Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: Perbedaan antara revisi

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
	Logo resmi RFE/RL
	Kawasan penyiaran RFE/RL pada 2009
Singkatan	RFE/RL
Tanggal pendirian	1949 (Radio Free Europe), 1953 (Radio Liberty), 1976 (bergabung)
Tipe	Perusahaan Sec 501(c)3 nirlaba swasta
Tujuan	Penyiaran media
Kantor pusat	Prague Broadcast Center
Lokasi	Praha;
Bahasa resmi	Inggris; program tersedia dalam bahasa Albania, Armenia, Arab, Avar, Azerbaijan, Bashkir, Bosnia, Belarusia, Chechnya, Sirkasia, Tatar Krimea, Dari, Georgia, Kazakh, Kirgiz, Makedonia, Montenegro, Pashtun, Persia, Polandia, Rumania, Rusia, Serbia, Tajik, Tatar, Turkmen, Ukraina, Uzbek
Pemilik	Pemerintah Amerika Serikat
Manajer Interim	John Giambalvo, Nenad Pejic (sejak 28 Februari 2014); Jeffrey Shell (ketua dewan RFE/RL sejak Oktober 2013).
Organisasi induk	Badan Media Global Amerika Serikat
Anggaran	$92.100.000 (FY 13)
Jumlah Staf	487
Situs web	www.rferl.org

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Revisi terkini sejak 13 Februari 2023 04.57

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) adalah badan penyiaran milik negara Amerika Serikat yang menyediakan berita, informasi, dan analisis ke negara-negara di Eropa Timur, Asia Tengah, dan Timur Tengah yang "kemampuan penyaluran informasinya belum berkembang atau dilarang oleh pemerintah".^[3] RFE/RL adalah perusahaan 501(c)(3) yang tidak menerima pembiayaan dari pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan diawasi oleh Badan Media Global Amerika Serikat, badan yang mengawasi seluruh layanan penyiaran internasional pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat.

RFE didirikan sebagai sumber berita anti-komunis pada tahun 1949 oleh National Committee for a Free Europe, bagian dari Operasi Psikologis besar-besaran semasa Perang Dingin. RL didirikan dua tahun kemudian dan kedua organisasi ini bersatu pada tahun 1976. RFE/RL menerima pendanaan dari Central Intelligence Agency sampai tahun 1972.^[4] Pada tahun-tahun pertama RFE, CIA dan Departemen Luar Negeri A.S. mengeluarkan serangkaian aturan kebijakan. Kebijakan penyiaran ditentukan lewat negosiasi antara kedua lembaga tersebut dan staf RFE.^[5]

RFE/RL bermarkas di Englischer Garten di Munich, Jerman, pada tahun 1949 sampai 1995. Tahun 1995, markasnya pindah ke Praha, Republik Ceko. Operasi penyiaran di Eropa menurun drastis sejak Perang Dingin berakhir. Selain kantor pusat, RFE juga memiliki 20 biro lokal di negara-negara yang masuk dalam wilayah siarannya serta satu kantor perusahaan di Washington, D.C. RFE/RL mengudara dalam 28 bahasa^[6] di 21 negara^[7] termasuk Armenia, Rusia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, dan Irak.^[8]

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ RFE/RL Appoints Interim Managers, RFE/RL, February 28, 2014
^ Resolution Regarding the Boards of Directors of BBG-Funded Grantees, BBG, October 23, 2013.
^ "About RFE/RL - FAQs". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-03-25. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-23.
^ John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Ivan R. Dee, 2012).
^ Mickelson 1983, hlm. 126
^ Youtube.com
^ RFERL.org
^ RFE/RL Coverage Map

Bacaan lanjutan

Cummings, Richard (2008). "'The Ether War: Hostile Intelligence Activities Directed Against Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and the Émigré Community in Munich during the Cold War.'". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Vol. 6, No. 2.
Holt, Robert T. Radio Free Europe (U of Minnesota Press, 1958)
Johnson, Ian (2010). A Mosque in Munich. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Johnson, A. Ross and R. Eugene Parta (eds.), Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010)
Machcewicz, Paweł. Poland's War on Radio Free Europe, 1950-1989 (Trans. by Maya Latynski. Cold War International History Project Series) (Stanford University Press, 2015). 456 pp. online review
Mickelson, Sig (1983). America's Other Voice: the Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Mikkonen, Simo (2010). "'Stealing The Monopoly Of Knowledge?: Soviet Reactions To U.S. Cold War Broadcasting'". Kritika: Explorations In Russian & Eurasian History.
Puddington, Arch (2003). Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Sosin, Gene (1999). Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Urban, George R. Radio Free Europe and the pursuit of democracy: My war within the cold war (Yale University Press, 1997), He was the director of RFE in the 1980s

Bahasa lain

Molnár, József (2006). A Szabad Európa Rádió a forradalom napjaiban - Autobiography. ISBN 963-9592-10-2.

Pranala luar

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, official website
Hoover Institution Archives: Radio Liberty: 50 Years - Time Line Diarsipkan 2013-10-18 di Wayback Machine.
Open Society Archives: Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute Diarsipkan 2015-07-23 di Wayback Machine.
Wilson Center Digital Archive: Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty Collection
The Sig Mickelson papers are available at the Hoover Institution Archives
The Arch Puddington collection is available at the Hoover Institution Archives
The Ferdinand Peroutka papers are available at the Hoover Institution Archives
Pals Radio Station Museum/
The Cold War Leaflet Campaign of Radio Free Europe
Documentary about RFE - Tell us your story Diarsipkan 2015-05-17 di Wayback Machine.
Museum of the Radio Transmitter in Playa de Pals (shortwave radio Liberty station in Spain)
European English Language Radio Stations Diarsipkan 2006-12-18 di Wayback Machine.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, volume XII (Soviet Union, January 1969-October 1970)
FRUS volume XIV (Soviet Union, October 1971-May 1972)
United States Government Support of Covert Action Directed at the Soviet Union: Memorandum for the 303 Committee Washington, December 9, 1969 Mentions a FY 1970 budget of $13,130,000 for the Radio Liberty Committee
Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Diarsipkan 2011-07-22 di Wayback Machine.
Film pendek 1956 Crusade for Freedom (1956) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
Film pendek Radio Free Europe (1960) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]
Film pendek Eagle Cage (1960) tersedia untuk diunduh secara gratis di the Internet Archive [selebihnya]

50°4′44.19″N 14°28′42.7″E / 50.0789417°N 14.478528°E / 50.0789417; 14.478528

[1] RFE/RL Appoints Interim Managers, RFE/RL, February 28, 2014

[2] Resolution Regarding the Boards of Directors of BBG-Funded Grantees, BBG, October 23, 2013.

[3] "About RFE/RL - FAQs". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2015-03-25. Diakses tanggal 2015-12-23.

[4] John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Ivan R. Dee, 2012).

[Mickelson_1983_126-5] Mickelson 1983, hlm. 126

[6] Youtube.com

[7] RFERL.org

[8] RFE/RL Coverage Map

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Baris 8: / Baris 8: @@
 |map          = RFE Broadcast Regions crop.jpg
 |msize        = 300px
-|mcaption     = RFE/RL Broadcast Region 2009
+|mcaption     = Kawasan penyiaran RFE/RL pada 2009
 |abbreviation = RFE/RL
 |motto        = Free Media in Unfree Societies
 |formation    = 1949 (Radio Free Europe), 1953 (Radio Liberty), 1976 (bergabung)
 |type         = [[501(c)|Perusahaan Sec 501(c)3 nirlaba swasta]]
-|purpose      = Broadcast Media
+|purpose      = Penyiaran media
 |headquarters = Prague Broadcast Center
 |location     = [[Praha]]
@@ Baris 20: / Baris 20: @@
 |leader_title = Manajer Interim
 |leader_name  = John Giambalvo, Nenad Pejic (sejak 28 Februari 2014);<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/rferl-appoints-interim-managers/25281045.html RFE/RL Appoints Interim Managers], RFE/RL, February 28, 2014</ref> Jeffrey Shell (ketua dewan RFE/RL sejak Oktober 2013).<ref>[http://www.bbg.gov/wp-content/media/2013/10/Resolution-Regarding-the-Boards-of-Directors-of-BBG-Funded-Grantees.pdf Resolution] Regarding the Boards of Directors of BBG-Funded Grantees, BBG, October 23, 2013.</ref>
+|parent_organization = [[Badan Media Global Amerika Serikat]]
-|audience     = 18 juta (FY 13 tanpa duplikat)
-|parent_organization = [[Broadcasting Board of Governors]]
 |num_staff    = 487
 |num_volunteers =
@@ Baris 29: / Baris 28: @@
 }}
-'''Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty''' ('''RFE'''/'''RL''') adalah badan penyiaran [[media negara|milik negara]] [[Amerika Serikat]] yang menyediakan berita, informasi, dan analisis ke negara-negara di [[Eropa Timur]], [[Asia Tengah]], dan [[Timur Tengah]] yang "kemampuan penyaluran informasinya belum berkembang atau dilarang oleh pemerintah".<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/section/FAQ/777.html#section5 About RFE/RL - FAQs]</ref> RFE/RL adalah perusahaan [[Organisasi 501(c)#501(c)(3)|501(c)(3)]] yang tidak menerima pembiayaan dari pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan diawasi oleh [[Broadcasting Board of Governors]], badan yang mengawasi seluruh layanan penyiaran internasional pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat.<ref>[http://www.bbg.gov Broadcasting Board of Governors (official site)]</ref>
+'''Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty''' ('''RFE'''/'''RL''') adalah badan penyiaran [[media negara|milik negara]] [[Amerika Serikat]] yang menyediakan berita, informasi, dan analisis ke negara-negara di [[Eropa Timur]], [[Asia Tengah]], dan [[Timur Tengah]] yang "kemampuan penyaluran informasinya belum berkembang atau dilarang oleh pemerintah".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/section/FAQ/777.html#section5 |title=About RFE/RL - FAQs |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=2015-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325202157/http://www.rferl.org/section/FAQ/777.html#section5 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> RFE/RL adalah perusahaan [[Organisasi 501(c)#501(c)(3)|501(c)(3)]] yang tidak menerima pembiayaan dari pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan diawasi oleh [[Badan Media Global Amerika Serikat]], badan yang mengawasi seluruh layanan penyiaran internasional pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat.
 RFE didirikan sebagai sumber berita anti-komunis pada tahun 1949 oleh [[National Committee for a Free Europe]], bagian dari [[Operasi Psikologis (Amerika Serikat)|Operasi Psikologis]] besar-besaran semasa [[Perang Dingin]]. RL didirikan dua tahun kemudian dan kedua organisasi ini bersatu pada tahun 1976. RFE/RL menerima pendanaan dari [[Central Intelligence Agency]] sampai tahun 1972.<ref>John Prados, ''Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA'' (Ivan R. Dee, 2012).</ref> Pada tahun-tahun pertama RFE, CIA dan [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat|Departemen Luar Negeri A.S.]] mengeluarkan serangkaian aturan kebijakan. Kebijakan penyiaran ditentukan lewat negosiasi antara kedua lembaga tersebut dan staf RFE.<ref name="Mickelson 1983 126">{{harvnb|Mickelson|1983|p=126}}</ref>
-RFE/RL bermarkas di [[Englischer Garten]] di [[Munich]], [[Jerman]], pada tahun 1949 sampai 1995. Tahun 1995, markasnya pindah ke [[Praha]], [[Republik Ceko]]. Operasi penyiaran di Eropa menurun drastis sejak Perang Dingin berakhir. Selain kantor pusat, RFE juga memiliki 20 biro lokal di negara-negara yang masuk dalam wilayah siarannya serta satu kantor perusahaan di [[Washington, D.C.]] RFE/RL mengudara dalam 28 bahasa<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aferrz909tI Youtube.com]</ref> to 21 countries<ref>[http://flashvideo.rferl.org/Flashmaps/en-US/coverageOneWin/default.htm RFERL.org]</ref> termasuk [[Armenia]], [[Rusia]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], dan [[Irak]].<ref>[http://flashvideo.rferl.org/Flashmaps/en-US/coverageOneWin/default.htm RFE/RL Coverage Map]</ref>
+RFE/RL bermarkas di [[Englischer Garten]] di [[Munich]], [[Jerman]], pada tahun 1949 sampai 1995. Tahun 1995, markasnya pindah ke [[Praha]], [[Republik Ceko]]. Operasi penyiaran di Eropa menurun drastis sejak Perang Dingin berakhir. Selain kantor pusat, RFE juga memiliki 20 biro lokal di negara-negara yang masuk dalam wilayah siarannya serta satu kantor perusahaan di [[Washington, D.C.]] RFE/RL mengudara dalam 28 bahasa<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aferrz909tI Youtube.com]</ref> di 21 negara<ref>[http://flashvideo.rferl.org/Flashmaps/en-US/coverageOneWin/default.htm RFERL.org]</ref> termasuk [[Armenia]], [[Rusia]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], dan [[Irak]].<ref>[http://flashvideo.rferl.org/Flashmaps/en-US/coverageOneWin/default.htm RFE/RL Coverage Map]</ref>
-==Lihat pula==
+== Lihat pula ==
-*[[Operation Mockingbird]] dan [[propaganda putih]]
+* [[Operation Mockingbird]] dan [[propaganda putih]]
-*[[Radio Free Asia]]
+* [[Radio Free Asia]]
-*[[Radio y Televisión Martí]]
+* [[Radio y Televisión Martí]]
-*[[Alhurra]]
+* [[Alhurra]]
-==Referensi==
+== Referensi ==
 {{Reflist|colwidth=33em}}
-==Bacaan lanjutan==
+== Bacaan lanjutan ==
-*{{cite news | last = Cummings| first = Richard| title = 'The Ether War: Hostile Intelligence Activities Directed Against Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and the Émigré Community in Munich during the Cold War.' | publisher = ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies.'' Vol. 6, No. 2 | year = 2008 | ref = harv}}
+* {{cite news|last = Cummings|first = Richard|title = 'The Ether War: Hostile Intelligence Activities Directed Against Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty, and the Émigré Community in Munich during the Cold War.'|publisher = ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies.'' Vol. 6, No. 2|year = 2008|ref = harv}}
 * Holt, Robert T. ''Radio Free Europe'' (U of Minnesota Press, 1958)
-*{{cite book | last = Johnson | first = Ian | title = A Mosque in Munich | year = 2010 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | ref = harv }}
+* {{cite book|last = Johnson|first = Ian|title = A Mosque in Munich|url = https://archive.org/details/mosqueinmunichna0000john|year = 2010|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|ref = harv }}
 * Johnson, A. Ross and R. Eugene Parta (eds.), ''Cold War Broadcasting: Impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.'' (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010)
 * Machcewicz, Paweł. ''Poland's War on Radio Free Europe, 1950-1989'' (Trans. by Maya Latynski. Cold War International History Project Series) (Stanford University Press, 2015). 456 pp. [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=43341 online review]
-*{{cite book | last = Mickelson | first = Sig | title = America's Other Voice: the Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty | location = New York | publisher = Praeger Publishers | year = 1983 | ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book|last = Mickelson|first = Sig|title = America's Other Voice: the Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty|url = https://archive.org/details/americasothervoi00mick|location = New York|publisher = Praeger Publishers|year = 1983|ref = harv}}
-*{{cite news | last = Mikkonen| first = Simo | title = 'Stealing The Monopoly Of Knowledge?: Soviet Reactions To U.S. Cold War Broadcasting' | publisher = ''Kritika: Explorations In Russian & Eurasian History'' | year = 2010 | ref = harv}}
+* {{cite news|last = Mikkonen|first = Simo|title = 'Stealing The Monopoly Of Knowledge?: Soviet Reactions To U.S. Cold War Broadcasting'|publisher = ''Kritika: Explorations In Russian & Eurasian History''|year = 2010|ref = harv}}
-*{{cite book | last = Puddington | first = Arch | title = Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty | location = Lexington | publisher = [[University Press of Kentucky]] | year = 2003 | ref= harv}}
+* {{cite book|last = Puddington|first = Arch|title = Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty|location = Lexington|publisher = [[University Press of Kentucky]]|year = 2003|ref= harv}}
-*{{cite book | last = Sosin | first = Gene | title = Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty | location = University Park | publisher = [[Pennsylvania State University Press]] | year = 1999 | ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book|last = Sosin|first = Gene|title = Sparks of Liberty: An Insider's Memoir of Radio Liberty|url = https://archive.org/details/sparksoflibertyi0000sosi|location = University Park|publisher = [[Pennsylvania State University Press]]|year = 1999|ref = harv}}
 * Urban, George R. ''Radio Free Europe and the pursuit of democracy: My war within the cold war'' (Yale University Press, 1997), He was the director of RFE in the 1980s
-===Bahasa lain===
+=== Bahasa lain ===
-*{{cite book | authorlink = József Molnár (writer) | last = Molnár | first = József | title = A Szabad Európa Rádió a forradalom napjaiban - Autobiography  | year = 2006 | ISBN = 963-9592-10-2}}
+* {{cite book|authorlink = József Molnár (writer)|last = Molnár|first = József|title = A Szabad Európa Rádió a forradalom napjaiban - Autobiography|year = 2006|ISBN = 963-9592-10-2}}
-==Pranala luar==
+== Pranala luar ==
 {{external links|date=May 2014}}
 {{Commons category|Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}
-*[http://www.rferl.org/ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty], official website
+* [http://www.rferl.org/ Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty], official website
-*[http://hoorferl.stanford.edu/RFE/exhibits_show.php?id=1 Hoover Institution Archives: Radio Liberty: 50 Years - Time Line]
+* [http://hoorferl.stanford.edu/RFE/exhibits_show.php?id=1 Hoover Institution Archives: Radio Liberty: 50 Years - Time Line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018053417/http://hoorferl.stanford.edu/RFE/exhibits_show.php?id=1 |date=2013-10-18 }}
-*[http://osaarchivum.org/db/fa/300.htm Open Society Archives: Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute]
+* [http://osaarchivum.org/db/fa/300.htm Open Society Archives: Records of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723194303/http://osaarchivum.org/db/fa/300.htm |date=2015-07-23 }}
-*[https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/104/radio-free-europe-and-radio-liberty Wilson Center Digital Archive: Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty Collection]
+* [https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/104/radio-free-europe-and-radio-liberty Wilson Center Digital Archive: Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty Collection]
-*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9x0nb3wc/ The Sig Mickelson papers] are available at the Hoover Institution Archives
+* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9x0nb3wc/ The Sig Mickelson papers] are available at the Hoover Institution Archives
-*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2489q7r9/ The Arch Puddington collection] is available at the Hoover Institution Archives
+* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2489q7r9/ The Arch Puddington collection] is available at the Hoover Institution Archives
-*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt0r29r54s/ The Ferdinand Peroutka papers] are available at the Hoover Institution Archives
+* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt0r29r54s/ The Ferdinand Peroutka papers] are available at the Hoover Institution Archives
-*[http://www.radioliberty.org Pals Radio Station Museum/]
+* [http://www.radioliberty.org Pals Radio Station Museum/]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175054/http://www.btinternet.com/~rrnotes/psywarsoc/fleaf/rfe.htm The Cold War Leaflet Campaign of Radio Free Europe]
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175054/http://www.btinternet.com/~rrnotes/psywarsoc/fleaf/rfe.htm The Cold War Leaflet Campaign of Radio Free Europe]
-*[http://www.thegreatradiowar.com Documentary about RFE - Tell us your story]
+* [http://www.thegreatradiowar.com Documentary about RFE - Tell us your story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517015758/http://thegreatradiowar.com/ |date=2015-05-17 }}
-*[http://www.radioliberty.org Museum of the Radio Transmitter in Playa de Pals] (shortwave radio Liberty station in Spain)
+* [http://www.radioliberty.org Museum of the Radio Transmitter in Playa de Pals] (shortwave radio Liberty station in Spain)
-*[http://www.englishradio.co.uk European English Language Radio Stations]
+* [http://www.englishradio.co.uk European English Language Radio Stations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218100430/http://www.englishradio.co.uk/ |date=2006-12-18 }}
-*[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xii/index.htm Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, volume XII (Soviet Union, January 1969-October 1970)]
+* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xii/index.htm Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, volume XII (Soviet Union, January 1969-October 1970)]
-*[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xiv/index.htm FRUS volume XIV (Soviet Union, October 1971-May 1972)]
+* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xiv/index.htm FRUS volume XIV (Soviet Union, October 1971-May 1972)]
-*[https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/frus1969.pdf United States Government Support of Covert Action Directed at the Soviet Union: Memorandum for the 303 Committee Washington, December 9, 1969] Mentions a FY 1970 budget of $13,130,000 for the Radio Liberty Committee
+* [https://fas.org/irp/cia/product/frus1969.pdf United States Government Support of Covert Action Directed at the Soviet Union: Memorandum for the 303 Committee Washington, December 9, 1969] Mentions a FY 1970 budget of $13,130,000 for the Radio Liberty Committee
-*[ftp://realaudio.rferl.org/ru/sosin.pdf Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty]
+* [ftp://realaudio.rferl.org/ru/sosin.pdf Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035606/http://realaudio.rferl.org/ru/sosin.pdf |date=2011-07-22 }}
-*{{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.648946|name=1956 Crusade for Freedom (1956)}}
+* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.648946|name=1956 Crusade for Freedom (1956)}}
-*{{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.1956144|name=Radio Free Europe (1960)}}
+* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.1956144|name=Radio Free Europe (1960)}}
-*{{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.1718448|name=Eagle Cage (1960)}}
+* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.1718448|name=Eagle Cage (1960)}}
+{{U.S. Agency for Global Media}}
-{{Broadcasting Board of Governors}}
 {{Perang Dingin}}
 {{Telekomunikasi}}
@@ Baris 88: / Baris 87: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty}}
+[[Kategori:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty| ]]
-[[Category:Stasiun radio yang didirikan tahun 1949]]
+[[Kategori:Stasiun radio yang didirikan tahun 1949]]
-[[Category:Pendirian tahun 1949 di New York]]
+[[Kategori:Penyiaran internasional]]
-[[Category:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty| ]]
+[[Kategori:Pendirian tahun 1949 di New York]]
-[[Category:Organisasi Perang Dingin]]
-[[Category:Organisasi propaganda pemerintah Amerika Serikat]]
+[[Kategori:Organisasi Perang Dingin]]
+[[Kategori:Organisasi propaganda pemerintah Amerika Serikat]]
-[[Category:Anti-komunisme]]
+[[Kategori:Antikomunisme]]
-[[Category:Organisasi anti-komunis]]
-[[Category:Organisasi terdepan Central Intelligence Agency]]
+[[Kategori:Organisasi anti-komunis]]
+[[Kategori:Organisasi terdepan Central Intelligence Agency]]
-[[Category:Stasiun radio berbahasa Rusia]]
+[[Kategori:Stasiun radio berbahasa Rusia]]
-[[Category:Hubungan Amerika Serikat–Uni Soviet]]
+[[Kategori:Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Uni Soviet]]
-[[Category:Perusahaan yang berpusat di Munich]]
+[[Kategori:Perusahaan yang berpusat di Munich]]
-[[Category:Praha]]
+[[Kategori:Praha]]
-[[Category:Media negara]]
+[[Kategori:Media negara]]

l b s Telekomunikasi
Sejarah	Suar Penyiaran Sistem perlindungan kabel TV Kabel Satelit komunikasi Jaringan komputer Kompresi data audio DCT gambar video Media digital Video Internet platform video online media sosial streaming Drum Hukum Edholm Telegraf listrik Faks Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Information Age Information revolution Internet media massa ponsel Telepon pintar Telekomunikasi optik Telegrafi optik Pager Photophone Ponsel prabayar Radio Telepon radio Komunikasi satelit Semaphore Semikonduktor perangkat MOSFET transistor Sinyal asap Sejarah telekomunikasi Telautograph Telegrapi Teleprinter (teletip) Telepon Kasus Telepon Televisi digital streaming garis telegraf bawah laut Videotelephony Bahasa Peluit Revolusi nirkabel
Pelopor	Nasir Ahmed Edwin Howard Armstrong Mohamed M. Atalla John Logie Baird Paul Baran John Bardeen Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners-Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Walter Houser Brattain Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Yogen Dalal Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Oliver Heaviside Erna Schneider Hoover Harold Hopkins pelopor Internet Bob Kahn Dawon Kahng Charles K. Kao Narinder Singh Kapany Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Robert Metcalfe Antonio Meucci Jun-ichi Nishizawa Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Claude Shannon Henry Sutton Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin
Transmisi media	kabel koaksial Komunikasi serat optik serat optik Komunikasi optik ruang bebas Komunikasi molekuler Gelombang radio nirkabel Jalur transmisi sirkuit transmisi data sirkuit telekomunikasi
Topologi jaringan dan alihan	Bandwidth Tautan Node terminal Switch jaringaning (sirkuit paket) Sentral telepon
Multiplexing	Divisi ruang Divisi-frekuensi pembagian-waktu divisi-polarisasi momentum sudut orbital Code-division
Konsep	Protokol komunikasi Jaringan komputer Transmisi data Simpan dan teruskan Peralatan telekomunikasi
Jenis jaringan	Jaringan seluler Ethernet ISDN LAN seluler NGN Jaringan telepon umum dan telepon umum Radio Televisi Telex UUCP WAN Jaringan nirkabel
Jaringan penting	ARPANET BITNET CYCLADES FidoNet Internet Internet2 JANET Jaringan NPL Usenet
Lokasi(menurut wilayah)	Afrika Amerika ( Utara & Selatan) Antartika Asia Eropa Oseania
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