Krisis Kongo: Perbedaan antara revisi

Krisis Kongo
	Bagian dari Dekolonisasi Afrika dan Perang Dingin
	; Pasukan Belgia sedang bertugas di Kongo pasa Operasi Dragon Rouge, 1964
Tanggal	30 Juni 1960 – 25 November 1965; (5 tahun, 4 bulan, 3 minggu dan 5 hari)
Lokasi	Republik Kongo ; (sekarang Republik Demokratik Kongo)
Hasil	Kongo didirikan sebagai negara persatuan dan merdeka yang diperintah oleh Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
Pihak terlibat
1960–63: ; Republik Kongo Didukung oleh:; Uni Soviet (1960); OPBBK	1960–63:; Katanga; Kasai Selatan Didukung oleh:; Belgia 1960–62:; Pemerintah Stanleyville Didukung oleh: ; Uni Soviet
1964–65:; Republik Demokratik Kongo Didukung oleh:; Amerika Serikat; Belgia	1964–65:; Pemberontakan Simba dan Kwilu Didukung oleh: Uni Soviet; Tiongkok; Kuba;
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Joseph Kasa-Vubu; Patrice Lumumba †; Dag Hammarskjöld †; U Thant; Joseph Kasa-Vubu; Joseph-Désiré Mobutu; Moise Tshombe (dari 1963);	Moise Tshombe; Albert Kalonji; Gaston Eyskens; Théo Lefèvre; Antoine Gizenga; Pierre Mulele; Christophe Gbenye;
Korban
	Jumlah korban tewas: ca 100,000 (perkiraan)

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Revisi terkini sejak 18 Juni 2024 07.42

Templat:Kemerdekaan Kongo Templat:Kotak Kampanye Konflik di Kongo

Krisis Kongo (bahasa Prancis: Crise congolaise) adalah masa kebangkitan politik dan konflik di Republik Kongo (sekarang Republik Demokratik Kongo)^[c] antara 1960 dan 1965. Krisis tersebut dimulai setelah Kongo merdeka dari Belgia, dan berakhir, secara tak resmi, dengan seluruh negara tersebut berada di bawah kekuasaan Joseph-Désiré Mobutu. Diwarnai dengan serangkaian perang saudara, Krisis Kongo juga merupakan konflik proksi dalam Perang Dingin dimana Uni Soviet dan Amerika Serikat mendukung faksi-faksi yang berseberangan. Sekitar 100,000 orang diyakini tewas pada krisis tersebut.

Catatan dan referensi

Catatan kaki

^ OPBBK, Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo, meliputi para pasukan dari Ghana, Tunisia, Maroko, Ethiopia, Irlandia, Guinea, Swedia, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Kanada, India, Indonesia, Republik Arab Bersatu dan lain-lain.^[1]
^ Sekesi Katanga dan Kasai Selatan juga didukung oleh Afrika Selatan, Prancis dan negara tetangganya Federasi Afrika Tengah.^[2] Namun, negara tersebut tak pernah secara resmi diakui oleh negara lain.^[3]
^ Tidak sama dengan negara tetangganya yang dikenal sebagai Republik Kongo, dulunya Kongo Prancis, dengan ibukotanya di Brazzaville. Nama negara tersebut diubah menjadi Republik Demokratik Kongo pada Agustus 1964.^[5]

Referensi

^ Haskin 2005, hlm. 24–5.
^ Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007, hlm. 101.
^ Nugent 2004, hlm. 97.
^ Mwakikagile 2014, hlm. 72.
^ EISA 2002a.

Daftar pustaka

"1961: Lumumba Rally Clashes with UK Police". On this Day. BBC. 19 February 2008. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
"Belgium link in Lumumba death". BBC. 16 November 2001. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2014.
Boulden, Jane (2001). Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia (edisi ke-1st). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96906-1.
Borstelmann, Thomas (1993). Apartheid, Colonialism, and the Cold War: the United States and Southern Africa, 1945–1952. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507942-6.
Braeckman, Colette (2 January 2007). "Antoine Gizenga ou la revanche de l'histoire". Le Soir. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
"DRC: Background to the 1965 election". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-25. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
"DRC: Constitutional Crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-07-25. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
Fox, Renee C.; Craemer, Willy, de; Ribeaucourt, Jean-Marie (October 1965). ""The Second Independence": A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion in the Congo". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 8 (1): 78–109. doi:10.1017/s0010417500003911. JSTOR 177537.
Freund, Bill (1998). The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800 (edisi ke-2nd). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-69872-3.
Gendebien, Paul-Henry (1967). L'Intervention Des Nations Unies Au Congo. 1960–1964. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-113787-2.
Gibbs, David N. (July 1996). "Misrepresenting the Congo Crisis". African Affairs. 95 (380): 453–9. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007743. JSTOR 723578.
Gleijeses, Piero (April 1994). ""Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!": The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–65" (PDF). Diplomatic History. 18 (2): 207–37. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x. ISSN 0145-2096. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2018-01-21. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-29.
Gondola, Didier (2002). The History of Congo. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31696-8.
Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005). The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN 0-87586-416-3.
Jullien, Maud (11 August 2013). "Katanga: Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede". BBC Africa. BBC. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2014.
Meredith, Martin (1984). The First Dance of Freedom: Black Africa in the Postwar Era (edisi ke-1st US). London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-11340-0.
Mockler, Anthony (1986). "Soldiers of Fortune: 5 Commando, the Congo 1964–65". 1 (6). Orbis. The Elite. hlm. 116–120. ISSN 0030-4387.
Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2014). Statecraft and Nation Building in Africa: A Post-colonial Study. Dar es Salaam: New Africa Press. ISBN 978-9987-16-039-6.
Nugent, Paul (2004). Africa since Independence: A Comparative History. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-333-68273-9.
Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2007). The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (edisi ke-3rd). New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-1-84277-053-5.
Pakenham, Thomas (1992). The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 (edisi ke-13th). London: Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-10449-2.
Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo (2007). The Congo: Plunder and Resistance. London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-485-4.
Struelens, Michel (1978). The United Nations in the Congo, Or O.N.U.C., and International Politics (edisi ke-1st). Brussels: Max Arnold. OCLC 2618699.
Turner, Thomas (2007). The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality (edisi ke-2nd). London: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-688-9.
United Nations Security Council. "UN Resolution 169". United Nations Documents. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2014.
Verhaegen, Benoît (1967). "Les rébellions populaires au Congo en 1964" (PDF). Cahiers d'études africaines. 7 (26): 345–59. doi:10.3406/cea.1967.3100. ISSN 0008-0055. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-09-24. Diakses tanggal 2016-09-29.
Whelan, Michael (2006). The Battle of Jadotville: Irish Soldiers in Combat in the Congo 1961 (pdf). Dublin: South Dublin Libraries. ISBN 978-0-9547660-6-1.
Wood, J. R. T. (2005). So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-4952-8.
Zeilig, Leo (2008). Lumumba: Africa's Lost Leader. London: Haus. ISBN 978-1-905791-02-6.

Bacaan tambahan

De Witte, Ludo (2002). The Assassination of Lumumba (edisi ke-Trans.). London: Verso. ISBN 1-85984-410-3.
Gérard-Libois, Jules (1966). Katanga Secession. Trans. Young, Rebecca. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. OCLC 477435.
Hughes, Matthew (September 2003). "Fighting for White Rule in Africa: The Central African Federation, Katanga, and the Congo Crisis, 1958–1965". The International History Review. 25 (3): 592–615. doi:10.1080/07075332.2003.9641007. JSTOR 40109400.
Kaplan, Lawrence S. (April 1967). "The United States, Belgium, and the Congo Crisis of 1960". The Review of Politics. 29 (2): 239–56. doi:10.1017/s0034670500023949. JSTOR 1405667.
Namikas, Lise (2013). Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo, 1960–1965. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8486-3.
Weiss, Herbert (April 2012). "The Congo's Independence Struggle Viewed Fifty Years Later". African Studies Review. 55 (1): 109–15. doi:10.1017/s0034670500023949. JSTOR 41804131.

Pranala luar

[2] OPBBK, Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo, meliputi para pasukan dari Ghana, Tunisia, Maroko, Ethiopia, Irlandia, Guinea, Swedia, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Kanada, India, Indonesia, Republik Arab Bersatu dan lain-lain.^[1]

[5] Sekesi Katanga dan Kasai Selatan juga didukung oleh Afrika Selatan, Prancis dan negara tetangganya Federasi Afrika Tengah.^[2] Namun, negara tersebut tak pernah secara resmi diakui oleh negara lain.^[3]

[8] Tidak sama dengan negara tetangganya yang dikenal sebagai Republik Kongo, dulunya Kongo Prancis, dengan ibukotanya di Brazzaville. Nama negara tersebut diubah menjadi Republik Demokratik Kongo pada Agustus 1964.^[5]

[FOOTNOTEHaskin200524–5-1] Haskin 2005, hlm. 24–5.

[FOOTNOTENzongola-Ntalaja2007101-3] Nzongola-Ntalaja 2007, hlm. 101.

[FOOTNOTENugent200497-4] Nugent 2004, hlm. 97.

[FOOTNOTEMwakikagile201472-6] Mwakikagile 2014, hlm. 72.

[FOOTNOTEEISA2002a-7] EISA 2002a.

[a]

[b]

[4]

[c]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[5]

@@ Baris 5: / Baris 5: @@
 | caption     = Pasukan Belgia sedang bertugas di Kongo pasa [[Operasi Dragon Rouge|Operasi ''Dragon Rouge'']], 1964
 | date        = 30 Juni 1960&nbsp;– 25 November 1965<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=30|year1=1960|month2=11|day2=25|year2=1965}})
-| place       = [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Kongo]]<br /><small>(sekarang [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]])</small>
+| place       = [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Kongo]] <br> <small>(sekarang [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]])<small>
 | result      = Kongo didirikan sebagai negara persatuan dan merdeka yang diperintah oleh [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]]
-| combatant1  = <small>1960–63:</small><br />
+| combatant1  = <small> 1960–63:<small> <br>
 {{flagicon|COD|1960}} [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Kongo]]
-'''Didukung oleh:'''<br />{{flag|Uni Soviet|1955}} <small>(1960)</small><br />{{flagicon|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa}} [[Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo|OPBBK]]{{efn|OPBBK, Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo, meliputi para pasukan dari [[Ghana]], [[Tunisia]], [[Maroko]], [[Kekaisaran Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Guinea]], [[Swedia]], [[Mali]], [[Sejarah Sudan (1956–69)|Sudan]], [[Liberia]], [[Kanada]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Republik Arab Bersatu]] dan lain-lain.{{sfn|Haskin|2005|pp=24–5}}}}
+'''Didukung oleh:'''<br>{{flag|Uni Soviet|1955}} <small>(1960)</small><br />{{flagicon|Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa}} [[Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo|OPBBK]]{{efn|OPBBK, Operasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Kongo, meliputi para pasukan dari [[Ghana]], [[Tunisia]], [[Maroko]], [[Kekaisaran Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]], [[Guinea]], [[Swedia]], [[Mali]], [[Sejarah Sudan (1956–69)|Sudan]], [[Liberia]], [[Kanada]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Republik Arab Bersatu]] dan lain-lain.{{sfn|Haskin|2005|pp=24–5}}}}
 | combatant2 = <small>1960–63:</small><br />
 {{flag|Katanga}}<br />{{flag|Kasai Selatan}}
-'''Didukung oleh:'''<br />{{flag|Belgia}}{{efn|Sekesi Katanga dan Kasai Selatan juga didukung oleh [[Uni Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]], [[Republik Perancis Kelima|Perancis]] dan negara tetangganya [[Federasi Rhodesia dan Nyasaland|Federasi Afrika Tengah]].{{sfn|Nzongola-Ntalaja|2007|p=101}} Namun, negara tersebut tak pernah [[pengakuan diplomatik|secara resmi diakui]] oleh negara lain.{{sfn|Nugent|2004|p=97}} }}
+'''Didukung oleh:'''<br>{{flag|Belgia}} {{efn|Sekesi Katanga dan Kasai Selatan juga didukung oleh [[Uni Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]], [[Republik Prancis Kelima|Prancis]] dan negara tetangganya [[Federasi Rhodesia dan Nyasaland|Federasi Afrika Tengah]].{{sfn|Nzongola-Ntalaja|2007|p=101}} Namun, negara tersebut tak pernah [[pengakuan diplomatik|secara resmi diakui]] oleh negara lain.{{sfn|Nugent|2004|p=97}} }}
 ----
 <small>1960–62:</small><br />
 {{flagicon|COD|1960}} Pemerintah Stanleyville
-'''Didukung oleh:'''<br />{{flag|Uni Soviet|1955}}
+'''Didukung oleh:''' <br > {{flag|Uni Soviet|1955}}
 | combatant3 =
-| combatant1a = <small>1964–65:</small><br />
+| combatant1a = <small>1964–65:<small><br>
 {{flagicon|COD|1963}} [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Demokratik Kongo]]
-'''Didukung oleh:'''<br />{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}<br />{{flag|Belgia}}
+'''Didukung oleh:'''<br>{{flag|Amerika Serikat}}<br>{{flag|Belgia}}
-| combatant2a = <small>1964–65:</small><br />
+| combatant2a = <small> 1964–65:<small><br>
 {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Pemberontakan Simba|Pemberontakan Simba dan Kwilu]]
@@ Baris 71: / Baris 71: @@
 | campaignbox = {{Kemerdekaan Kongo}}{{Kotak Kampanye Konflik di Kongo}}
 }}
-'''Krisis Kongo''' ({{lang-fr|Crise congolaise}}) adalah masa [[krisis|kebangkitan politik]] dan [[perang|konflik]] di [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Kongo]] (sekarang [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]]){{efn|Tidak sama dengan negara tetangganya yang dikenal sebagai [[Republik Kongo]], dulunya [[Kongo Perancis]], dengan ibukotanya di [[Brazzaville]]. Nama negara tersebut diubah menjadi Republik Demokratik Kongo pada Agustus 1964.{{sfn|EISA|2002a}} }} antara 1960 dan 1965. Krisis tersebut dimulai setelah Kongo merdeka dari Belgia, dan berakhir, secara tak resmi, dengan seluruh negara tersebut berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]]. Diwarnai dengan serangkaian [[perang saudara]], Krisis Kongo juga merupakan [[perang proksi|konflik proksi]] dalam [[Perang Dingin]] dimana [[Uni Soviet]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]] mendukung faksi-faksi yang berseberangan. Sekitar 100,000 orang diyakini tewas pada krisis tersebut.
-==Catatan dan referensi==
+'''Krisis Kongo''' ({{lang-fr|Crise congolaise}}) adalah masa [[krisis|kebangkitan politik]] dan [[perang|konflik]] di [[Republik Kongo (Léopoldville)|Republik Kongo]] (sekarang [[Republik Demokratik Kongo]]){{efn|Tidak sama dengan negara tetangganya yang dikenal sebagai [[Republik Kongo]], dulunya [[Kongo Prancis]], dengan ibukotanya di [[Brazzaville]]. Nama negara tersebut diubah menjadi Republik Demokratik Kongo pada Agustus 1964.{{sfn|EISA|2002a}} }} antara 1960 dan 1965. Krisis tersebut dimulai setelah Kongo merdeka dari Belgia, dan berakhir, secara tak resmi, dengan seluruh negara tersebut berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Mobutu Sese Seko|Joseph-Désiré Mobutu]]. Diwarnai dengan serangkaian [[perang saudara]], Krisis Kongo juga merupakan [[perang proksi|konflik proksi]] dalam [[Perang Dingin]] dimana [[Uni Soviet]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]] mendukung faksi-faksi yang berseberangan. Sekitar 100,000 orang diyakini tewas pada krisis tersebut.
-===Catatan kaki===
+== Catatan dan referensi ==
+=== Catatan kaki ===
 {{Notelist}}
-===Referensi===
+=== Referensi ===
 {{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}
-===Daftar pustaka===
+=== Daftar pustaka ===
 {{refbegin|30em}}
 * {{cite news|ref={{harvid|BBC|2005}}|title=1961: Lumumba Rally Clashes with UK Police|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/19/newsid_2748000/2748931.stm|accessdate=8 July 2014|work=On this Day|agency=[[BBC]]|date=19 February 2008}}
 * {{cite news|ref={{harvid|BBC|2001}}|title=Belgium link in Lumumba death|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1660615.stm|accessdate=11 July 2014|agency=BBC|date=16 November 2001}}
-* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Boulden|2001}}|last1=Boulden|first1=Jane|title=Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia|date=2001|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=0-275-96906-1|edition=1st}}
+* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Boulden|2001}}|last1=Boulden|first1=Jane|title=Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia|url=https://archive.org/details/peaceenforcement0000boul|date=2001|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=0-275-96906-1|edition=1st}}
 * {{cite book|last=Borstelmann|first=Thomas|ref={{harvid|Borstelmann|1993}}|title=Apartheid, Colonialism, and the Cold War: the United States and Southern Africa, 1945–1952|year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-507942-6}}
 * {{cite news|ref={{harvid|Le Soir|2007}}|last=Braeckman|first=Colette|title=Antoine Gizenga ou la revanche de l'histoire|url=http://blog.lesoir.be/colette-braeckman/2007/01/02/antoine-gizenga-ou-la-revanche-de-lhistoire/|publisher=[[Le Soir]]|date=2 January 2007|accessdate=8 July 2014}}
-* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|EISA|2002a}}|title=DRC: Background to the 1965 election|url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-background-1965-election|publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA)|accessdate=8 July 2014}}
+* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|EISA|2002a}}|title=DRC: Background to the 1965 election|url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-background-1965-election|publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA)|accessdate=8 July 2014|archive-date=2014-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725053318/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-background-1965-election|dead-url=yes}}
-* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|EISA|2002b}}|title=DRC: Constitutional Crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe|url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-constitutional-crisis-between-kasavubu-and-tshombe|publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA)|accessdate=8 July 2014}}
+* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|EISA|2002b}}|title=DRC: Constitutional Crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe|url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-constitutional-crisis-between-kasavubu-and-tshombe|publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa (EISA)|accessdate=8 July 2014|archive-date=2014-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725065303/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/drc-constitutional-crisis-between-kasavubu-and-tshombe|dead-url=yes}}
-* {{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Renee C.|last2=Craemer|first2=Willy, de|last3=Ribeaucourt|first3=Jean-Marie|title="The Second Independence": A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion in the Congo|journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]]|date=October 1965|volume=8|issue=1|pages=78–109|ref={{harvid|Fox|de Craemer|Ribeaucourt|1965}}|jstor=177537|doi=10.1017/s0010417500003911}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Renee C.|last2=Craemer|first2=Willy, de|last3=Ribeaucourt|first3=Jean-Marie|title="The Second Independence": A Case Study of the Kwilu Rebellion in the Congo|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_1965-10_8_1/page/78|journal=[[Comparative Studies in Society and History]]|date=October 1965|volume=8|issue=1|pages=78–109|ref={{harvid|Fox|de Craemer|Ribeaucourt|1965}}|jstor=177537|doi=10.1017/s0010417500003911}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Freund|1998}}|last1=Freund|first1=Bill|title=The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800|date=1998|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0-333-69872-3|edition=2nd}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Gendebien|1967}}|last1=Gendebien|first1=Paul-Henry|title=L'Intervention Des Nations Unies Au Congo. 1960–1964|date=1967|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-11-113787-2}}
-* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Gibbs|1996}}|last1=Gibbs|first1=David N.|title=Misrepresenting the Congo Crisis|journal=[[African Affairs]]|date=July 1996|volume=95|issue=380|pages=453–9|jstor=723578|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007743}}
+* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Gibbs|1996}}|last1=Gibbs|first1=David N.|title=Misrepresenting the Congo Crisis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1996-07_95_380/page/453|journal=[[African Affairs]]|date=July 1996|volume=95|issue=380|pages=453–9|jstor=723578|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007743}}
-* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Gleijeses|1994}}|last1=Gleijeses|first1=Piero|title="Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!": The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–65|journal=Diplomatic History|date=April 1994|volume=18|issue=2|pages=207–37|issn=0145-2096|url=https://ohiostatepress.org/Books/Complete%20PDFs/Hahn%20Empire/05.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x }}
+* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Gleijeses|1994}}|last1=Gleijeses|first1=Piero|title="Flee! The White Giants Are Coming!": The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–65|journal=Diplomatic History|date=April 1994|volume=18|issue=2|pages=207–37|issn=0145-2096|url=https://ohiostatepress.org/Books/Complete%20PDFs/Hahn%20Empire/05.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x|access-date=2016-09-29|archive-date=2018-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121002623/https://ohiostatepress.org/books/Complete%20PDFs/Hahn%20Empire/05.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
-* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Gondola|2002}}|last1=Gondola|first1=Didier|title=The History of Congo|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-31696-8}}
+* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Gondola|2002}}|last1=Gondola|first1=Didier|title=The History of Congo|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780313316968|date=2002|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-31696-8}}
-* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Haskin|2005}}|last=Haskin|first=Jeanne M.|title=The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship|year=2005|location=New York|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=0-87586-416-3}}
+* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Haskin|2005}}|last=Haskin|first=Jeanne M.|title=The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship|url=https://archive.org/details/tragicstateofcon0000hask|year=2005|location=New York|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=0-87586-416-3}}
 * {{cite news|ref={{harvid|BBC|2013}}|last1=Jullien|first1=Maud|title=Katanga: Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23422038|accessdate=11 July 2014|work=BBC Africa|agency=BBC|date=11 August 2013}}
-*{{cite book|ref={{harvid|Meredith|1984}}|last=Meredith|first=Martin|authorlink=Martin Meredith|title=The First Dance of Freedom: Black Africa in the Postwar Era|date=1984|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|location=London|isbn=978-0-241-11340-0|edition=1st US}}
+* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Meredith|1984}}|last=Meredith|first=Martin|authorlink=Martin Meredith|title=The First Dance of Freedom: Black Africa in the Postwar Era|date=1984|publisher=Hamish Hamilton|location=London|isbn=978-0-241-11340-0|edition=1st US}}
 * {{cite news|ref={{harvid|Mockler|1986}}|last1=Mockler|first1=Anthony|title=Soldiers of Fortune: 5 Commando, the Congo 1964–65|agency=The Elite|volume=1|issue=6|publisher=Orbis|date=1986|pages=116–120|issn=0030-4387}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Mwakikagile|2014}}|last1=Mwakikagile|first1=Godfrey|title=Statecraft and Nation Building in Africa: A Post-colonial Study|date=2014|publisher=New Africa Press|location=Dar es Salaam|isbn=978-9987-16-039-6}}
-* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Nugent|2004}}|last=Nugent|first=Paul|title=Africa since Independence: A Comparative History|publisher=Palgrave-MacMillan|year=2004|location=New York|isbn=978-0-333-68273-9}}
+* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Nugent|2004}}|last=Nugent|first=Paul|title=Africa since Independence: A Comparative History|url=https://archive.org/details/africasinceindep0000nuge|publisher=Palgrave-MacMillan|year=2004|location=New York|isbn=978-0-333-68273-9}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Nzongola-Ntalaja|2007}}|last=Nzongola-Ntalaja|first=Georges|authorlink=Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja|title=The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History|date=2007|publisher=Palgrave|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84277-053-5|edition=3rd}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Pakenham|1992}}|last=Pakenham|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Pakenham (historian)|title=The Scramble for Africa: the White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912|year=1992|publisher=Abacus|location=London|isbn=978-0-349-10449-2|edition=13th}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Renton|Seddon|Zeilig|2007}}|last1=Renton|first1=David|last2=Seddon|first2=David|last3=Zeilig|first3=Leo|title=The Congo: Plunder and Resistance|date=2007|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn= 978-1-84277-485-4}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Struelens|1978}}|last1=Struelens|first1=Michel|title=The United Nations in the Congo, Or O.N.U.C., and International Politics|date=1978|publisher=Max Arnold|location=Brussels|oclc=2618699|edition=1st}}
-* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Turner|2007}}|last1=Turner|first1=Thomas|title=The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality|date=2007|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-84277-688-9|edition=2nd}}
+* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Turner|2007}}|last1=Turner|first1=Thomas|title=The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality|url=https://archive.org/details/congowarsconflic00turn_0|date=2007|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-84277-688-9|edition=2nd}}
 * {{cite web|ref={{harvid|UN Resolution 169}}|last1=United Nations Security Council|title=UN Resolution 169|url=http://www.un.org/docs/scres/try/scres61.htm|website=United Nations Documents|accessdate=8 July 2014}}
-* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Verhaegen|1967}}|last1=Verhaegen|first1=Benoît|title=Les rébellions populaires au Congo en 1964|journal=[[Cahiers d'études africaines]]|date=1967|volume=7|issue=26|pages=345–59|issn=0008-0055|url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100/article_cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100.pdf|doi=10.3406/cea.1967.3100}}
+* {{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Verhaegen|1967}}|last1=Verhaegen|first1=Benoît|title=Les rébellions populaires au Congo en 1964|journal=[[Cahiers d'études africaines]]|date=1967|volume=7|issue=26|pages=345–59|issn=0008-0055|url=http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100/article_cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100.pdf|doi=10.3406/cea.1967.3100|access-date=2016-09-29|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151406/http://www.persee.fr/articleAsPDF/cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100/article_cea_0008-0055_1967_num_7_26_3100.pdf|dead-url=yes}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Whelan|2006}}|last=Whelan|first=Michael|title=The Battle of Jadotville: Irish Soldiers in Combat in the Congo 1961|year=2006|url=http://source.southdublinlibraries.ie/bitstream/10599/4927/2/The%20battle%20of%20Jadotville.pdf|publisher=South Dublin Libraries|location=Dublin|isbn=978-0-9547660-6-1|format=pdf}}
 * {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Wood|2005}}|last=Wood|first=J. R. T.|title=So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965|year=2005|publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]]|location=Victoria, British Columbia|isbn=978-1-4120-4952-8}}
@@ Baris 114: / Baris 116: @@
 {{refend}}
-==Bacaan tambahan==
+== Bacaan tambahan ==
 {{refbegin}}
 * {{cite book|last=De Witte|first=Ludo|authorlink=Ludo De Witte|title=The Assassination of Lumumba|date=2002|publisher=Verso|location=London|isbn=1-85984-410-3|edition=Trans.}}
 * {{cite book|last=Gérard-Libois|first=Jules|title=Katanga Secession|date=1966|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|location=Madison|others=Trans. Young, Rebecca|oclc=477435}}
 * {{cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Matthew|title=Fighting for White Rule in Africa: The Central African Federation, Katanga, and the Congo Crisis, 1958–1965|journal=The International History Review|date=September 2003|volume=25|issue=3|pages=592–615|jstor=40109400|doi=10.1080/07075332.2003.9641007}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Lawrence S.|title=The United States, Belgium, and the Congo Crisis of 1960|journal=The Review of Politics|date=April 1967|volume=29|issue=2|pages=239–56|jstor=1405667|doi=10.1017/s0034670500023949}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Lawrence S.|title=The United States, Belgium, and the Congo Crisis of 1960|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_review-of-politics_1967-04_29_2/page/239|journal=The Review of Politics|date=April 1967|volume=29|issue=2|pages=239–56|jstor=1405667|doi=10.1017/s0034670500023949}}
-*{{cite book|last=Namikas|first=Lise|title=Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo, 1960–1965|date=2013|publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8047-8486-3}}
+* {{cite book|last=Namikas|first=Lise|title=Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo, 1960–1965|date=2013|publisher=Woodrow Wilson Center Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8047-8486-3}}
-* {{cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Herbert|title=The Congo's Independence Struggle Viewed Fifty Years Later|journal=African Studies Review|date=April 2012|volume=55|issue=1|pages=109-15|jstor=41804131|doi=10.1017/s0034670500023949}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Herbert|title=The Congo's Independence Struggle Viewed Fifty Years Later|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-studies-review_2012-04_55_1/page/109|journal=African Studies Review|date=April 2012|volume=55|issue=1|pages=109-15|jstor=41804131|doi=10.1017/s0034670500023949}}
 {{refend}}
-==Pranala luar==
+== Pranala luar ==
 {{commons category|Congo Crisis}}
 * [https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/congo-decolonization The Congo, Decolonization, and the Cold War, 1960–1965] at [[United States Department of State]]
@@ Baris 143: / Baris 145: @@
 [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Belgia]]
 [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Kuba]]
-[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Ethiopia]]
+[[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Etiopia]]
 [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan India]]
 [[Kategori:Perang yang melibatkan Irlandia]]