.jessenorman.com/2013/09/conhome-op-ed-the-usa-radical-conservatism-and-edmund-burke.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2008, tercantumkan kewajiban partai politik di Indonesia: |
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#Mengamalkan Pancasila, melaksanakan Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, dan peraturan perundang-undangan; |
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#Memeliharan dan mempertahankan keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia; |
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#Berpatisipasi dalam pembangunan nasional; |
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At the end of the century, the United States also developed a party system, called the [[First Party System]]. Although the framers of the 1787 [[United States Constitution]] did not all anticipate that American political disputes would be primarily organized around political parties, political controversies in the early 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the [[Presidency of George Washington#Rise of political parties|emergence of two proto-political parties]]: the [[Federalist Party]] and the [[Democratic-Republican Party]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Hofstadter | first = Richard | title = The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840 |publisher = University of California Press |page=ix | year = 1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | editor = William Nisbet Chambers | title = The first party system | url = https://archive.org/details/firstpartysystem00cham | url-access = registration |page=1 | year = 1972}}</ref> |
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#Menjunjung tinggi supremasi [[hukum]], demokrasi, dan [[hak asasi manusia]]; |
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#Melakukan pendidikan politik dan menyalurkan aspirasi politik anggotanya; |
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===19th century=== |
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#Menyukseskan penyelenggaraan [[pemilihan umum]]; |
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By the early 19th century, a number of countries had developed stable modern party systems. The party system that developed in Sweden has been called the world's first party system, on the basis that previous party systems were not fully stable or institutionalized.<ref name = "Metcalf97"/> In many European countries, including Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France, political parties organized around a [[liberalism|liberal]]-[[conservative]] divide, or around religious disputes.<ref name=boix09/>{{rp|510}} The spread of the party model of politics was accelerated by the [[1848 Revolution]]s around Europe.<ref name="Busky8">{{Citation |first=Donald F. |last=Busky |title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey |place=Westport, Connecticut, USA |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. |year=2000 |page=8 |quote=The Frankfurt Declaration of the Socialist International, which almost all social democratic parties are members of, declares the goal of the development of democratic socialism}}</ref> |
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#Melakukan pendaftaran dan memelihara ketertiban data anggota; |
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#Membuat pembukaan, memelihara daftar penyumbang dan jumlah sumbangan yang diterima, serta terbuka kepada masyarakat; |
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The strength of political parties in the United States waned during the [[Era of Good Feelings]], but shifted and strengthened again by the second half of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Minicucci | first = Stephen | title = Internal Improvements and the Union, 1790–1860 | journal = Studies in American Political Development | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 160–185 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | doi = 10.1017/S0898588X04000094 | year = 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=465 | last = Kollman | first = Ken | title = The American political system | publisher = W. W. Norton and Company | year = 2012}}</ref> This was not the only country in which the strength of political parties had substantially increased by the end of the century; for example, around this time the Irish political leader [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] implemented several methods and structures like [[party discipline]] that would come to be associated with strong [[grassroots]] political parties.<ref name=jordan86>{{cite journal | last = Jordan | first = Donald | title = John O'Connor Power, Charles Stewart Parnell and the Centralization of Popular Politics in Ireland | journal = Irish Historical Studies | volume = 25 | issue = 97 | pages = 46–66 | year = 1986 | doi = 10.1017/S0021121400025335 }}</ref> |
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#Menyampaikan laporan pertanggung jawaban penerima dan pengeluaran keuangan yang bersumber dari dana batuan anggaran pendapatan dan Belanja Negara dan Anggaran; |
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#Memiliki rekening khusus dana kampanye pemilihan umum; |
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===20th century=== |
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#Wajib menyosialisasikan program Partai Politik kepada masyarakat; |
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At the beginning of the 20th century in Europe, the liberal—conservative divide that characterized most party systems was disrupted by the emergence of [[socialism|socialist]] parties, which attracted the support of organized [[trade union]]s.<ref name=boix09/>{{rp|511}} |
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#Tidak mengambil dana sumbangan dari anggaota yang sedang menjabat di Eksekutif dan Legislatif<ref name="merdeka.com"/>. |
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During the wave of [[decolonization]] in the mid-20th century, many newly sovereign countries outside of Europe and North America developed party systems that often emerged from their movements for independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/what-can-be-done-about-the-problem-political-parties |title=What Can Be Done About the Problem of Political Parties? |publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] |first=Patrick |last=Liddiard |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215055924/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/what-can-be-done-about-the-problem-political-parties |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Michele Penner |last=Angrist |date=7 November 2006 |title=Party Building in the Modern Middle East |chapter=1 |publisher=University of Washington Press |pages=31–54 |isbn=978-0295986463}}</ref> For example, a system of political parties arose out of factions in the [[Indian independence movement]], and was strengthened and stabilized by the policies of [[Indira Gandhi]] in the 1970s.<ref name = "Chhibber04"/>{{rp|165}} The formation of the [[Indian National Congress]], which developed in the early 20th century as a pro-independence faction in [[British India]] and immediately became a major political party after Indian independence, foreshadowed the dynamic in many newly independent countries; for example, the [[Uganda National Congress]] was a pro-independence party and the first political party in Uganda, and its name was chosen as an homage to the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite journal |work=Conference on Constitutalism and Multiparty Governance in Uganda |first=Nathan |last=Byamukama |date=October 2003 |title=Formation and Impact of Political Parties in 1950s up to Independence (1962): Lessons for Democracy |page=7 |url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/4825/byamukama-mak-res.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref> |
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As broader suffrage rights and eventually [[universal suffrage]] slowly spread throughout democracies, political parties expanded dramatically, and only then did a vision develop of political parties as intermediaries between the full public and the government.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. Kevin |last1=Corder |first2=Christina |last2=Wolbrecht |author-link2= Christina Wolbrecht |title=Political Context and the Turnout of New Women Voters after Suffrage |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-politics_2006-02_68_1/page/34 |journal=The Journal of Politics |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=34–49 |year=2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00367.x}}</ref> |
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== Warna dan simbol partai == |
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{{main|Political colour|List of political party symbols}} |
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Nearly all political parties associate themselves with specific colours and symbols, primarily to aid voters in [[party identification|identifying]], recognizing, and remembering the party. This branding is particularly important in polities where much of the population may be [[Illiteracy|illiterate]], so that someone who cannot read a party's name on a ballot can instead identify that party by colour or logo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/india-election-party-symbols/index.html |title=Ceiling fans, brooms and mangoes: The election symbols of India's political parties |work=CNN |author1=Manveena Suri |author2=Oscar Holland |date=19 April 2019 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124112838/https://www.cnn.com/style/article/india-election-party-symbols/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Parties of similar ideologies will often use the same colours across different countries.<ref name=combos/><ref name=enninful12/> Colour associations are useful as a short-hand for referring to and representing parties in graphical media.<ref name=malasig18/> They can also be used to refer to [[coalition]]s and alliances between political parties and other organizations;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-colorful-coalition-shorthand/g-40654452 |title=Germany's colorful coalition shorthand |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |first=Ian P. |last=Johnson |date=20 November 2017 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129095950/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-colorful-coalition-shorthand/g-40654452 |url-status=live }}</ref> examples include [[Purple (government)|purple alliances]], [[red-green alliance]]s, [[traffic light coalition]]s, [[pan-green coalition]]s, and [[pan-blue coalition]]s. |
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However, associations between colour and ideology can also be inconsistent: parties of the same ideology in different countries often use different colours, and sometimes competing parties in a country may even adopt the same colours.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.datawrapper.de/partycolors/ |title=Election reporting: Which color for which party? |first=Lisa Charlotte |last=Rost |publisher=Datawrapper |date=28 August 2018 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118080639/https://blog.datawrapper.de/partycolors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These associations also have major exceptions. For example, in the United States, red is associated with the more conservative [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] while blue is associated with the more liberal [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name=combos/><ref>{{citation |work=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html |first=Paul |last=Farhi |date=2 November 2004 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509144731/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ |
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|- |
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| '''Ideology''' |
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| '''Colours''' |
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| '''Symbols''' |
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| '''Examples''' |
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| '''References''' |
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|- |
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| [[Agrarianism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#006400|border=darkgray}} Green}} |
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| {{ubl|Grain}} |
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| [[File:DBD logo transparent.png|link=Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany|60x60px]] [[File:Logo of the Agrarian Party of Russia (2013).svg|link=Agrarian Party of Russia|60x60px]] [[File:Centerpartiet Teillogo.svg|link=Centre Party (Sweden)|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=enninful12>{{cite web |url=http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/5343/1/Ebenezer%20Kofi%20Enninful.pdf |first=Ebenezer Kofi |last=Enninful |title=The Symbolism of Ghanaian Political Parties and their Impact on the Electorates |publisher=[[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] |date=November 2012 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131001431/http://ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/5343/1/Ebenezer%20Kofi%20Enninful.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|58}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674greenland_vote_likely_headed_for_a_squeaker_this_march_12/ |title=Greenland vote likely headed for a squeaker this March 12 |work=[[Nunatsiaq News]] |first=Jane |last=George |date=11 March 2013 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130223957/https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674greenland_vote_likely_headed_for_a_squeaker_this_march_12/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/boris-johnson-wearing-wheat-sheaf-badge-lapel-today-keir-starmer-british-farmers-campaign-explained-641045 |title=Why Boris Johnson and MPs are wearing a wheat sheaf badge on their lapel: The campaign to support British farmers explained |work=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |first=Alex |last=Finnis |date=10 September 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923135839/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/boris-johnson-wearing-wheat-sheaf-badge-lapel-today-keir-starmer-british-farmers-campaign-explained-641045 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ru%7Dagr.html |title=Agrarian Party of Russia |publisher=Flags of the World |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125145331/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/ru%7Dagr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Anarchism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#000000 |border=darkgray}} Black|{{Color box|#F50E0E |border=darkgray}} Red}} |
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| {{ubl|[[Anarchist symbolism|Black flag, or black and red flag]]|Letter ''A'' surrounded by a circle|Black cat}} |
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| [[File:Anarchist flag.svg|link=Syndicalist Party|60x60px]] [[File:FRE-AIT.svg|link=Confederación Nacional del Trabajo|60x60px]] [[File:Partido Liberal Mexicano button 1911.svg|link=Mexican Liberal Party|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=ucsd21>{{cite web |url=https://www.anarchism.net/symbol_bf.htm |title=The Classical Symbol of Anarchism |publisher=Anarchism.net |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040443/https://www.anarchism.net/symbol_bf.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb6212477b |title=Disciplina: mando único: Partido Sindicalista |publisher=University of California, San Diego |date=9 December 2014 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216065633/https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb6212477b |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baillargeon |first1=Normand |translator=Mary Foster |title=Order Without Power: An Introduction to Anarchism: History and Current Challenges |date=2013 |orig-year=2008 |publisher=Seven Stories Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-60980-472-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hu0j22luZ_oC&q=%22circle+A%22 |chapter=Introduction <!--E-book has no page numbers--> |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042913/https://books.google.com/books?id=hu0j22luZ_oC&q=%22circle+A%22 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rival.la/thoughts-all/2020/6/10/a-quick-history-of-the-circle-a |title=A quick history of the Circle-A |publisher=Rival LA |date=10 June 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129100754/https://www.rival.la/thoughts-all/2020/6/10/a-quick-history-of-the-circle-a |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Centrism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#9932CC |border=darkgray}} Purple}} |
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| |
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| [[File:Radikale Venstre symbol (2017–present).svg|link=Danish Social Liberal Party|60x60px]] [[File:LogoPFP.svg|link=People First Party (Taiwan)|60x60px]] [[File:DieMitte-logo.svg|link=The Centre (political party)|60x60px]] |
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| <ref>{{cite journal |author1=Stephen Ansolabehere |author2=Jonathan Rodden |author3=James M. Snyder Jr. |title=Purple America |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-economic-perspectives_spring-2006_20_2/page/97 |journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=97–118 |year=2006 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gp.org/forget_red_vs_blue |title=Forget Red vs. Blue: The Paradigm for the 21st Century is Orange, Purple, and Green |publisher=United States Green Party |first=Scott |last=McLarty |year=2019 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124235018/https://www.gp.org/forget_red_vs_blue |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Communism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#F50E0E |border=darkgray}} Red}} |
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| {{ubl|[[Hammer and sickle]]|Handshake}} |
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| [[File:Emblem of Vietnam Communist Party.png|link=Communist Party of Vietnam|60x60px]] [[File:MLKP Badge.svg|link=Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)|60x60px]] [[File:Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands Logo.svg|link=Socialist Unity Party of Germany|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=klein18/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/evolution-of-the-communist-party-of-vietnams-control-over-the-military/ |title=Evolution of the Communist Party of Vietnam's Control Over the Military |work=The Diplomat |first=Bich T. |last=Tran |date=29 August 2019 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128162429/https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/evolution-of-the-communist-party-of-vietnams-control-over-the-military/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/12/hammer-and-sickle-french-communist-party |title=Has the communist hammer and sickle had its day? |work=[[The Guardian]] |first=Owen |last=Hatherley |date=12 February 2013 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207035116/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/12/hammer-and-sickle-french-communist-party |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Conservatism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#4584F2|border=darkgray}} Blue}} |
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| |
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| [[File:Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg|link=Kuomintang|60x60px]] [[File:Bandera del Partido Conservador Colombiano.svg|link=Colombian Conservative Party|60x60px]] [[File:Liberal Democratic Party (Japan) Emblem.jpg|link=Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|60x60px]] |
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| <ref>{{citation | work=[[BBC]] | title=Why is the Conservative Party Blue | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4923050.stm | date=20 April 2006 | access-date=24 January 2021 | archive-date=14 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214132907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4923050.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Alex Marland |author2=Tom Flanagan |title=Brand New Party: Political Branding and the Conservative Party of Canada |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=951–972 |date=December 2013 |doi=10.1017/S0008423913001108}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Democratic socialism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#F50E0E |border=darkgray}} Red}} |
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| {{ubl|Handshake|[[Rose (symbolism)#Socialism and social democracy|Red rose]]|Fist}} |
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| [[File:Democratic Action Party Logo.svg|link=Democratic Action Party|60x60px]] [[File:Logo Adéma-PASJ Alliance pour la démocratie au Mali-Parti africain pour la solidarité et la justice.jpg|link=Alliance for Democracy in Mali|60x60px]] [[File:Bandera del Partido Revolucionario Febrerista.svg|link=Revolutionary Febrerista Party|80x60px]] |
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| <ref name=korff92>{{cite journal |author1=Gottfried Korff |author2=Larry Peterson |title=From Brotherly Handshake to Militant Clenched Fist: On Political Metaphors for the Worker's Hand |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |volume=42 |pages=70–81 |date=Fall 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://mashable.com/2017/05/27/hidden-meaning-rose-emoji-dsa/ |title=The movement behind the rose emoji that you probably don't know about |work=Mashable |first=Sam |last=Speedy |date=27 May 2017 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103232422/https://mashable.com/2017/05/27/hidden-meaning-rose-emoji-dsa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Fascism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#000000|border=darkgray}} Black|{{Color box|#964B00|border=darkgray}} Brown}} |
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| {{ubl|[[Fasces]]|[[Swastika]]|[[Runes]]}} |
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| [[File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF).svg|link=National Fascist Party|60x60px]] [[File:Union of Ukrainian Fascists logo.jpg|link=Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists|60x60px]] [[File:NationalSocialistMovementintheNetherlands (1).png|link=National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=enninful12/>{{rp|56}}<ref>{{cite journal |first=Juan Francisco |last=Fuentes |title=Shirt Movements in Interwar Europe: a Totalitarian Fashion |journal=Ler História |volume= 72 |pages=151–173 |date=27 June 2018 |doi=10.4000/lerhistoria.3560}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adl.org/hate-symbols?cat_id%5B151%5D=151 |title=Hate Symbols Database |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |year=2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228162354/https://www.adl.org/hate-symbols?cat_id[151]=151 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Feminism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#FFFF|border=darkgray}} White|{{Color box|#9932CC|border=darkgray}} Purple|{{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} Gold|{{Color box|#FFC0CB|border=darkgray}} Pink}} |
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| {{ubl|[[Planet symbols#Venus|Venus symbol]]|Clenched fist|Letter ''F''}} |
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| [[File:National Woman's Party logo.png|link=National Woman's Party|60x60px]] [[File:FP logo.svg|link=Feminist Party (Finland)|60x60px]] [[File:Logo of the Women's Party of Korea(color).jpg|link=Women's Party (South Korea)|80x60px]] |
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| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/symbols-of-the-women-s-suffrage-movement.htm |title=Symbols of the Women's Suffrage Movement |publisher=United States National Park Service |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124215815/https://www.nps.gov/articles/symbols-of-the-women-s-suffrage-movement.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://elephant.art/the-real-meanings-behind-six-symbols-of-protest-01072020/ |title=The Real Meanings Behind Six Symbols of Protest |publisher=Elephant art |date=1 July 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230082124/https://elephant.art/the-real-meanings-behind-six-symbols-of-protest-01072020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Green politics]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#006400|border=darkgray}} Green}} |
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| {{ubl|Sun|Sunflower}} |
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| [[File:Global Greens logo.svg|link=Global Greens|60x60px]] [[File:Alternattiva Demokratika.svg|link=Democratic Alternative (Malta)|60x60px]] [[File:Logo of the Mongolian Green Party.svg|link=Mongolian Green Party|60x60px]] |
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| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalgreens.org/party/green-party-taiwan |title=Green Party Taiwan |publisher=Global Greens |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225190256/https://www.globalgreens.org/party/green-party-taiwan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/105892/adpd_launches_new_logo_to_symbolise_partys_ethos#.YA3dcOhKiUk |title=AD+PD launches new logo to symbolise party's ethos |work=Malta Today |date=14 November 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121062439/https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/105892/adpd_launches_new_logo_to_symbolise_partys_ethos#.YA3dcOhKiUk |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Islamism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#006400|border=darkgray}} Green}} |
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| |
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| [[File:Logo PPP (1973-1982).svg|link=United Development Party|60x60px]] [[File:Logo of Jamiat-e Islami.svg|link=Jamiat-e Islami|60x60px]] [[File:PKS logo 2020.png|link=Prosperous Justice Party|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=combos/><ref>{{cite journal |first=Leo |last=Suryadinata |title=The Decline of the Hegemonic Party System in Indonesia: Golkar after the Fall of Soeharto |journal=Contemporary Southeast Asia |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=333–358 |date=August 2007}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Liberalism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#FFFF33 |border=darkgray}} Yellow}} |
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| |
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| [[File:Logo of the United Party of National Development (Zambia).jpg|link=United Party for National Development|60x60px]] [[File:Social and Liberal Democrats logo.png|link=Liberal Democrats (UK)|60x60px]] [[File:Logo CC.png|link=Civic Community|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=malasig18>{{cite news |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2018/05/16/126899/can-you-paint-with-all-the-colors-of-politics/ |title=Can you paint with all the colors of politics? |work=[[InterAksyon]] |first=Jeline |last=Malasig |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130024842/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/breaking-news/2018/05/16/126899/can-you-paint-with-all-the-colors-of-politics/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/politics/article/liberal-democrats-comeback |title=There is still a place for Liberal Democrats in British politics |work=GQ |first=Glen |last=O'Hara |date=17 August 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129140059/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/politics/article/liberal-democrats-comeback |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Cassel-Picot, Muriel "The Liberal Democrats and the Green Cause: From Yellow to Green" in Leydier, Gilles and Martin, Alexia (2013) ''Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland''. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. [https://books.google.ca/books?id=fFgxBwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false p.105] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803032832/https://books.google.ca/books?id=fFgxBwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=3 August 2020 }}. {{isbn|9781443852838}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Libertarianism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#FFFF33 |border=darkgray}} Yellow}} |
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| Porcupine |
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| [[File:Libertarian Disc.svg|link=Libertarian Party (United States)|60x60px]] [[File:Partido Libertários Logo.png|link=Libertarian Party (Brazil)|120x60px]] |
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| <ref name=combos>{{cite web |url=https://www.colorcombos.com/blog/understanding-political-color-designations |title=Understanding Political Color Designations |publisher=Gremillion Consulting |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131093843/https://www.colorcombos.com/blog/understanding-political-color-designations |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/07/9917658/primary-secondary-colors-fall-fashion-trend |title=Why Are Primary Colors Trending In Fashion Right Now? |work=Refinery29 |first=Eliza |last=Huber |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123182518/https://refinery29.com/en-us/2020/07/9917658/primary-secondary-colors-fall-fashion-trend |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://entretenimento.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2020/05/18/youtuber-mistura-aberturas-de-game-of-thrones-e-tiger-king.htm |title=Youtuber mistura aberturas de "Game of Thrones" e "Tiger King" em animação |language=pt |work=UOL |date=18 May 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129055931/https://entretenimento.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2020/05/18/youtuber-mistura-aberturas-de-game-of-thrones-e-tiger-king.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/libertarians-spoil-the-election-11604867668 |title=Libertarians Spoil the Election |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=Walter E. |last=Block |date=8 November 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116184046/https://www.wsj.com/articles/libertarians-spoil-the-election-11604867668 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| [[Monarchism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#FFFFFF |border=darkgray}} White|{{Color box|#FFD700 |border=darkgray}} Gold|{{Color box|#9932CC |border=darkgray}} Purple}} |
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| Crown |
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| [[File:Partito Nazionale Monarchico Logo.png|link=Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity|60x60px]] [[File:Emblem of the Rexist Party.svg|link=Rexist Party|60x60px]] [[File:FUNCINPEC logo.png|link=FUNCINPEC|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=enninful12/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/a35269653/why-color-purple-biden-inauguration/ |title=The Deep Meaning of the Color Purple at the Biden Inauguration |work=Town & Country Magazine |first=Jessica |last=Iredale |date=20 January 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123202349/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/a35269653/why-color-purple-biden-inauguration/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/rnc-2020-and-the-symbols-of-history-crowns-hornets-and-boiler-plugs/ |title=RNC 2020 and the symbols of history: Crowns, Hornets, and Boiler Plugs |work=People's World |first=Lorri |last=Nandrea |date=18 February 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121175905/https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/rnc-2020-and-the-symbols-of-history-crowns-hornets-and-boiler-plugs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| [[Pacifism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#FFFFFF |border=darkgray}} White}} |
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| {{ubl|[[White flag#The white flag|The white flag]]|[[Peace symbols#Dove and olive branch|Dove]]|[[Peace symbols#Peace symbol|Peace symbol]]|[[White poppy]]|[[V sign]]}} |
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| [[File:ECOPEACE Party logo.svg|link=ECOPEACE Party|60x60px]] [[File:Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij logo.svg|link=Pacifist Socialist Party|60x60px]] [[File:EDA logo.svg|link=United Democratic Left|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=enninful12/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/peace-symbols-through-history/ |title=Peace symbols through history |publisher=[[The History Press]] |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044652/https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/articles/peace-symbols-through-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| [[Social democracy]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#F50E0E |border=darkgray}} Red}} |
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| {{ubl|Handshake|[[Rose (symbolism)#Socialism and social democracy|Red rose]]|Fist}} |
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| [[File:Socialdemokratiet symbol (2014–present).svg|link=Social Democrats (Denmark)|60x60px]] [[File:Logo e Lëvizjes Socialiste për Integrim.svg|link=Socialist Movement for Integration|60x60px]] [[File:CSSD Logo Alt.svg|link=Czech Social Democratic Party|60x60px]] |
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| <ref>{{Cite book|title=Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design|last1=Adams|first1=Sean|last2=Morioka|first2=Noreen|last3=Stone|first3=Terry Lee|date=2006|publisher=Rockport Publishers|isbn=159253192X|location=Gloucester, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86 86]|oclc=60393965|url=https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Rohit Vishal|last2=Joshi|first2=Radhika|date=October–December 2006|title=Colour, Colour Everywhere: In Marketing Too|journal=SCMS Journal of Indian Management|volume=3|issue=4|pages=40–46|issn=0973-3167|ssrn=969272}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/denmark-democratic-ownership-finance-act-social-democrats-red-green-alliance |title=Denmark's "Democratic Ownership" Agenda Shows We Can Run Our Own Lives |work=Jacobin |first=Poyâ |last=Pâkzâd |date=December 2020 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129081123/https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/denmark-democratic-ownership-finance-act-social-democrats-red-green-alliance |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=korff92/> |
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| [[Socialism]] |
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| {{ubl|{{Color box|#F50E0E |border=darkgray}} Red}} |
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| [[Rose (symbolism)#Socialism and social democracy|Red rose]] |
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| [[File:Emblem of the Socialist Party of Chile.svg|link=Socialist Party of Chile|60x60px]] [[File:Partia Socialiste.svg|link=Socialist Party of Albania|60x60px]] [[File:Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional.svg|link=Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front|60x60px]] |
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| <ref name=klein18>{{cite web |url=https://www.goethe.de/en/kul/ges/eu2/kar/21254970.html |title=Interview with Gerd Koenen: The Fading of a Political Colour |publisher=[[Goethe-Institut]] |first=Sarah |last=Klein |date=April 2018 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129052440/https://www.goethe.de/en/kul/ges/eu2/kar/21254970.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ambito-juridico.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/192209688/uso-de-cores-de-partido-em-predios-publicos-gera-condenacao-por-improbidade |title=Uso de cores de partido em prédios públicos gera condenação por improbidade |language=pt |work=Jusbrasil |year=2015 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130034946/https://ambito-juridico.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/192209688/uso-de-cores-de-partido-em-predios-publicos-gera-condenacao-por-improbidade |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk/coins_August2017.html|title=Coins of the Month -- The symbols of the French socialists from the nineteenth century to today|last=Einaudi|first=Luca|date=August 2017|website=www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk|publisher=Joint Centre for History and Economics, University of Cambridge|access-date=2019-05-26|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131020124/https://www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk/coins_August2017.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tiemporeal.com.pe/farc-frente-amplio-partido-socialista-argentino/ |title=¿Coincidencia? ¿Por qué estos 3 logos de partidos de izquierda son tan parecidos? |language=es |work=Tiempo Real |date=20 September 2017 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042915/https://www.tiemporeal.com.pe/farc-frente-amplio-partido-socialista-argentino/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=korff92/> |
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== Lihat pula == |
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* [[List of largest political parties]] |
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* [[List of ruling political parties by country]] |
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* [[Political lists#Political parties by country|Lists of political parties by country]] |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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| Baris 166: | Baris 49: | ||
* [https://www.globalpartysurvey.org/ The Global Party Survey dataset] |
* [https://www.globalpartysurvey.org/ The Global Party Survey dataset] |
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{{Spektrum politik}} |
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{{Portal bar|Politics|Anarchism|Communism|Conservatism|European Union|Feminism|Freedom of speech|Genocide||Law|Liberalism|Libertarianism|Socialism|War}} |
{{Portal bar|Politics|Anarchism|Communism|Conservatism|European Union|Feminism|Freedom of speech|Genocide||Law|Liberalism|Libertarianism|Socialism|War}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Kategori:Partai politik]] |
[[Kategori:Partai politik| ]] |
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[[Kategori: |
[[Kategori:Politik]] |
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[[Kategori: |
[[Kategori:Pemilihan umum]] |
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Revisi terkini sejak 25 Juli 2024 01.59
| Bagian dari seri Politik |
| Partai politik |
|---|
 Portal Politik |
Partai politik adalah organisasi yang mengoordinasikan calon untuk bersaing dalam pemilihan di negara tertentu. Anggota partai umumnya memiliki gagasan yang sama tentang politik dan partai dapat mempromosikan tujuan ideologis yang mengedepankan dasar negara tersebut serta kebijakan tertentu sebagai penguat rasa persatuan.
Partai politik telah menjadi bagian utama dari kancah perpolitikan hampir di setiap negara karena organisasi partai modern berkembang dan menyebar ke seluruh dunia selama beberapa abad terakhir. Sangat jarang suatu negara tidak memiliki partai politik. Beberapa negara hanya memiliki satu partai politik, sementara negara lain memiliki beberapa partai. Partai penting dalam perpolitikan autokrasi serta demokrasi, meskipun biasanya lebih banyak partai politik berada dalam negara penganut demokrasi daripada autokrasi. Autokrasi sering memiliki satu partai yang mengatur negara dan beberapa ilmuwan politik menganggap persaingan antara dua partai atau lebih sebagai bagian penting dari demokrasi.
Partai dapat berkembang dari perpecahan yang ada dalam masyarakat seperti perpecahan antara kelas bawah dan atas serta mereka merampingkan proses pengambilan keputusan politik dengan mendorong anggotanya untuk bekerja sama. Partai politik biasanya mencakup seorang pemimpin partai yang memiliki tanggung jawab utama atas kegiatan partai. Eksekutif partai dapat memilih pemimpin dan yang melakukan tugas administratif dan organisasi. Anggota partai mungkin secara sukarela membantu partai, menyumbang uang untuk partai, dan memilih calon partai itu. Ada banyak cara berbeda ketika partai politik dapat terstruktur dan berinteraksi dengan pemilih. Sumbangsih yang diberikan warga kepada partai politik seringkali diatur oleh undang-undang dan partai terkadang mengatur dengan cara yang menguntungkan orang-orang yang menyumbangkan waktu dan uang kepada mereka.
Banyak partai politik dimotivasi oleh tujuan ideologis. Pemilihan demokratis umumnya menampilkan persaingan antara partai-partai berhaluan liberal, konservatif, dan sosialis; ideologi umum lainnya dari partai politik yang sangat besar termasuk komunisme, populisme, dan nasionalisme. Partai politik di berbagai negara akan sering mengadopsi warna dan simbol yang sama untuk mengidentifikasi diri mereka dengan ideologi tertentu. Namun, banyak partai politik tidak memiliki afiliasi ideologis dan malah mungkin hanya terlibat dalam patronase, klientelisme, kronisme, atau kepentingan pengusaha politik tertentu.
Pengertian
[sunting | sunting sumber]Anggota partai politik mengikuti pemilihan dengan label bersama-sama. Dalam pengertian sempit, partai politik dapat dianggap hanya sebagai sekelompok calon yang mencalonkan diri di bawah label partai.[1] Dalam pengertian yang lebih luas, partai politik adalah seluruh aparatur yang mendukung pemilihan suatu kelompok calon, termasuk pemilih dan sukarelawan yang mengidentifikasi diri dengan partai politik tertentu, organisasi resmi partai yang mendukung pemilihan calon partai tersebut, dan legislator di pemerintahan yang berafiliasi dengan partai tersebut.[2] Di banyak negara, pengertian partai politik diartikan dalam undang-undang, dan pemerintah dapat menetapkan persyaratan bagi organisasi untuk memenuhi syarat secara hukum sebagai partai politik.[3]
Partai politik dibedakan dari kelompok dan klub politik lain seperti faksi politik atau kelompok kepentingan, ketika partai berfokus pada pemilihan calon, sedangkan kelompok kepentingan berfokus kepada memajukan agenda kebijakan.[4] Hal ini terkait dengan suatu hal lain yang terkadang membedakan partai dari organisasi politik lainnya, termasuk keanggotaan yang lebih besar, kestabilan yang lebih besar dari waktu ke waktu, dan hubungan yang lebih dalam dengan pemilih.[5]
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]Gagasan sejumlah orang membentuk kelompok atau faksi besar untuk mengadvokasi kepentingan bersama mereka telah ada sejak lama. Plato menyebutkan faksi politik Athena klasik di Republik, dan Aristoteles membahas kecenderungan berbagai jenis pemerintahan untuk menghasilkan faksi dalam Politik. Perselisihan kuno tertentu juga bersifat faksi seperti kerusuhan Nika antara dua faksi balap kereta perang di Hipodrom Konstantinopel. Beberapa contoh kelompok atau faksi politik yang tercatat dalam sejarah termasuk faksi Populares dan Optimates dari Republik Romawi serta Orangis dan Partai Negara Belanda dari Republik Belanda. Namun, partai politik modern dianggap baru muncul sekitar akhir abad ke-18; mereka biasanya dianggap pertama kali muncul di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat, dengan Partai Konservatif Britania Raya dan Partai Demokrat Amerika Serikat keduanya sering disebut "partai politik berkelanjutan tertua" di dunia.[1][6][7][8]
Sebelum berkembangnya partai politik massa, pemilu biasanya menampilkan tingkat persaingan yang jauh lebih rendah, memiliki politik yang cukup kecil sehingga pengambilan keputusan langsung dapat dilakukan, dan menyelenggarakan pemilihan umum yang didominasi oleh jaringan atau hubungan individu yang secara independen dapat mendorong seorang kandidat meraih kemenangan dalam pemilu. pemilihan.[9]
Tujuan Partai Politik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Tujuan partai politik secara umum yaitu:
- Mewujudkan cita-cita nasional bangsa Indonesia sebagai dimaksud dalam Pembukaan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
- Menjaga dan memelihara keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.
- Mengembangkan dan memprioritaskan kejujuran dalam berkehidupan demokrasi berdasarkan pancasila dengan menjunjung tinggi kedaulatan masyarakat dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.
- Mewujudkan kesejahteraan, keamanan, kenyamanan, ketertiban bagi seluruh masyarakat Indonesia.
- Membangun adat dan budaya dan Etika politik dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan beragama[10].
Kewajiban Partai Politik
[sunting | sunting sumber]Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2008, tercantumkan kewajiban partai politik di Indonesia:
- Mengamalkan Pancasila, melaksanakan Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, dan peraturan perundang-undangan;
- Memeliharan dan mempertahankan keutuhan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia;
- Berpatisipasi dalam pembangunan nasional;
- Menjunjung tinggi supremasi hukum, demokrasi, dan hak asasi manusia;
- Melakukan pendidikan politik dan menyalurkan aspirasi politik anggotanya;
- Menyukseskan penyelenggaraan pemilihan umum;
- Melakukan pendaftaran dan memelihara ketertiban data anggota;
- Membuat pembukaan, memelihara daftar penyumbang dan jumlah sumbangan yang diterima, serta terbuka kepada masyarakat;
- Menyampaikan laporan pertanggung jawaban penerima dan pengeluaran keuangan yang bersumber dari dana batuan anggaran pendapatan dan Belanja Negara dan Anggaran;
- Memiliki rekening khusus dana kampanye pemilihan umum;
- Wajib menyosialisasikan program Partai Politik kepada masyarakat;
- Tidak mengambil dana sumbangan dari anggaota yang sedang menjabat di Eksekutif dan Legislatif[10].
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b Chhibber, Pradeep K.; Kollman, Ken (2004). The formation of national party systems: Federalism and party competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States. Princeton University Press.
- ^ Sarah F. Anzia; Olivia M. Meeks (May 2016). "Political Parties and Policy Demanders in Local Elections" (PDF). University of Maryland-Hewlett Foundation conference on Parties, Polarization and Policy Demanders. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 8 October 2020. Diakses tanggal 14 February 2021.
- ^ Avnon, Dan (16 November 2007). "Parties laws in democratic systems of government". The Journal of Legislative Studies. 1 (2): 283–300. doi:10.1080/13572339508420429.
- ^ John Anthony Maltese; Joseph A. Pika; W. Phillips Shively (13 January 2020). American democracy in context. Sage. hlm. 182. ISBN 978-1544345222.
- ^ Belloni, Frank P.; Beller, Dennis C. (1976). "The Study of Party Factions as Competitive Political Organizations". The Western Political Quarterly. 29 (4): 531–549. doi:10.1177/106591297602900405.
- ^ Metcalf, Michael F. (1977). "The first "modern" party system? Political parties, Sweden's Age of liberty and the historians". Scandinavian Journal of History. 2 (1–4): 265–287. doi:10.1080/03468757708578923.
- ^ Dirr, Alison (2016-10-24). "Is the Democratic Party the oldest continuous political party in the world?". Politifact Wisconsin. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 September 2019. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-30.
- ^ Stanek, Wojciech (1996). Konfederacje a ewolucja mechanizmów walki politycznej w Rzeczypospolitej XVIII wieku. Olsztyn: Interpress. hlm. 135–136.
- ^ Carles Boix (July 2009). "The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems". Dalam Carles Boix; Susan C. Stokes. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021.
- ^ a b https://www.merdeka.com/jatim/7-tujuan-partai-politik-menurut-uu-di-indonesia-dan-kewajibannya-anda-wajib-tahu-kln.html
Bacaan lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]| Umum | |
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| Perpustakaan nasional | |
| Lain-lain | |
